某部秋季入伍新兵艾滋病知识态度行为调查

目的了解某部秋季入伍新兵对艾滋病知识、态度及自身行为的认知状况,为今后有针对性地开展军队健康教育及艾滋病防控工作提供参考依据。方法对2013年某部秋季入伍的118名新兵进行问卷调查,并针对影响艾滋病知识的因素及相关态度进行分析。结果该部新兵对13项艾滋病相关知识平均知晓率为85.0%,但对非传播途径的知晓率较低,如仅有38.1%的新兵知道蚊虫叮咬不会传播HIV。不同人口学特征新兵的艾滋病知识知晓情况有一定差别,其中初中文化水平新兵知晓率明显低于高中和大学文化水平新兵(P0.05)。结论某部入伍新兵对艾滋病相关知识的知晓率较高,但对非传播途径的知晓率较低。部队应进一步开展综合性的艾滋病防治措施,加强对新兵艾滋病防治知识教育的力度和针对性,培养健康的生活方式及行为习惯,促使其自觉远离HIV/AIDS的高危行为。     

2013年某部新兵艾滋病知识、态度调查及干预效果

目的调查某部新兵艾滋病知识、态度情况,采取干预措施,并对干预效果进行及时评价,为开展新兵艾滋病健康教育提供参考。方法采用自行设计的问卷对2013年某部718名新兵进行匿名调查,内容包括艾滋病相关知识、对待艾滋病患者或感染者的态度和行为以及艾滋病知识需求3部分。结果该部新兵对艾滋病知识总知晓率及积极态度总持有率较低,分别为56．99％和65．21％;入伍地、文化程度、家庭年收入等因素对新兵艾滋病知识和态度有影响;健康教育授课后艾滋病知识总知晓率为81．88％,积极态度总持有率为82．24％,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论健康教育课可即时提高新兵艾滋病知识和态度,在新兵新训期间应开展健康教育课,在内容上加强对新兵艾滋病知识教育的深度,确保部队艾滋病防控工作扎实有效进行。     

904名新兵对艾滋病传播相关知识知晓情况及影响因素调查

目的了解新兵对艾滋病（AIDS）传播相关知识的知晓率及影响因素,为有效开展基层部队AIDS健康教育提供科学依据。方法采取整群抽样方法,对某部新兵进行AIDS传播途径相关知识问卷调查。结果新兵对主要传播途径的知晓率较高。均超过85％。对一般日常生活接触不能传播AIDS的知晓率较低。统计分析显示,新兵自身文化程度对AIDS传播相关知识知晓率有明显影响。结论新兵对AIDS传播相关知识总知晓率较低,主要影响因素是新兵自身文化程度;提示今后全面加强对新兵AIDS传播及预防相关知识的健康教育是防控AIDS的重要措施。     

2002年某部部分集训新兵艾滋病知识调查

[目的]了解新兵艾滋病知识掌握状况,为部队预防艾滋病健康教育提供依据。[方法]采用无记名方式,对某部2002年度集训新兵841名进行问卷调查。[结果]新兵艾滋病知识的总知晓率为61 4%,对非艾滋病传播途径全部答对的占9 8%,艾滋病传播途径全部答对的占31 0%。文化程度高、来自城市、女性新兵的知晓率高于文化程度低、来自农村、男性新兵。新兵获得艾滋病知识的主要途径是电视、书报。[结论]新兵艾滋病认知水平较高,但不全面。     

某部新兵艾滋病知识和态度调查

目的 调查某部新兵艾滋病知识、态度情况,为开展有针对性的健康教育,做好部队艾滋病防控工作提供参考依据.方法 自行设计问卷,对2011年某部1095名新兵进行有关艾滋病知识和态度的调查,并对结果进行统计分析.结果 该部新兵对艾滋病比较关注,艾滋病知识和态度总体上较好,但对艾滋病防护知识的欠缺不容乐观;文化程度、入伍地等因...     

南京市某高校大学生乙肝与艾滋病知识、态度调查分析

目的 了解南京某高校大学生对乙型病毒性肝炎(简称乙肝)与艾滋病防治知识态度情况,探讨防病知识与所持态度间关系,为进一步开展健康教育提供依据.方法 根据文献,设计乙肝、艾滋病防治知识调查问卷,分层整群抽取某高校1 480名学生进行调查.结果 该校学生对乙肝防治信息知晓率偏低,乙肝知识总知晓率为62.8％,低于艾滋病知识总知晓率(76.8％).学生对乙肝可以通过性途径传播的知晓率仅为57.2％,对艾滋病不通过蚊虫叮咬传播的知晓率仅为51.2％.对待艾滋病病人及病毒携带者的正向态度持有率大多低于65％.方差分析、相关分析和多元逐步回归分析结果显示,随着乙肝和艾滋病基本知识、非传播途径知识以及预防知识的丰富,学生更趋向于采取正向态度.结论 该高校大学生对乙肝和艾滋病的知识态度还有待改善,仍需要大力宣传乙肝、艾滋病的非传播途径、预防方法等方面知识.     

社区居民艾滋病防治知识知晓率调查

目的了解城市社区居民艾滋病防治知识知晓情况,探索艾滋病健康教育的重点和有效方法.方法随机抽取220名社区居民,现场进行问卷调查。结果社区居民对艾滋病防治知识各题的知晓率并不相同,对艾滋病的三种传播途径知晓率为78.64%,不传播艾滋病的途径知晓率为44.55%,对感染者的态度正确率为43.64%。结论群众对艾滋病防治知识的知晓情况不均衡,应开展以艾滋病基本认识和非传播途径为重点的系统化健康教育和健康促进活动,提高市民对艾滋病防治知识水平,改变对艾滋病感染者和病人的不正确态度。     

铜山县某校高三学生艾滋病知识态度行为调查

目的通过对某校高三学生艾滋病知识、态度、行为问卷调查结果的分析,了解现阶段在校中学生艾滋病防治知识知晓率,及我县在中学生中开展艾滋病防治知识健康教育的成效,为今后开展中学生艾滋病健康教育提供依据。方法对800名在校高三学生进行艾滋病知识、态度、行为的问卷调查。结果调查对象对于艾滋病传播途径的知晓率较高,最高为96.14%;与非传播途径及一般知识两项目相比较有意义(P<0.01);蚊子叮咬是否可以感染艾滋病及艾滋病病毒感染妇女生下的小孩通过有效预防,可以不得艾滋病有关知识知晓率较低,与艾滋病患者的日常交往如一起吃饭、握手等是否可以感染艾滋病相比较有统计学意义(χ2=846.26,P<0.01);传播途径中,有关性传播途径特别是安全套的正确使用可以降低艾滋病传播的危险、可以预防艾滋病的知晓率较低,和其他二大传播途径比较,有统计学意义(χ2=28.21,P<0.01)。结论学校需进一步加大健康教育课中有关艾滋病防治知识教育的广度和深度,增加性知识及正确使用安全套可以有效预防艾滋病知识的教育和普及,有效遏制艾滋病在青年学生中的传播。     

武汉市大学生艾滋病知识、态度及行为调查

目的 了解在校大学生艾滋病防治知识的水平、对婚姻态度、异性交往行为的表现,为在该人群中开展艾滋病预防知识的宣传提供可靠的信息和依据.方法 采用匿名问卷调查方式,对到武汉市某社区医院皮肤科门诊就诊的在校大学生进行现场调查.结果 受调查大学生对艾滋病传播途径、高危行为知晓率均＞60%;对非艾滋病传播途径回答的正确率较低,波动在30.1%～64.9%之间;对艾滋病防治知识知晓率＜40%;对"婚外性行为"持反对态度的人数明显多于赞同的人数.结论 大学生对艾滋病防治知识的了解缺乏深度,需进一步深入细致地开展大学课堂的有关艾滋病防治的健康教育.     

农民工对艾滋病基本知识的知晓情况和获取有关知识的有效途径

目的探索在农民工人群中开展有效的艾滋病防治策略。方法参照国家艾滋病防治督导与评估框架中关于大众艾滋病基本知识知晓率的调查方法,选取通辽市有代表性的5个建筑工地,在知情同意下,对农民工艾滋病基本知识知晓率、对待艾滋病感染者的态度以及获取艾滋病知识的途径进行问卷调查。结果共调查790名农民工,艾滋病基本知识知晓率为36.33%。农民工对艾滋病基本知识中的不同问题的知晓程度存在明显的差异,关于血液传播、母婴传播、性途径传播3种传播途径的知识知晓率最高,为40%～80%;对艾滋病防治知识的知晓率为36.33%。被调查农民工目前获取艾滋病知识前3位的途径分别是电视、广播、宣传栏广告栏和报刊书籍,分别占78.86%、42.91%、30.63%和24.56%。对待艾滋病感染者的态度积极的达26%～43%。结论被调查农民工艾滋病基本知识知晓率较低,在进一步加大对农民工人群宣传教育力度的同时,应注重采用农民工获取知识的有效途径开展宣传教育。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.