床旁肺部超声在重症患者机械通气脱机评估中的应用价值北大核心CSCD

目的探讨床旁肺部超声（bedside lung ultrasound,BLU）用于重症患者机械通气（mechanical ventilation,MV）脱机评估的价值,尤其是动态监测MV治疗患者的肺部病变及膈肌功能变化的意义。方法前瞻性选取2016—03～2016—09人住我院重症医学科（intensive careunit,ICU）符合纳入条件的28例MV患者。进入自主呼吸实验流程15min后,具有资质的ICU医师使用BLU评估患者肺部及膈肌功能等指标,以帮助指导脱机流程。结果①本研究的脱机成功率为89．29％（25／28）。3例患者因呼吸机相关膈肌功能障碍造成脱机困难,其中2例因自动出院而死亡,1例患者经治疗后延时脱机。②膈肌功能（膈肌活动度、膈肌厚度及膈肌增厚率）与浅快呼吸指数、通气时间存在负相关关系（P〈0．05）,与APACHEII评分、年龄等因素不存在相关关系（P〉0．05）。结论MV时间长短与膈肌功能损伤程度密切相关。呼吸机相关膈肌功能障碍的发生可增加MV患者的呼吸机治疗时间和病死率。BLU与浅快呼吸指数等指标联合应用可有效指导重症MV患者脱机评估流程。     

简化床旁超声法在重症患者鼻肠管定位中的应用价值

目的探讨简化床旁超声法在重症患者鼻肠管定位的应用价值。 方法选择2016年3月至2017年4月台州市立医院重症医学科收治的需留置鼻肠管的患者59例。应用简化床旁超声法定位鼻肠管。超声探及幽门管处鼻肠管声影,且鼻肠管插入长度符合鼻尖至空肠的预计距离,则认为鼻肠管进入空肠。鼻肠管放置结束后,立即进行床旁超声检查及床旁腹部X线检查。以腹部X线检查结果作为验证鼻肠管头端位置的"金标准",计算简化床旁超声法鼻肠管定位的敏感度、特异度、准确性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值。采用Kappa分析分析简化床旁超声法与腹部X线检查对重症患者鼻肠管定位的一致性。 结果简化床旁超声法判定鼻肠管进入空肠50例,腹部X线检查验证49例空肠在位;简化床旁超声法判定鼻肠管未进入空肠9例,腹部X线检查验证4例空肠在位。以腹部X线检查结果作为验证鼻肠管头端位置的"金标准",简化床旁超声法鼻肠管定位的敏感度、特异度、准确性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为92.45%、83.33%、89.83%、98.00%、44.44%。Kappa分析结果显示,简化床旁超声法与腹部X线检查对重症患者鼻肠管定位的一致性Kappa=0.620。 结论简化床旁超声法可以定位鼻肠管,其准确程度高,简单易学,快速方便,具有较好的临床应用价值。     

内科与专科重症监护病房有创机械通气患者常见呼吸机报警原因的比较分析

目的 分析内科重症监护病房(ICU)与专科ICU有创机械通气患者常见呼吸机报警原因及相关处理策略.方法 选择中国医科大学附属第一医院2011年1月至12月内科ICU及专科ICU收治的有创机械通气患者,对需由一线医生、呼吸治疗师及上级医师或由内科ICU会诊处理的呼吸机报警、报警原因进行分析比较.结果 内科ICU 59例患者共发生375次呼吸机报警,前3位报警参数的发生率为气道高压21.87％、高潮气量15.73％、高分钟通气量14.13％;专科ICU 249例患者共发生403次呼吸机报警,前3位报警参数的发生率为气道高压32.51％、气道低压15.38％、高呼吸频率10.42％.内科ICU中气道高压、气道低压报警率明显低于专科ICU(21.87％比32.51％,8.53％比15.38％,均P＜0.01),高分钟通气量、高潮气量报警率高于专科ICU(14.13％比7.20％,15.73％比9.68％,P＜0.01和P＜0.05).内科ICU前3位报警原因为雾化吸入、痰液堵塞、氧电池过期,专科ICU为痰液堵塞、呼吸窘迫、管道漏气和氧电池过期;内科ICU由于痰液堵塞、管道因素(气管插管位置改变、管道积水)、报警参数设置不当为原因的报警率明显低于专科ICU(10.93％比17.12％,1.87％比4.47％,1.33％比3.72％,1.60％比3.97％,均P＜0.05),由于雾化吸入导致的呼出端过滤器严重堵塞、高潮气量、高分钟通气量为原因的报警率明显高于专科ICU(18.93％比3.97％,P＜0.01).结论 内科ICU及专科ICU均应了解各科呼吸机报警特点,有针对性地预防,及时发现问题并进行相关处理.     

早期康复治疗在机械通气患者中的应用

目的:探讨机械通气患者早期康复治疗的时机、安全性以及有效性。方法:选择本院重症监护病房2018年6月-2019年6月收治的机械通气患者作为研究对象,分为康复组和对照组。康复组在对照组常规治疗的基础上,进行早期康复治疗,比较两组治疗5天后的潮气量、浅快呼吸指数、吸氧浓度(FiO₂)、氧合指数、APACHEⅡ评分、ICU住院时间、机械通气时间,以及谵妄、下肢静脉血栓、撤机失败例数、30d死亡例数,统计两组患者不良事件。结果:两组治疗5d后FiO₂、氧和指数、APACHEⅡ评分,差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。两组治疗5d后潮气量、浅快呼吸指数,以及ICU住院时间、机械通气时间、谵妄、下肢静脉血栓,差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。但撤机失败例数、30d死亡例数比较,差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。结论:早期康复治疗可以有效减少ICU住院时间、机械通气时间,减少谵妄的发生,改善患者的精神状态。     

肺部超声在呼吸机相关性肺炎中的临床应用

肺部超声(lung ultrasound,LUS)是诊断社区获得性肺炎的有力工具,但是其在呼吸机相关性肺炎中的诊断作用目前尚缺乏有力证据,本研究就目前已有的研究资料进行分析探讨肺部超声在呼吸机相关性肺炎中的临床应用价值。     

咪唑安定在重症监护病房机械通气病人中的应用

目的 探讨咪唑安定在重症监护病房（ICU）机械通气病人中的治疗效果及作用。方法 选择30例经气管插管机械通气的病人，应用咪唑安定镇静治疗后，观察镇静效果，并定时监测给药后的循环参数及动脉血气分析，进行用药前后的比较。结果咪唑安定镇静治疗后，患者的平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（P）、动脉血气中的二氧化碳分压（PCO2）及氧分压（PO2）明显改善，有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论 ICU机械通气治疗的患者，咪唑安定可作为理想的镇静剂。     

超声造影在重症监护病房中的应用现状

常规超声监测在危重症患者中已广泛应用,但在某些特殊情况如器官血流灌注下易出现误诊和漏诊。超声造影可以反映器官组织的血流灌注情况,特别是微灌注情况,在监测危重症患者时可弥补常规超声血流灌注的不足。本文初步总结超声造影在重症监护病房中的应用现状及进展。     

动态肺超声、膈肌和左心功能评估对重症机械通气患者撤机预测价值

[摘要] 目的：评估肺超声动态监测肺水变化联合膈肌功能对重症机械通气（MV）患者撤机的预测价值。 方法：选取重症医学科112例接受MV＞48h并符合撤机条件患者,于自主呼吸试验（SBT）0min采用床旁超声测量左室射血分数（LVEF）、左室短轴缩短率（LVFS）、舒张功能指标和胸前区肺超声水肿评分（A-LUES 0min）;于SBT 15min测量膈肌移动度（DE）及A-LUES 15min,并计算△A-LUES。采用ROC曲线评价各指标预测撤机结果的价值。 结果：64例撤机成功（成功组）,48例撤机失败（失败组）,失败组LVEF、DE、e’明显低于成功组,E/e’、A-LUES 15min、△A-LUES明显高于成功组（P＜0.05）;分别以51.50%、6.48cm/s、10.36、10.35mm、1.50分作为LVEF、e’、E/e’、DE和△A-LUES的阈值,预测撤机结果的敏感度分别为 93.75%、90.63%、62.50%、85.94%和77.08%,特异度分别为27.08%、52.08%、75.00%、56.25%和67.19%,AUC分别为0.613、0.735、0.652、0.786和0.793;△A-LUES联合DE对预测撤机结果的敏感度为89.58%,特异度为82.81%,AUC为0.909。 结论：超声监测肺水动态变化、膈肌功能和左心功能对撤机成败有较好的预测价值。     

Evaluation of pain severity in critically ill patients on mechanical ventilation

ObjectivesTo elucidate how patients’ illness severity, respiratory status, or haemodynamics are associated with the pain score of critically ill patients.MethodsThis was an observational study of patients on mechanical ventilation after surgeries. At rest and on turning, patient pain was evaluated using the Behavioural Pain Scale (BPS) and the Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT). Related factors were collected from medical records and analysed.FindingsMultiple logistic regression analysis was performed using data on 127 scenarios. An increase of >2 in BPS score on turning was affected by the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score (odds ratio [OR] = 0.864), systolic blood pressure at rest (OR = 1.032), BPS at rest (OR = 0.638), heart rate difference (OR = 1.124), and tidal volume difference (OR = 0.548). An increase of >2 in CPOT on turning score was associated with the APACHE II score (OR = 0.894), Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score (OR = 1.248), systolic blood pressure at rest (OR = 1.025), heart rate difference (OR = 1.096), and tidal volume difference (OR = 0.578).ConclusionThe Behavioural Pain Scale and the Critical-Care Pain Observation Tools were associated with illness severity and haemodynamics. A reduction in tidal volume may be useful in assessing pain.     

ICU患者在机械通气中应用异丙酚镇静的观察与护理

目的观察异丙酚在ICU机械通气患者的镇静效果及护理.方法选择40例在ICU接受气管插管、机械通气患者按住院号单双分成2组,观察组20例在上机后使用异丙酚,对照组20例给与其它镇静剂,观察2组机械通气时间、在ICU住院的时间.结果观察组的机械通气时间、在ICU住院时间,明显少于对照组（P＜0.01,P＜0.05）.结论异丙酚用于ICU机械通气患者的镇静不仅能安全有效镇静,而且能减少机械通气时间和在ICU住院时间,使用异丙酚应严格无菌技术操作以防止发生医源性感染.     

混合超声造影在重症患者鼻肠管定位中的应用价值

目的探讨混合超声造影方法在重症患者鼻肠管定位中的作用和效能。 方法选取2018年5月1日至2018年7月1日于浙江省人民医院重症监护病房（ICU）住院、符合鼻肠管留置指征的危重症患者32例。所有患者均行鼻肠管置入术，利用常规超声及超声解剖定位法探查食管、胃、十二指肠的大致解剖位置，并明确鼻肠管位于消化道内。将微泡超声造影剂与胃窗声学造影剂混合配制，开启超声造影模式，将混合超声造影剂注入鼻肠管，实时观察并记录鼻肠管走行及头端位置。体外实验明确混合超声造影剂最佳配制，以腹部X线检查作为判断鼻肠管定位的"金标准"，以幽门后置管为置管成功的标准，统计32例患者超声造影定位鼻肠管的成功率，计算混合超声造影法定位鼻肠管幽门后置管的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和准确性。 结果通过体外实验结果显示微泡超声造影剂与胃窗声学造影剂按1:1000与1:500比例配制成混合造影剂，显影效果最佳且稳定，体质量指数<28的患者按1:1000比例配制，体质量指数≥28的患者按1:500比例配制。32例患者通过混合超声造影方法定位鼻肠管，定位成功率达93.8%（30/32），其中一次性成功定位24例，均为幽门后置管，所需时间为（1.71±0.65）min；6例患者行多次混合超声造影检查后，置管定位成功，所需时间为（4.42±0.93）min，其中5例为鼻肠管幽门后置管，1例为鼻肠管胃内折叠。混合超声造影方法定位鼻肠管幽门后置管的敏感度为93.5%，特异度为100.0%，阳性预测值为100.0%，阴性预测值为33.3%，准确性为93.8%。所有患者检查过程中均未出现明显并发症。 结论混合超声造影方法兼具微泡超声造影剂及胃窗声学造影剂的优势，对重症患者鼻肠管位置的判断具有较高的效能，可快速、准确定位留置鼻肠管的走行及头端，具有较好的临床应用价值。     

Mechanical ventilation in critically ill cancer patients: outcome and utilisation of resources

Intensive care is increasingly being used in the management of cancer patients. It is important that a disproportionate share of special care resources is not expended on futile care of terminally ill patients. A requirement for mechanical ventilation has been stated to affect survival in cancer patients. The objectives of this study were to determine our hospital utilisation of ICU facilities and the prospects of a successful outcome in cancer patients with a need for ventilatory support. The Norwegian Radium Hospital is a 400-bed cancer hospital with a 12-bed combined postoperative and intensive care unit (PO/ICU). For each patient admitted to the PO/ICU, patient data including diagnosis, therapeutic interventions, use of resources and outcome are entered in a computerised database. We reviewed all 10,051 patients admitted during a 5-year period, focusing on the patients receiving ventilatory support. There were 347 patients who were treated with mechanical ventilation, 228 patients only for a short period postoperatively after extensive surgery. A further 119 patients (mean age 68 years, mean SAPS 33.5) were treated with mechanical ventilation for more than 24 h or died during treatment in the ICU; 65 patients (55%) were admitted after elective surgery, 24 (20%) after surgical emergencies and 30 (25%) after medical emergencies. Metastatic disease was present in 59% of them. These 119 patients comprised 1.18% of all patients admitted to the PO/ICU, but utilised 28% of all resources. They included 34 patients (29%) who died during the ICU stay, while 69 patients (58%) were still alive after 6 months. The ICU mortality in different groups was: surgical patients 24%, gynaecological patients 9%, oncological patients 63%. The mortality in the age group >70 years was 15%. The role of ICU facilities, including mechanical ventilation, is important for optimal supportive care in cancer patients. Our results indicate that this treatment modality should not generally be restricted in critically ill cancer patients. The quality of life of the patients who survived should be of interest to those involved in further medical and ethical decisions concerning the level of care in the ICU. Electronic publication: 12 January 1999     

床旁超声对机械通气拔管的预测价值

有创机械通气时,监测患者的呼吸力学指标、自主呼吸试验和临床表现有助于判断脱机拔管。然而不同指标之间预测脱机拔管有所差异,寻找预测脱机拔管成功率更高的指标成为临床医师的目标。床旁超声作为一种影像学检查,具有快速无创、无辐射、可重复操作、连续性检测等优点,已广泛被用于临床危重患者的救治。通过膈肌超声和肝脾移动度预测脱机拔管的研究显示了良好的临床可行性和成功率。现将床旁超声在有创机械通气脱机拔管中的应用作以简单叙述。     

Pleural effusion in critically ill patients and intensive care setting

Pleural effusion usually causes a diagnostic dilemma with a long list of differential diagnoses. Many studies found a high prevalence of pleural effusions in critically ill and mechanically ventilated patients, with a wide range of variable prevalence rates of up to 50%-60% in some studies. This review emphasizes the importance of pleural effusion diagnosis and management in patients admitted to the intensive care unit(ICU). The original disease that caused pleural effusion can be the exact caus...     

液体负平衡在 ICU ＞60岁患者机械通气撤机过程中的应用

目的：探讨在保证循环稳定前体下液体负平衡对达撤机条件的＞60岁ICU患者撤机的影响。方法采用前瞻性随机对照研究,选择我科2013－02～2015－02收治的42例需要机械通气的＞60岁的危重症患者,在符合撤机标准后,随机分为液体负平衡组（ A组）和液体正平衡组（ B组）,依中心静脉压（ CVP）、平均动脉压（ MAP）进行液体管理,至成功撤机48 h。比较两组患者一次撤机成功率、机械通气时间、血流动力学参数、液体平衡状况、BNP前体（ NT－pro－BNP）水平的变化。结果液体负平衡组患者撤机成功率（85．7％）高于液体正平衡组（66．7％）,但差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）;液体负平衡组机械通气时间（5．99±1．83）d vs （8．04±3．99）d,脱机48 h BNP前体（424．71±302．67）pg／mL vs （653．19±483．39）pg／mL,明显低于液体正平衡组（P＜0．05）;撤机后48 h两组MAP[（81．43±7．31）mm Hg vs （84．95±7．76）mm Hg]与CVP [（7．38±2．58）mm H2O vs （8．81±3．25）mm H2O]比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。结论在＞60岁危重症患者机械通气撤机过程中,在保证循环稳定前体下,采用适度液体负平衡策略有助于缩短机械通气时间、撤机成功,其机制可能与改善患者心功能有关。     

Prognosis factors and outcome of community-acquired pneumonia needing mechanical ventilation

PURPOSE: To evaluate the variables associated with mortality of patients with community-acquired pneumonia who require mechanical ventilation and to determine the attributable morbidity and intensive care unit (ICU) mortality of community-acquired pneumonia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective cohort study carried out in 361 ICUs from 20 countries including 124 patients who required mechanical ventilation on the first day of admission to the hospital due to acute respiratory failure secondary to severe community-acquired pneumonia. To assess the factors associated with outcome, a forward stepwise logistic regression analysis was performed, and to determine the attributable mortality of community-acquired pneumonia, a matched study design was used. RESULTS: We found 3 independent variables significantly associated with death in patients with community-acquired pneumonia requiring mechanical ventilation: simplified acute physiological score greater than 45 (odds ratio, 5.5 [95% confidence interval, 1.7-12.3]), shock (odds ratio, 5.7 [95% confidence interval, 1.7-10.1]), and acute renal failure (odds ratio, 3.0 [95% confidence interval, 1.1-4.0]). There was no statistically significant difference in ICU mortality among patients with or without community-acquired pneumonia (32% vs 35%; P=.59). CONCLUSIONS: Community-acquired pneumonia needing mechanical ventilation is not a disease associated with higher mortality. The main determinants of patient outcome were initial severity of illness and the development of shock and/or acute renal failure.