Augmented osteosynthesis with tensor fascia latae muscle pedicle bone grafting in neglected femoral neck fracture

Background:

Neglected intracapsular femoral neck fracture in young patients may fail to unite because of the excessive shearing strain at the fracture site and it is a surgical challenge to any orthopedic surgeon. The problem is compounded by resorption of the femoral neck and avascular necrosis (AVN) of femoral head. There is no satisfactory solution available in the management of femoral neck fracture as far as the union of the fracture and AVN of femoral head are concerned. Muscle pedicle bone grafting has been advocated to provide additional blood supply to the femoral head. We report a retrospective analysis of 48 cases of neglected femoral neck fracture treated by internal fixation and tensor fascia latae based muscle pedicle bone grafting.

Materials and Methods:

48 patients with femoral neck fractures with age varied from 20 to 53 years (average age 32.9 years) with male to female ratio of 2:1 were enrolled. All fractures were more than 3 weeks old with mean delay being 86 days (22–150 days). Open reduction and internal fixation along with tensor fascia latae muscle pedicle bone grafting was done in all cases. It was supplemented by multiple drilling and cortico-cancellous bone grafting. Fracture fixation was done with three parallel 6.5-mm AO cannulated cancellous lag screws and the graft fixed with a 4-mm cancellous screw to provide a secure fixation. During the followup period of 2-6.8 years (average 4.4 years) the results were assessed clinically by modified Harris hip scoring system and radiologically by the evidence of signs of fracture union.

Results:

Union was achieved in 41/48 (85.41%) cases which were followed for an average period of 4.4 years (2–6.8 years) with good functional results and ability to squat and sit cross-legged. Results were assessed according to modified Harris Hip Scoring system and found to be excellent in 19, good in 22, fair in 5, and poor in 2 patients. Complications were nonunion, (n=3) avascular necrosis (n=2), and coxa vara deformity (n=2).

Conclusion:

Internal fixation with muscle pedicle bone grafting is a suitable option to secure union in neglected femoral neck fractures in physiologically active patients with late presentation.     

游离腓骨移植治疗股骨颈慢性骨髓炎

目的探讨游离腓骨移植治疗股骨颈慢性骨髓炎的治疗效果。方法本组4例股骨颈慢性骨髓炎采用吻合血管的游离腓骨移植治疗。结果术后随访6个月～2年,无1例复发,全部恢复正常的学习或劳动,供区无残留功能障碍。结论游离腓骨移植术既能消除股骨颈死腔,建立病灶骨及局部组织的血循环;同时又能刺激骨区成骨细胞活跃,促进病灶的修复。腓骨与股骨颈愈合后长时期起到支撑作用,防止发生股骨颈病理性骨折。     

Free fibular strut graft in neglected femoral neck fractures in adult

Background:

Neglected femoral neck fracture in adults still poses a formidable challenge. Existing treatment options varies from osteotomy (with or without graft) to osteosynthesis using various implants and grafting techniques (muscle pedicle, vascularized, and nonvascularized fibula). The aim of this study was to assess outcome of nonvascularized fibular strut graft and cancellous screw fixation in neglected femoral neck fractures in the younger age group.

Materials and Methods:

Medical records of 32 patients of neglected femoral neck fracture, in the age group of 22-45 years (mean 37.8 years), operated between May 1994 to December 2001, were retrospectively reviewed. After the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 28 patients having three years minimum follow-up (mean 4.6 years) were included. Delay between injury and operation varied from four weeks to 42 weeks (mean 16.4 weeks). Closed reduction was achieved in 17 patients; open reduction through Watson-Jones anterolateral approach was performed in the remaining 15 patients in whom closed reduction failed. The fracture was transfixed with three parallel guide wires. Appropriate sized cannulated lag screw (7 mm) was then inserted in two of the wires. Selection of the third guide wire for fibula depended on the space available in both anteroposterior and lateral view.

Results:

Satisfactory bony union was obtained in 25 patients, of whom in four cases, the union occurred in 10-20° (mean 15°) of varus. Nonunion occurred in three patients (9.37%), and aseptic necrosis occurred in another six patients (18.75%). Of the 25 patients where union was achieved, five patients showed excellent results; 14 good and six had poor functional result, as evaluated using modified Anglen criteria.

Conclusion:

Nonvascularized fibular strut graft along with cancellous screws provides a dependable and technically less-demanding alternative procedure for neglected femoral neck fractures in young adults. Fibula being cortical provides mechanical strength besides stimulating the union and getting incorporated as biological graft.     

Internal fixation and muscle pedicle bone grafting in femoral neck fractures

Background:

The treatment of displaced intracapsular femoral neck fracture is still an unsolved problem. Non-union and avascular necrosis are the two main complications of this fracture, especially if patient presents late. Muscle pedicle bone grafting has been advocated to provide additional blood supply. We present analysis of our 32 cases of displaced femoral neck fracture treated by internal fixation and quadratus femoris based muscle pedicle bone grafting.

Materials and Methods:

Open reduction and internal fixation with muscle pedicle grafting was done in 32 patients. The age of patients varied from 14-62 years (average age 45 years) with male to female ratio of 13:3. Twenty-nine fractures were more than three weeks old. All the cases were treated by Meyers'' procedure. The fracture was internally fixed after open reduction and then a muscle pedicle graft was applied. It was supplemented by cancellous bone graft in seven cases. Fixation was done by parallel cancellous lag screws (n = 19), crossed Garden''s screws (n = 7), parallel Asnis screws (n = 5) and Moore''s pin (n = 1).Quadratus femoris muscle pedicle graft was used in 32 cases. In the initial 12 cases the graft was fixed with circumferential proline sutures, but later, to provide a secure fixation, the graft was fixed with a cancellous screw (n = 20). Postoperative full weight bearing was deferred to an average of 10 weeks.

Results:

Union was achieved in 26/29 (89.65%) cases which could be followed for an average period of 3.4 years, (2-8.5 years) with good functional results and had the ability to squat and sit cross-legged. Results were based on hip rating system given by Salvatti and Wilson. The results were excellent in 15 cases, good in four cases, fair in four cases and poor in six cases. Complications were avascular necrosis (n = 2), transient foot drop (n = 2), coxa-vara (n = 1) and temporary loss of scrotal sensation (n = 1).

Conclusion:

Muscle pedicle bone grafting with internal fixation is a viable treatment option in displaced femoral neck fractures with late presentation.     

吻合血管游离腓骨移植治疗股骨颈陈旧性骨折及骨不连

目的评价吻合血管的游离腓骨移植术治疗股骨颈陈旧性骨折和骨不连的临床疗效。方法2000年11月至2005年12月采用吻合血管的游离腓骨移植术治疗29例股骨颈陈旧性骨折或骨不连患者,平均随访时间28．5个月,对患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果术后所有患者均未出现严重手术并发症。患者均获得骨折愈合,骨折愈合时间4～6个月,平均5．6个月。除1例患者术后1年并发股骨头坏死,2年后置换人工关节,其余28例患者在随访期间内髋关节功能良好,Harris评分达88．2分,治愈率达96,3％。结论吻合血管的游离腓骨移植术是治疗股骨颈陈旧性骨折和骨不连的有效方法。     

Treatment of neglected femoral neck fractures using the modified dynamic hip screw with autogenous bone and bone morphogenetic protein-2 composite materials grafting

Background:The neglected femoral neck fracture is one where there has been a delay of more than 30 days to seek medical help from the time of the original injury. Salvage procedures, such as osteotomy and other treatment options such as vascularized and nonvascularized bone grafts have high failure rates and arthroplasty procedures are not ideal, given the patient''s young age and higher levels of activity. We designed a hollow bone graft dynamic hip screw (Hb-DHS) (modified DHS, Hb-DHS) for use in neglected femoral neck fractures. This study evaluates the efficacy and safety of the modified dynamic hip screw (DHS) with autogenous bone and bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) composite materials grafting for the treatment of the neglected femoral neck fractures.Results:The mean operation time was 75.8 min (range 55–100 min) with mean intraoperative blood loss volume of 105 mL (range 70–220 mL). The mean time to union was 17 weeks (range 12–24 weeks). One patient did not achieve union, and two patients had avascular necrosis of the femoral head. This patient with nonunion underwent intertrochanteric osteotomy. In patients with avascular necrosis one required total hip arthroplasty, the other did not require intervention at the last followup. A total of 14 patients (70%) had excellent results, 2 (10%) had good, 1 (5%) had moderate and 3 (15%) had poor results.Conclusion:The modified DHS with autogenous bone and BMP-2 composite materials grafting for the treatment of neglected femoral neck fractures waseffective and had less complications.     

Nonvascularized fibular grafting in nonunion of femoral neck fracture: A systematic review

Nonunion of femoral neck fractures following primary fixation and neglected femoral neck fracture in young adults is a challenging task. Every effort should be directed toward hip joint salvage in these patients. Among different available options of hip salvage, nonvascularized fibular graft (NVFG) osteosynthesis is simple, easy to perform, and a successful technique. In this review, the available literature on NVFG in neglected and nonunion femoral neck fractures has been analyzed. After review of 15 articles on NVFG, the average nonunion rate was estimated to be 7.86% (range 0–31%). Six articles that evaluated the preoperative and postoperative osteonecrosis reported improvement in 50% patients. The clinical and/or functional outcome was good to excellent in 56–96% patients following fibular osteosynthesis. Few complications such as coxa vara deformity, limb shortening, and intraarticular penetration of the graft or hardware have been reported. However, there are minimal donor site morbidities such as mild ankle pain, transient loss of toe flexors and extensors and transient lateral popliteal nerve palsy.     

吻合血管腓骨联合髂骨移植治疗陈旧性股骨颈骨折

目的 对治疗失败和骨不连的股骨颈骨折病例进行吻合血管联合髂骨移植治疗并观察临床效果。方法通过对1994至1997年76例应用吻合血管联合髂骨移植治疗陈旧性股骨颈骨折患者进行长期随访，了解骨折愈合、髋关节功能和股骨头坏死情况。结果76例中68例获得随访，平均随访时间10．5年，骨折均在4-6个月内愈合。63例髋关节活动恢复接近正常，平均Harris评分87．5分。股骨头结构正常，植入腓骨和髂骨与股骨头颈部完全融合。4例发现骨坏死，1例合并髋关节脱位。结论对选择保留股骨颈的陈旧性股骨颈骨折患者，吻合血管腓骨联合髂骨移植是一种较好的方法。     

Delayed fixation of displaced femoral neck fractures in younger adults

We report the results of 52 patients aged 20-55 years with displaced femoral neck fractures, in whom delayed closed reduction and internal fixation was performed. Seven patients developed avascular necrosis (AVN) and non-union was seen in five patients. Whereas most patients with non-union were subjected to repeat procedures, none of the patients with AVN required surgery. The follow-up averaged 40 months (range 22-64 months). Three patients were lost to follow-up. Functional outcome was defined by Judet's system. Good to excellent functional outcome was achieved in 45 cases. The study demonstrated that delayed closed reduction and internal fixation of displaced fractures in young adults which, we believe, is the prevalent form of treatment of these injuries in the developing world results in high rate of fracture union and good functional outcome. The rate of AVN, however, may be a concern if the patients are followed for a longer period.     

同侧股骨干合并股骨颈骨折的处理

目的 分析同侧股骨干合并股骨颈骨折的临床特点和诊断要点，探讨不同治疗方法的疗效。方法 1998年3月－2001年6月收治的18例19个同侧股骨干合并股骨颈骨折病人中，早期诊断12例，2例用多针固定。2例行缝匠肌带肌蒂植骨，3例行带旋髂深血管植骨术。结果 术后随访8－40个月，平均16个月。股骨干骨折除1例钢板固定不愈合外其余均愈合。股骨颈骨折1例不愈合，其余均愈合。结论 对股骨干骨折合并同侧股骨颈骨折早期推荐使用逆行带锁髓内钉和空心螺钉固定，对漏诊病例使用多针在股骨髓内钉前方固定股骨颈是一种有效的补救方法，晚期漏诊采用带肌蒂、血管蒂植骨术仍可取得较高愈合率。     

Free vascularized fibular grafting following failed core decompression for femoral head osteonecrosis

The results of treatment of femoral head osteonecrosis with free vascularized fibular grafting (FVFG) following failed core decompression (core decompression-FVFG [CD-FVFG] group: 32 hips) were reviewed and compared with those of a control group that underwent FVFG only (54 hips). Outcome was considered unsuccessful if total hip arthroplasty was subsequently performed. Total hip arthroplasty was performed in 15 and 20 hips of the CD-FVFG and control groups, respectively. When considering age, sex, and presence of bilateral disease, patients with previous core decompression did not have a significantly different failure rate from patients with FVFG only. However, patients with preoperative stage V osteonecrosis or corticosteroid use had worse outcomes after vascularized fibular grafting if they had a previous core decompression of the femoral head.     

旋腓骨颈动脉蒂腓骨上段骨瓣的应用解剖学研究

目的为以旋腓骨颈动脉为蒂腓骨上段骨瓣的设计提供应用解剖学基础。方法在54侧经动脉内红色乳胶灌注的成人下肢标本上,重点观测旋腓骨颈动脉的起始、走行、分支、分布和吻合。结果旋腓骨颈动脉始于胭动脉,起点在腓骨头尖下(3．3±1．1)cm,干长(1．4±1．0)cm,外径(1．4±0．5)mm,其上行骨膜支与膝下外侧动脉下行骨膜支有恒定吻合。结论以旋腓骨颈动脉为蒂的腓骨上段骨瓣移植术具有手术的可行性。     

Functional outcome and health related quality of life after dual mobility cup total hip replacement for displaced femoral neck fractures in middle aged Egyptian patients

AimThis study was done to assess the functional and clinical results after one year of cemented THR with dual mobility cup for the treatment of fracture neck femur in active middle-aged patients in Egypt (Middle Eastern population).Patients and methodsThis study included 31 patients (32 hips) with displaced femoral neck fractures that were admitted to El Hadara University Hospital, Alexandria, Egypt. Their mean age was 66.4 ± 5.9 years. Fifteen patients were females. All the patients were treated with total hip replacement using a cemented dual mobility cup (Ecofit^® 2 M, Implantcast GmbH, Germany) total hip replacement through the standard posterior approach. Functional assessment was done using Harris Hip Score (HHS), SF-36 questionnaire for health related quality of life (HRQoL) with assistance of a physiotherapist.ResultsThe mean HHS improved over the follow up period from 79.04 ± 7.9 at 12 weeks to an average of 92.8 ± 11.1 at 1 year follow up. HRQoL measures showed a pattern of initial drop at 3 months postoperatively, then a steady rise to be restored at 1 year as compared to the preoperative baseline measures. There were no dislocations encountered in this series over one year follow up. The following complications were encountered; 1 deep infection, 2 deep vein thrombosis, 2 heterotopic ossifications, and 1 patient died within one year after surgery.ConclusionsDual mobility cup total hip replacement is an acceptable method for treatment of displaced femoral neck fracture in active middle aged patients in Egypt as it provides pain relief and good function without compromising the stability.     

Modified valgus osteotomy of the femoral neck for late presenting femoral neck stress fractures in military recruits

Neglected or late presenting femoral neck stress fractures are often associated with varus deformity, with potential risks of nonunion and osteonecrosis. We proposed a surgical technique whereby a wedge osteotomy was performed at the basal part of the neck, on the tensile surface, keeping the inferomedial femoral neck as a hinge. The femoral shaft was abducted to close the osteotomy site and it was fixed with three cannulated cancellous screws. Three military recruits who presented with neglected femoral neck stress fracture with varus deformity were operated on with the proposed modified femoral neck valgus osteotomy. All the fractures united without any complications and the patients resumed their professional activity.     

Subtrochanteric fracture after free vascularised fibular grafting for osteonecrosis of the femoral head

The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and factors associated with subtrochanteric fracture after free vascularised fibular grafting for osteonecrosis of the femoral head, and to analyse clinical and radiological outcomes of open reduction and internal fixation. From April 1991 to May 2004, eight such fractures were managed by Rowe plate fixation. Factors examined included age, gender, side of operation, cause and preoperative and postoperative stage of osteonecrosis, and preoperative and postoperative functional assessment. The osteonecrosis was caused by alcohol consumption in six, steroid use in one and was idiopathic in one case. The overall incidence of fracture was 4.1% (13.9% in bilateral operations) and all occurred in men of mean age 36.3 years, were induced by low-energy injury and were attributed to defects created in the lateral femoral cortex for graft placement. Seven of the eight fractures (87.5%) developed within 12 weeks and all fractures healed at a mean of 16.6 weeks after internal fixation. No major complications occurred and no significant differences were found in clinical or radiological results between the fracture and non-fracture groups. Our findings indicate that strict education and mandatory protection from full weight bearing are required for 12 weeks after free vascularised fibular grafting for osteonecrosis of the femoral head.     

外固定支架联合带血管骨瓣植骨在距骨颈骨折治疗中的应用

目的探讨外固定支架联合带血管骨瓣植骨治疗距骨颈骨折的疗效。方法回顾性分析2004年1月～2005年3月收治的7例距骨颈骨折患者,按Hawkins分型:Ⅱ型6例,Ⅲ型1例,分别采用手法闭合复位(1例)和切开复位(6例)经皮空心螺钉内固定治疗,7例患者均在上述处理后加外固定支架跨关节固定联合带血管的骨瓣植骨治疗。术后观察骨愈合、骨坏死及后足功能情况。结果7例患者均获得随访,随访13～24个月,平均17个月。7例均获骨性愈合,无一例发生缺血性骨坏死。后足功能按Maryland评分系统进行评估,结果:优5例,良2例。1例合并距骨体骨折患者出现明显的胫距关节骨关节炎,最后行胫距关节融合术。结论外固定支架联合带血管骨瓣植骨能有效地防止距骨颈骨折后缺血性骨坏死,但远期效果尚须进一步观察。     

经皮自体骨髓移植加空心螺钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折的病例对照研究

目的:探讨经皮自体骨髓移植加空心螺钉内固定术治疗股骨颈骨折是否优于单纯空心螺钉内固定术,分析经皮自体骨髓移植加空心螺钉内固定术能否促进股骨颈骨折愈合、减少股骨头坏死。方法:对2000年12月至2008年12月的病例进行回顾性分析:经皮自体骨髓移植加空心螺钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折30例,其中男20例,女10例;年龄18～89岁,平均(52.3±0.2)岁;车祸伤13例,坠落伤3例,跌倒摔伤14例;GardenⅠ型1例,Ⅱ型6例,Ⅲ型12例,Ⅳ型11例,观察骨折愈合及股骨头坏死情况。对照组30例,男16例,女14例;年龄18～91岁,平均(51.9±0.1)岁;车祸伤12例,坠落伤1例,跌倒摔伤17例;GardenⅠ型5例,Ⅱ型2例,Ⅲ型15例,Ⅳ型8例,只用空心螺钉内固定。对两组的骨折愈合及并发症情况进行随访,随访时间2年。结果:随访2年后观察组与对照组骨折的平均愈合时间分别为(7.1±1.2)、(8.0±1.4)个月。观察组股骨颈骨折愈合29例,坏死1例;对照组股骨颈骨折愈合24例,坏死6例,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:经皮自体骨髓移植加空心螺钉内固定可促进股骨颈骨折愈合,减少股骨头坏死等并发症。     

经皮中空加压螺钉治疗高龄患者股骨颈骨折

1999年5月-2002年4月，在经皮斯氏针骨水泥球结治疗股骨颈骨折的基础上，改进技术应用经皮中空加压螺钉治疗高龄患者股骨颈骨折56例，疗效满意。     

Comparative study of fresh femoral neck fractures managed by multiple cancellous screws with and without fibular graft in young adults

Objectives

Aim of our study was to assess the role of addition of fibular strut graft to multiple cancellous screws in functional outcome, union and complications associated with those managed by only multiple cancellous screws in fresh femoral neck fractures.

Methods

A randomized control trial study was conducted on the patients of femoral neck fractures managed with multiple cancellous screws (group A) and multiple cancellous screws with fibular graft (group B). Patients aged between 20 and 50 years, having Gardens type III or IV fracture with duration of injury less than two weeks were included in the study.

Results

Eighty seven cases were analysed n = 45 were in group A and n = 42 in group B. Functional outcome (Harris hip score) was excellent in 30 patients in group A as compared to 12 in Group B which was statistically significant favouring group A. The time of full weight bearing, union and non union rates showed no statistical significance (p > 0.05). On statistical grounds none of the procedures proved to be better than other.

Conclusions

Fresh femoral neck fracture in young adults managed with multiple cancellous screws fixation with fibular graft has no added advantage over multiple cancellous screws fixation alone.     

3枚不平行螺钉固定技术治疗股骨颈骨折的疗效分析

目的:探讨3枚不平行空心钉技术治疗股骨颈骨折患者的临床疗效。方法:2008年9月至2009年5月,29例患者参与本方法治疗。其中男12例,女17例;年龄27～62岁,平均52岁。术前采用Garden系统分型:GardenⅡ型(无移位骨折)2例,GardenⅢ型18例(有移位骨折),GardenⅣ型(有移位骨折)9例。术中骨折复位后,再按照Pauwels系统分型:Ⅱ型12例,Ⅲ型17例。采用闭合复位,3枚不平行空心钉或全螺纹松质骨螺钉固定术进行治疗。手术当日X线片与随访X线片比较观察有无股骨颈短缩及螺钉退出的表现。采用Harris评分系统对随访结果进行功能评价。结果:本组均获随访,时间34～44个月,平均38个月。骨折愈合时间3～12个月,平均7个月。4例骨折不愈合,均为GardenⅣ型,其中2例出现股骨头坏死。Harris评分:2例无移位骨折患者均为100分;27例有移位骨折者中,23例为骨折愈合且无股骨头缺血坏死,Harris评分平均(91.35±8.00)分,4例骨折不愈合者Harris评分平均(61.23±5.12)分。除1例外,28例术后随访均未出现股骨颈短缩表现。结论:不平行螺钉治疗股骨颈骨折可以有效控制股骨颈骨折愈合后短缩及螺钉尾部退出等。