Les anomalies maxillomandibulaires du sens transversal chez l’enfant

Transverse maxillomandibular discrepancies are a major component of several malocclusions. They must be prematurely detected and treated. The causes are parafunctional, dysfunctional or kinetic. The different clinical forms encountered are alveolar (endoalveolia) or skeletal (endognathia), which may be associated with a kinetic anomaly. Orthopedic and orthodontic forces are used routinely to correct a maxillary transverse deficiency in a young patient to achieve harmonious growth.     

Les troubles anxieux de l’enfant et l’adolescent

Anxiety disorders were long underestimated in children by healthcare professionals, but they are now better diagnosed. They account for the most frequent psychiatric diagnosis between 6 and 18 years of age, with differences in prevalence or risk factors related to the clinical forms. Different clinical subtypes of anxiety disorders are detailed in this article: separation anxiety, specific phobia, generalized anxiety, social anxiety, panic disorder, post-traumatic stress syndrome, and obsessional-compulsive disorder. The repercussions of anxiety are often major on the psychological, relational, and developmental dimensions, as well as academics. Refusing school for reasons of anxiety is one of the possible and severe consequences of anxiety disorders, possibly resulting in total removal from school and the risk of early and permanent cessation of schooling. Other frequent complications are depression, and substance abuse during adolescence, as well as chronification of the disorders until adulthood. Indeed, adults affected by anxiety disorders frequently place the onset of their disorders at the beginning of adolescence. It is therefore essential to diagnose these disorders as soon as possible to set up an adapted therapeutic strategy. The main first-line treatment currently recommended in the pediatric population is cognitive and behavioral therapy, the efficacy of which has been the most clearly demonstrated. Psychoactive drugs can be used as a complement in severe or resistant cases, mainly serotonin recapture inhibitors.     

Pathologie lacrymale du nourrisson et de l’enfant

Tearing and lacrimal pathologies are very frequent motives of consultation. The pediatrician must know the congenital dacryocele, and nasolacrimal duct obstruction by the Hasner valve imperforation, which represents the main reason of tearing of the infant. Nasolacrimal duct obstruction is treated by probing by the ophthalmologist from the third month and by probing with silicone intubation in case of failure, or in the children of more than one year old.