内蒙古自治区某坑口火力发电项目职业病危害因素预期接触水平

目的了解内蒙古自治区某拟建坑口火力发电项目职业病危害因素预期接触水平,为该项目职业病防护设施设计及企业职业卫生管理提供科学依据。方法用类比法类推该项目的职业病危害因素的种类和危害程度,用检查表法分析和评价该项目的职业病危害防护设施等。结果该项目可能存在的职业病危害因素有粉尘、化学毒物、噪声、高温、工频电场等。各岗位职业病危害因素预期接触水平显示,除运行主值、运行巡检、检修的煤尘短时间接触浓度(总粉尘超标3.4倍,呼吸性粉尘超标1.02倍)、集控室巡检工及化学运行巡检岗位接触噪声强度[分别超标7.71、2.07 d B(A)]超标外,其余岗位接触职业病危害因素均符合职业接触限值要求。检查表检查结果显示职业病防护设施中除防尘防毒设施设计内容不够全面,有2项基本符合外,其余均符合国家相关标准要求。结论该项目职业病危害因素关键控制点为煤尘和噪声,关键控制岗位为运行主值、运行巡检、检修、集控室巡检工及化学运行巡检工,在采取相应的职业病防护措施后,各岗位的职业病危害因素预期接触水平能够满足职业病防治相关法律、法规、标准的要求。     

某汽车隔音件技术改造项目职业病危害控制效果评价

目的 识别汽车隔音件技术改造项目技改前后职业病危害因素种类、分布及危害程度,探讨其防护对策和管理措施,提出其职业病危害关键控制点.方法 采用职业病危害因素检测、职业卫生调查、职业健康检查、检查表分析法等对该项目进行职业病危害控制效果评价.结果 该项目存在化学毒物、粉尘、噪声、高温、电焊弧光和工频电场等职业病危害因素;工...     

某铜冶炼生产企业职业病危害因素现状调查与评价

目的了解某铜冶炼生产企业存在的职业病危害因素和采取的职业病危害防护措施,为职业病防治工作提供依据。方法采用现场职业卫生学调查和工作场所职业病危害因素检测方法,进行职业卫生现况调查分析。按照《工作场所空气中有害物质监测的采样规范》,选择有代表性的作业点进行检测,其中粉尘选择9个检测点、毒物选择17个检测点、噪声选择16个检测点、工频电场选择3个检测点。结果粉尘、铜烟、铅烟、镉及其化合物、砷及其无机化合物、氧化锌、二氧化硫、硫酸雾、硫化氢、噪声、工频电场和高温为该企业主要的职业病危害因素,其中粉尘合格率为77.8%,铜烟合格率为83.33%,砷合格率为80.0%,二氧化硫合格率为50.0%,硫酸雾合格率为60.0%,铅烟、镉、氧化锌、硫化氢、噪声强度和工频电场合格率均为100%。结论该企业为职业病危害严重的生产企业,应采取有效的职业病危害防护措施,制定并严格执行职业健康检查和职业病危害因素检测制度,以防止职业病的发生。     

某能源有限公司煤制甲醇项目职业病危害控制效果评价

摘要：目的了解某能源有限公司煤制甲醇项目存在的职业病危害因素及其控制效果,提出职业病危害的关键控制点和防护的进一步改进措施。方法对该项目进行职业卫生调查,对作业场所中的职业病危害因素进行检测并分析。结果检测生产性粉尘、物理及化学有害因素共14种,其中粉尘检测点位39个,合格点位25个,合格率64．1％;检测化学毒物11种,共计99个点位,检测合格率均为100．0％;噪声检测点位90个,合格点位72个,合格率80．0％。结论该建设项目的职业病危害控制措施是有效可行的,但应进一步加强粉尘、噪声的防护措施。     

江苏省某烟草有限公司烟草薄片建设项目职业病危害控制效果评价

目的评价某烟草有限公司烟草薄片建设项目职业病危害控制的效果。方法采用现场职业卫生调查、职业卫生检测、职业健康检查等方法。结果该建设项目主要职业病危害因素为:烟草尘、其他粉尘、氢氧化钠、硝酸、硫酸、硫化氢、噪声、工频电场、电离辐射等。粉尘45个检测点,合格率为100%;化学毒物27个检测点,合格率为100%;物理因素51个检测点,合格率为100%。各职业病危害因素的检测结果均符合国家职业卫生标准。结论该建设项目采用的职业病防护设施合理有效,采取的综合防护措施可行,该项目的职业病危害控制效果符合职业卫生要求。     

南通市2×1000MW燃煤电厂职业病危害控制效果评价

目的识别燃煤电厂存在的职业病危害因素,调查该企业接触职业病危害因素工人职业健康状况、职业病防护措施、职业卫生管理情况。方法采用现场调查、职业病危害因素检测检验、职业健康检查进行定性定量分析。结果该项目存在的主要职业病危害因素为粉尘、氨、盐酸、氢氧化钠、一氧化碳、二氧化碳、二氧化硫、氮氧化物、六氟化硫、次氯酸钠、噪声、振动、高温、工频电场;粉尘定点检测合格率为95.83%,粉尘个体检测合格率为87.50%,化学毒物的检测合格率为100%,噪声定点、个体检测合格率均为37.50%,工频电场检测合格率为50.00%。结论该建设项目粉尘、噪声、工频电场危害较严重,须加强工程技术防护、个体防护、职业卫生管理,以确保作业人员的健康与安全。     

某橡胶厂职业病危害现状调查

目的识别与分析某橡胶厂职业病危害因素,评价该厂职业病防护措施效果,确定职业病危害关键控制点。方法通过职业卫生现场调查、职业病危害因素检测、查阅劳动者职业健康监护和职业卫生管理档案等,对企业作业场所的职业病危害现状进行分析与评价。结果该橡胶厂存在的主要职业病危害因素包括毒物、粉尘、噪声、高温、工频电场,合格率均为100%。结论该橡胶厂职业病危害关键控制点为生产、储存、运输过程中化学毒物操作岗位,锅炉房出渣口粉尘司炉作业岗位,各种机器噪声岗位。     

济南市无缝气瓶生产项目职业病危害控制效果评价

目的评价某无缝气瓶生产项目职业病危害防护措施的效果,为职业病防治工作提供技术依据。方法采用现场职业卫生学调查和作业场所中职业病危害因素监测的方法,分析评价职业危害因素防护现状。结果该生产项目存在的主要职业病危害因素有其他粉尘、氮氧化物、一氧化碳、噪声、高温和工频电场,关键控制点是噪声、高温和其他粉尘。结论该企业职业病危害防护措施需要进一步完善。     

某热电联产工程职业病危害控制效果评价

目的对某2×300 MW热电联产工程进行职业病危害控制效果评价,探讨防护措施及防治对策。方法采用职业卫生现场调查,并对工作场所中存在的粉尘、氨、氢氧化钠、盐酸、一氧化碳、一氧化氮、二氧化氮、噪声、工频电场等职业病危害因素进行检测与评价。结果粉尘、噪声和工频电场存在超标现象:灰库值班员接触的粉尘浓度超标,总尘CTWA为2.04 mg/m3,呼尘CTWA为0.75 mg/m3;#4机汽机巡检工和#3机的汽机巡检工接触的噪声超标,等效连续A声级为89.7和86.2 dB(A);4个检测点工频电场强度超标,其他职业病危害因素检测结果均符合国家卫生标准。结论该工程在对有关职业病危害防护设施完成整改后,职业病危害控制效果基本合格。     

某企业防火门制造项目职业病危害因素控制效果评价

目的对某企业防火门制造项目进行职业病危害控制效果评价。方法采用职业卫生现场调查、职业卫生检测、职业健康检查等方法收集数据和资料,并结合职业病防护设施、个人职业病防护水平及检测结果,对试运行期间作业人员的职业病危害因素接触水平及职业健康影响进行评价。结果该项目存在的主要职业病危害因素有粉尘、毒物、噪声及高温。现场检测23个检测点,130份样品。粉尘检测5个点,32份样品,工作场所粉尘浓度合格率100%。生产性毒物检测4个点,检测84份样品,毒物浓度合格率100%。噪声测定11个点,噪声强度合格率91%。紫外辐射测定2个点,合格率100%。高温测定1个点,合格率100%。结论由于该项目中噪声1个检测点超标,应高度关注超标岗位的职业病防护措施及个人防护。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.