锌对氟诱导小鼠成釉细胞DNA损伤的影响

目的研究锌与氟联合作用对小鼠成釉细胞DNA损伤的影响。方法体外培养小鼠成釉细胞,分别设立对照组和0.25、0.50、1.00、2.00、4.00 mmol/L氟化钠单独染毒组及5.00、10.00、20.00μmol/L硫酸锌单独染毒组以及0.25、0.50、1.00、2.00、4.00 mmol/L氟化钠+5.00、10.00、20.00μmol/L硫酸锌联合染毒组。小鼠成釉细胞经硫酸锌预处理24 h后,再与氟化钠联合作用。染毒24 h后收获细胞,采用单细胞凝胶电泳(SCGE)检测DNA损伤情况。结果与对照组比较,氟化钠单独染毒小鼠成釉细胞的尾长、Olive尾矩、尾DNA%、尾长/头长值均明显升高(P<0.05),而硫酸锌单独染毒组以上指标均明显下降(P<0.05)。硫酸锌+氟化钠联合作用小鼠成釉细胞的尾长、Olive尾矩、尾DNA%、尾长/头长值低于对照组与相同剂量氟化钠单独染毒组(P<0.05)。与相同剂量氟化钠+10μmol/L硫酸锌联合染毒组比较,5.00和20.00μmol/L硫酸锌+氟化钠联合染毒组Olive尾矩均较高(P<0.05)。结论适量的锌对氟致小鼠成釉细胞DNA损伤有拮抗作用。     

枸杞多糖对氟诱导小鼠成釉细胞DNA损伤影响

目的 研究枸杞多糖(LBP)对氟化钠(NaF)致小鼠成釉细胞DNA损伤的影响.方法 离体培养小鼠成釉细胞,2个处理因素为NaF染毒(含浓度为0.00、0.25、0.50、1.00、2.00、4.00 mmol/L 6个水平)和LBP预处理(含质量浓度为0.00、100.00、200.00、400.00 mg/L 4个水平),6×4析因设计,2因素各水平全面组合共分24组,以浓度为0.00mmol/L NaF+质量浓度为0.00 mg/L LBP组为对照组.小鼠成釉细胞经LBP预处理24 h后,再给予NaF染毒,24 h后收获细胞,采用单细胞凝胶电泳检测DNA损伤情况.结果 分别以0.50、1.00、2.00、4.00 mmol/L NaF单独染毒的小鼠成釉细胞尾长、Olive尾距、尾部DNA％、尾长/头长值均高于对照组(P＜0.05,P＜0.01或P＜0.001).析因设计方差分析结果显示,LBP和NaF存在交互作用,差异均有统计学意义(P ＜0.001).经质量浓度分别为100.00、200.00、400.00mg/L的LBP预处理后,在不同NaF染毒剂量的条件下,多数尾长、Olive尾距、尾部DNA％、尾长/头长值等DNA损伤指标值均低于相应剂量NaF单独染毒时的指标值(P＜0.05,P＜0.01或P＜0.001).结论 一定剂量NaF可致小鼠成釉细胞DNA损伤,LBP对氟诱导的小鼠成釉细胞DNA损伤起到一定的保护作用.     

Effects of Selenium on DNA Binding Activity of Nuclear Factor-κB Induced by Arsenic in Mouse Skin JB6-CI41 Cells in vitro

目的 研究硒对砷诱导小鼠皮肤JB6-CI41细胞核因子κB(nuclear factor κB,NF-κB)的DNA结合活性和细胞凋亡的作用.方法 调整JB6-CI41细胞密度为1×105/孔,分别设立对照(生理盐水)组,不同浓度的亚砷酸(3.125、6.25、12.5 μmol/L)和亚硒酸钠(2.5 μmol/L)单独染毒组,亚硒酸钠(2.5μmol/L)+不同浓度的亚砷酸(3.125、6.25和12.5μmol/L)联合染毒组,NF-κB特异化学抑制剂二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸盐(diethyldithiocarbamate,DTYC,100 μmol/L,提前染毒2 h)+亚砷酸(6.25 μmol/L)联合染毒组.采用凝胶阻滞电泳法(electrophoretic mobility shift assay,EMSA)检测NF-κB的DNA结合活性,采用流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡情况.结果 2.5 μmol/L亚硒酸钠对小鼠皮肤JB6-CI41细胞NF-κB的DNA结合活性和细胞凋亡无显著影响(P＞0.05).6.25和12.5 μmol/L的亚砷酸能够增强小鼠皮肤JB6-CI41细胞NF-κB的DNA结合活性(P＜0.01),具有明显剂量-效应关系(r=0.942 6,P＜0.01).3.125、6.25和12.5 μmol/L亚砷酸诱导小鼠皮肤JB6-CI41细胞凋亡(P＜0.01),呈现显著剂量-反应关系(r=0.991 8,P＜0.01).NF-κB的DNA结合活性与细胞凋亡率呈显著正相关(r=0.977 5,P＜0.01).2.5 μmol/L亚硒酸钠能抑制6.25和12.5 μmol/L亚砷酸作用下的小鼠皮肤JB6-CI41细胞NF-κB的DNA结合活性(P＜0.01),对3.125、6.25和12.5 μmol/L的亚砷酸引起的小鼠皮肤JB6-CI41细胞凋亡率也表现出显著抑制作用(P＜0.01).100 μmol/L的DTYC对6.25μmol/L亚砷酸引起的小鼠皮肤JB6-CI41细胞NF-κB的DNA结合活性和细胞凋亡率具有显著抑制作用(P＜0.01).结论 在本实验中,一定剂量(6.25～12.5 μmol/L)的砷能够使小鼠皮肤JB6-CI41细胞NF-κB的DNA结合活性显著增高并诱导细胞凋亡,2.5 μmol/L的硒能抑制砷引起的NF-κB的活化和细胞凋亡.     

硒对镉诱导的离体大鼠肝细胞DNA损伤的作用

目的　研究亚硒酸钠对氯化镉诱导的离体大鼠肝细胞DNA损伤的影响。方法　用8 75 μmol/L、17 5 0 μmol/L和 35 0 0 μmol/L的亚硒酸钠分别与 8 75 μmol/L、17 5 0 μmol/L和 35 0 0μmol/L的氯化镉联合作用 ,用单细胞凝胶电泳检测大鼠肝细胞DNA损伤。 结果　 8 75 μmol/L的亚硒酸钠对 8 75 μmol/L、17 5 0 μmol/L和 35 0 0 μmol/L的氯化镉引起的DNA损伤都有拮抗作用 ;17 5 0 μmol/L的亚硒酸钠对 17 5 0 μmol/L和 35 0 0 μmol/L的氯化镉显示拮抗作用 ,而对 8 75μmol/L氯化镉拮抗作用不明显 ;当亚硒酸钠为 35 0 0 μmol/L时 ,则对 8 75 μmol/L、17 5 0 μmol/L和35 0 0 μmol/L的氯化镉没有明显拮抗作用。从氯化镉的角度 ,当氯化镉为 8 75 μmol/L时 ,只有8 75 μmol/L亚硒酸钠拮抗作用最明显 ;当氯化镉为 17 5 0 μmol/L和 35 0 0 μmol/L时 ,8 75 μmol/L和 17 5 0 μmol/L的亚硒酸钠有拮抗作用 ,17 5 0 μmol/L的亚硒酸钠的拮抗作用又优于 8 75 μmol/L的亚硒酸钠。结论　一定剂量的亚硒酸钠拮抗一定剂量的氯化镉引起的DNA损伤与亚硒酸钠的剂量有关 ,随剂量增加 ,拮抗作用下降 ,而且也与亚硒酸钠和氯化镉的相对剂量有关。     

三甲基氯化锡诱导PC12细胞凋亡的机制

目的 在体外条件下,研究三甲基氯化锡(trimethyltin chloride,TMT)对PC12细胞增殖、细胞凋亡及细胞氧化损伤的作用,并探讨TMT对NF-kB表达的影响.方法 (1)不同浓度TMT(0、0.3125、0.6250、1.2500、2.500、5.000、10.000、20.000 μmol/L)处理PC12细胞24、48 h,噻唑蓝(MTT)法测定细胞存活率;(2)1.25、2.50、5.00、10.00 μmol/L TMT分别染毒PC12细胞12、24h后,流式细胞仪检测检测细胞凋亡率;(3)1.25、2.50、5.00、10.00 μmol/L剂量的TMT染毒PC12细胞6h后,测定活性氯(ROS)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量的变化;(4)1.25、2.50、5.00、10.00 μmol/L剂量的TMT染毒PC12细胞12h后免疫印迹法(Western blot)检测核蛋白NF-kB的水平.结果 与溶剂对照组比较,染毒24 h,2.5000、5.0000、10.0000、20.0000 μmol/L TMT剂量组细胞存活率明显下降;染毒48 h,1.2500、2.5000、5.0000、10.0000、20.0000 μmol/L剂量组细胞存活率明显下降,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).1.25、2.50、5.00、10.00 μmol/L TMT染毒细胞12h,凋亡率分别为15.30％±0.75％、18.90％±0.61％、22.00％±0.60％、36.50％±0.66％,染毒24 h凋亡率分别为28.60％±0.40％、43.54％±2.00％、65.73％±0.71％、74.67％±0.40％,明显高于对照组[12 h:(12.80％±1.00％)、24 h:(16.83％±0.25％)],差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).1.25、2.50、5.00、10.00 μmol/L剂量组的ROS荧光强度值分别为对照组的1.42、1.71、1.78、1.89倍,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).2.50、5.00、10.00 μmol/L组GSH含量分别为(0.17±0.0)、(0.20±0.04)、(0.07±0.03)μmol/μg pro,明显低于对照组(0.30±0.01) μmol/L pro,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).2.50、5.00、10.00 μmol/L剂量组NF-kB p65表达的蛋白条带灰度值明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 在本实验条件下,TMT对PC12细胞具有明显抑制增殖和诱导凋亡的作用,其作用可能与氧化应激以及NF-kB信号通路的激活有关.     

五氯酚钠对鲤鱼肾细胞DNA损伤的体内和体外研究

目的 研究五氯酚钠对鲤鱼肾细胞DNA的损伤效应.方法 选择健康鲤鱼,体内染毒实验:分别设3个五氯酚钠(Na-PCP)染毒组(14.4、28.8、144.0μg/L)和1个对照组(蒸馏水),每组3尾鲤鱼,染毒72 h.体外染毒实验:收集健康鲤鱼肾细胞悬液,分别设3个Na-PCP染毒组(14.4、28.8、144.0μg/L)和1个对照组(蒸馏水),染毒1.5 h.体内、外实验结束后,均采用单细胞凝胶电泳试验检测细胞DNA损伤程度,指标包括Olive尾距、彗尾长、尾距、彗尾DNA含量.结果 体内染毒结果显示,14.4、28.8、144.0μg/L组Olive尾距、彗尾长、尾距、彗尾DNA含量均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).体外染毒结果显示,除28.8 μg/L组外,14.4、144.0 μg/L组Olive尾距、彗尾长、尾距、彗尾DNA含量均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).体内染毒的0、14.4μg/L组Olive尾距小于体外染毒,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);而体内染毒的28.8、144.0 μg/L组Olive尾距大于体外染毒,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 五氯酚钠能够诱导鲤鱼肾细胞DNA损伤.     

硒对镉诱导的雄性SD大鼠肝细胞c-myc和p53蛋白表达及细胞凋亡的影响

目的 探讨不同剂量亚硒酸钠对氯化镉诱导的雄性SD大鼠肝细胞的凋亡率、c-Myc和P53蛋白表达的影响.方法 将65只健康SPF级SD雄性大鼠随机分为13组,分别设对照(生理盐水)组、氯化镉(5.0、10.0、20.0 μmol/kg)组及亚硒酸钠(2.5、5.0、10.0 μmol/kg)+氯化镉(5.0、10.0、20.0 μmol/kg)联合作用组,每组5只.氯化镉采用一次性腹腔注射染毒,亚硒酸钠采用一次性灌胃染毒.染毒后48 h,用流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率,免疫组化法测定c-Myc和P53蛋白的表达量.结果 与相同剂量氯化镉组相比,亚硒酸钠剂量为2.5 μmol/kg时,全部联合作用组的大鼠肝细胞凋亡率、c-Myc和P53蛋白表达均降低(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);而亚硒酸钠剂量为5.0、10.0 μmol/kg时,部分联合作用组的大鼠肝细胞凋亡率、c-Myc和P53蛋白表达降低(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).大鼠细胞凋亡率与c-Myc、P53蛋白表达量均呈正相关(P＜0.01).结论 2.5 μmol/kg的亚硒酸钠对氯化镉所诱导的大鼠肝细胞的凋亡及c-Myc和P53蛋白表达的升高具有一定的拮抗作用.     

Effects of Selemum on Expression of iNOS and eNOS Induced by Arsenic in HUECV-304

目的 研究适量硒对砷诱导的人脐静脉血管内皮细胞株(HUVEC-304细胞)诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)和内皮型一氧化氮合酶( eNOS)表达的影响.方法 调整HUVEC-304细胞密度为1.0× l05/ml,分别加入终浓度为0.05、0.1、0.5、1.5、3.0、6.0、12.0 μmol/L三氧化二砷以及0.1 μmol/L亚硒酸钠+0.05、0.1、0.5、1.5、3.0、6.0、12.0 μmol/L三氧化二砷染毒48 h,并设立对照(正常培养液)组.检测培养液中iNOS和eNOS的活力,采用逆转录聚合酶连反应(RT-PCR)测定iNOS mRNA和eNOS mRNA的表达.结果 随着三氧化二砷染毒浓度的升高,HUVEC-304细胞培养物中eNOS的活力呈逐渐下降的趋势,而iNOS的活力呈逐渐上升的趋势.与对照组比较,1.5～12.0 μmol/L三氧化二砷染毒组HUVEC-304细胞培养物中iNOS mRNA的表达均较高,eNOS mRNA的表达均较低,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).与相应浓度三氧化二砷单独染毒组比较,0.05、0.1、1.5 μmol/L三氧化二砷+0.1 μmol/L亚硒酸钠联合染毒组HUVEC-304细胞培养物中的iNOS的活力及其mRNA的表达均较低,0.05、0.5、1.5 μmol/L三氧化二砷+0.1 μmol/L亚硒酸钠联合染毒组eNOS的活力及其mRNA的表达均较高,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 硒对砷诱导HUVEC-304细胞iNOS和eNOS的异常表达具有一定的抑制作用.     

硒对镉诱导的在体大鼠肝细胞DNA损伤、细胞凋亡和细胞增殖的影响

目的　研究亚硒酸钠对氯化镉诱导的大鼠肝细胞DNA损伤、细胞凋亡、细胞增殖周期变化以及DNA相对含量的影响。方法　选用雄性SD大鼠 ,每组 5只 ,用 5 μmol/kg亚硒酸钠分别与5、10和 2 0 μmol/kg的氯化镉联合作用 ,腹腔注射染毒。用单细胞凝胶电泳研究DNA损伤 ,用末端标记法 (TUNEL)和流式细胞术检测大鼠肝细胞凋亡 ,用流式细胞术研究细胞增殖周期和DNA相对含量。结果　 5 μmol/kg的亚硒酸钠对 5、10和 2 0 μmol/kg的氯化镉引起的DNA损伤和细胞凋亡显示出良好的拮抗作用 ,也可使DNA损伤率和细胞凋亡率显著下降。 5 μmol/kg的亚硒酸钠明显抑制5 μmol/kg氯化镉引起的G0 /G1期细胞减少 ,并使 10 μmol/kg和 2 0 μmol/kg氯化镉引起减少的G2 /M期细胞显著增多。 5 μmol/kg的亚硒酸钠还对 10 μmol/kg和 2 0 μmol/kg氯化镉引起的DNA相对含量的下降表现出拮抗作用。结论　一定剂量的亚硒酸钠对一定剂量的氯化镉诱导的DNA损伤、细胞凋亡、细胞增殖周期变化和DNA相对含量下降具有一定的拮抗作用     

1-硝基芘对人外周血淋巴细胞DNA的损伤

目的 探讨1-硝基芘对人外周血淋巴细胞DNA损伤作用.方法将健康成人的外周血淋巴细胞分为二甲亚砜对照组和50、100、200、500、800、1 000 μmol/L的1-硝基芘染毒组,采用单细胞凝胶电泳试验(SCGE,又称彗星试验)研究了1-硝基芘对人外周血淋巴细胞DNA的损伤作用.结果 50 μmol/L 1-硝基芘染毒组的淋巴细胞Olive尾矩与阴性对照组相比,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),100、200、500、800、1 000 μmol/L 1-硝基芘染毒组的淋巴细胞Olive尾矩大于阴性对照组,均有统计学意义(P＜0.001),且随着剂量的增加,1-硝基芘对人外周血淋巴细胞的DNA损伤随之增加,并表现出明显的剂量-效应关系(r=0.940,P＜0.01).结论 100 μmol/L以上剂量的1-硝基芘能显著引起人外周血淋巴细胞DNA损伤,具有遗传毒性.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.