蜡样芽孢杆菌新型肠毒素活力的鉴定

早先报导有关因蜡样芽胞杆菌引起的食物中毒的特征主要为腹泻和腹痛。自1971年以来报导了一些与进食米饭有关的蜡样芽胞杆菌的食物中毒,其特征为急性恶心与呕吐。为了进一步确定蜡样芽胞杆菌肠毒素,作者选用以下三株不同来源与具有不同中毒特征的蜡样芽胞杆菌菌株进行鉴定。     

蜡样芽胞杆菌及毒素引起食物中毒的实验室检测

目的:探讨食物中毒实验室检测机制。方法:采集中毒者肛拭子、剩余食物,带回实验室进行金黄色葡萄球菌、蜡样芽胞杆菌检验。结果:4份剩余食物其中3份样品检出蜡样芽胞杆菌,并蜡样芽胞杆菌菌落总数>105 cfu/g,所有样品的细菌生化反应结果一致。并在剩余食物中检出蜡样芽胞杆菌肠毒素。肛拭子和剩余食物均未检出金黄色葡萄球菌。结论:按WS/T.82-1996诊断标准,可判定此次是由蜡样芽胞杆菌所引起的食物中毒。     

一起蜡样芽胞杆菌引起食物中毒的报告

食物中毒好发于夏秋季,而蜡样芽胞杆菌引起食物中毒的季节性更为明显.该菌因其菌体不耐热,因此,在我国引起中毒的食品以米饭及米粉最为常见.2003年6月5日,内蒙古赤峰市松山区发生一起由锅包肉引起的蜡样芽胞杆菌食物中毒,报告如下.     

一起食物中毒的病原学调查

目的：是通过对一起暴发性食物中毒的流行病学调查和实验室研究探讨流行因素及病原学。方法：按流行病学现场调查方法和实验室细菌学鉴定方法。结果：流行因素为凉拌猪肉，病原学为蜡样芽胞杆菌产生的肠毒素。结论：蜡样芽胞杆菌污染食品，在适宜的温度下生长繁殖，产生肠毒素，可引起暴发性食物中毒，应引起人们的关注。     

一起蜡样芽胞杆菌引起食物中毒的调查报告

蜡样芽胞杆菌分布广泛,特别容易浸润谷物制品,产生致吐毒素和致腹泻肠毒素引起食物中毒。本市近几年因食用剩米饭引起蜡样芽胞杆菌食物中毒的事件较多。现将1999年9月本市某厂因食用剩米饭引起的一起蜡样芽胞杆菌食物中毒报告如下。1 流行病学调查1.1 一般情况1999年9月23日,本市某厂71人中有26人发生食物中毒,发病率为37.1％。首例发病时间为23日23时30     

两起蜡样芽胞杆菌引起食物中毒的调查

蜡样芽胞杆菌分布广泛,特别是在谷物制品中浸染广泛。该菌能产生致吐肠毒素和致腹泻肠毒素,是剩饭、剩菜、凉拌菜等引起食物中毒的一种常见致病菌 [1]。2003年 7月某市区发生两起蜡样芽胞杆菌污染凉拌面引起的食物中毒。现报告如下。1　流行病学调查1.1　发生经过　2003年     

由蜡样芽胞杆菌引起的食物中毒调查分析

1998年8月中旬,某旅游团52人于我市某宾馆进餐后,3.5～8小时内有27人发生以恶心、呕吐、腹痛、腹泻为主要症状的食物中毒,经流行病学调查、临床表现、实验室检查确定为由蜡样芽胞杆菌引起的食物中毒。     

一起由蜡样芽胞杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌引起食物中毒的调查报告

蜡样芽胞杆菌被发现已有一个多世纪，但其致病性长期认识不足，直至20世纪50年代才确认能引起食物中毒，直至70年代后国内外才有该菌导致食物中毒的报告。产生耐热肠毒素的金黄色葡萄球菌引起食物中毒近些年时有报道，但两者在一次食物中毒中同时被检出尚少见。本文报告一起由蜡样芽胞杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌共同污染袋装鲜牛奶．导致9名学生食物中毒的调查结果。     

一起由蜡样芽胞杆菌致吐毒素引起的食物中毒案例分析

目的回顾并分析一起发生在冬季的由蜡样芽胞杆菌致吐毒素引起的食物中毒事件,为该类食物中毒防控提供参考。方法开展流行病学及卫生学调查,采集样品并进行实验室检测。结果所有患者符合典型蜡样芽胞杆菌致吐毒素中毒流行病学特征及临床表现,在剩炒饭、环境拭子及厨师手涂拭子等多份样本中检出蜡样芽胞杆菌。结论制售环境及剩米饭中蜡样芽胞杆菌产生的致吐毒素是导致本次食物中毒的主要原因,寒冷季节细菌性食物中毒仍不容忽视。     

一起蜡样芽胞杆菌食物中毒情况分析

目的对1起蜡样芽胞杆菌食物中毒原因进行分析,防范类似事件的发生.方法通过流行病学调查、实验室检测等结果分析梅州市某中纤板厂集体食堂发生的食物中毒原因.结果该厂厨房卫生状况差,生熟混放,熟食未冷冻,可疑中毒饭菜中检出蜡样芽胞杆菌,根据患者潜伏期、中毒临床表现及实验室检查结果判断,是1起蜡样芽胞杆菌引起的食物中毒.结论切实加强集体食堂的管理,是严防食物中毒发生的关键.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.