超声引导下区域神经阻滞在经皮肾镜碎石术后镇痛的研究进展

接受经皮肾镜碎石术的患者通常伴有中至重度的术后疼痛。超声引导下区域神经阻滞是一种安全有效的镇痛策略,在经皮肾镜碎石术中展现出了良好的应用前景,能够促进早期活动,加速术后康复。近年来,不同的区域神经阻滞方法相继报道,为经皮肾镜碎石术后疼痛控制提供了更多选择。本文就经皮肾镜碎石术后疼痛来源、不同神经阻滞的操作方法、应用效果和局限性进行综述,为临床应用提供参考。     

超声引导下低位前锯肌平面阻滞对经皮肾镜取石术后镇痛的影响

目的 评价超声引导下低位前锯肌平面阻滞对经皮肾镜取石术患者术后镇痛效果的影响.方法 选择择期全麻下行经皮肾镜取石术患者60例,男38例,女22例,年龄22～64岁,BMI 18～26 kg/m2,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级.采用随机数字表法分为两组:全身麻醉组(C组)和全身麻醉联合低位前锯肌平面阻滞组(T组),每组30例.T组在超...     

改良胸椎旁阻滞病人自控镇痛用于开胸术后镇痛的可行性研究

我们应用改良法胸椎旁阻滞病人自控镇痛术 (ＰＣＰＡ)用于开胸术后镇痛 ,取得了较满意的效果 ,现报告如下。资料与方法一般资料　开胸手术病人 70例 ,ＡＳＡⅡ～Ⅲ级 ,随机分成Ａ、Ｂ及对照组 ,三组病人的一般情况相似。所有病人均采用芬氟合剂 丙泊酚 维库溴铵 异氟醚静吸复合全麻。改良胸椎旁阻滞 (ＩＴＢ)穿刺法　经开胸切口相应节段上一棘突旁开 2 5ｃｍ处 ,沿垂直稍向外侧方向穿刺 (用 16号硬膜外穿刺针 ) ,触及椎板后滑至椎板外侧缘 ,接上带空气玻璃针管缓慢深入 ,当针芯阻力突然减小 (可伴落空感 )时 ,提示已达相应的胸椎旁间隙 (…     

超声引导下连续胸椎旁神经阻滞对开胸术后肺功能的影响

目的观察超声引导下连续胸椎旁神经阻滞对开胸术后肺功能的影响。方法选择择期开胸手术患者60例,男29例,女31例,年龄18~60岁,BMI 16~28kg/m2,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机分为两组,每组30例。G组:单纯全身麻醉+术后自控静脉镇痛(PCIA);GP组:全麻复合连续胸椎旁神经阻滞(CTPVB)+术后CTPVB镇痛,诱导前患者清醒时行CTPVB,通过测定阻滞范围判断CTPVB效果。两组均于术毕缝皮时启动镇痛泵行自控镇痛。记录患者拔出气管导管30min(T1)、术后2h(T2)、6h(T3)、24h(T4)、48h(T5)静息和咳嗽时VAS评分。采用肺功能仪测定入室后(T0)、T4、T5时的用力肺活量(FVC)、1秒用力呼气容量(FEV1)、最大呼气中段流量(MMF),记录三次测量的最大值;用血气分析仪测定相应时段的血气分析各一次,抽取桡动脉血标本前停止吸氧30min,记录PaCO2、PaO2、肺泡动脉血氧分压差(PA-aO2)。观察术后不良反应发生情况。结果 T1~T5时GP组静息和咳嗽时VAS评分明显低于G组(P0.05)。与T0时比较,T4、T5时两组FVC、FEV1、MMF明显降低(P0.05),GP组明显高于G组(P0.05)。与T0时比较,T4、T5时两组PaO2明显降低(P0.05)、PA-aO2明显增大(P0.05);T4、T5时GP组的PaO2明显高于G组、PA-a O2明显小于G组(P0.05)。结论超声引导下CTPVB镇痛效果完善,可明显改善开胸术后肺功能,促进肺部氧合。     

超声引导下胸椎旁神经阻滞对胸腔镜手术患者苏醒质量及术后镇痛的影响

目的评估超声引导下胸椎旁神经阻滞(thoracic paravertebral nerve block, TPVB)复合全麻对胸腔镜下肺叶切除术患者苏醒质量及术后镇痛的影响。方法择期行胸腔镜下肺叶切除术患者52例,男34例,女18例,年龄25～65岁,BMI 19～28 kg/m~2, ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。按随机数字表法分为胸椎旁神经阻滞联合全麻组(观察组)和单纯全麻组(对照组),每组26例。麻醉诱导前观察组在超声引导下行单次椎旁神经阻滞,注射0.375%罗哌卡因25 ml;对照组不做任何处理。两组麻醉诱导后均采用全凭静脉麻醉,术后给予患者静脉自控镇痛。记录自主呼吸恢复时间、苏醒时间、拔管时间、术后镇静-躁动评分(SAS),记录术后1、6、12、24、48 h静息及咳嗽时VAS评分,记录镇痛药物使用及恶心呕吐、瘙痒、尿潴留、嗜睡、呼吸抑制和低血压等不良反应的发生情况。结果两组自主呼吸恢复时间、苏醒时间、拔管时间差异无统计学意义。两组术后不同时点静息时VAS评分差异无统计学意义。与对照组比较,观察组术后SAS评分、术后1、6、12 h的咳嗽时VAS评分明显降低(P0.05),术后48 h内镇痛泵有效按压次数明显减少(P0.05)。两组不良反应差异无统计学意义。结论 TPVB联合全麻镇痛效果确切,术后苏醒质量高,可安全有效地用于胸腔镜下肺叶切除术患者。     

胸椎旁神经阻滞对开胸手术患者静脉镇痛效果的影响

目的 研究胸椎旁神经阻滞对开胸于术后静脉镇痛效果的影响.方法 择期全麻下肺叶切除术的患者102例,随机分成二三组:Ⅰ组,32例,单纯全麻;Ⅱ组,36例,于全麻诱导后行胸椎旁神经阻滞;Ⅲ组,34例.于全麻诱导前行硬膜外阻滞.三组均于术毕缝皮时启动患者静脉自控镇痛(PCIA)泵行芬太尼、氟比洛芬酯静脉镇痛,分别于患者清醒拔除气管导管后即刻(T1)、术后24 h(T2)、48 h(T3)进行视觉模拟评分(VAS),记录启动自控按钮次数及背景输注总量.结果 三组24、48 h PCIA泵的背景输注总晕差异无统计学意义.Ⅱ、Ⅲ组在T1、T2时的VAS均低于Ⅰ组(P＜0.05),术后48 h内启动自控按钮次数明显少于Ⅰ组(P＜0.05).结论 在开胸手术前行胸椎旁神经阻滞或硬膜外阻滞可以增强芬太尼、氟比洛芬酯的静脉镇痛效果.     

超声引导下臂丛联合胸椎旁阻滞对肩胛骨骨折内固定患者术后镇痛效果的影响

目的评价超声引导下臂丛联合胸椎旁阻滞(thoracic paravertebral block,TPVB)对肩胛骨骨折内固定患者术后镇痛效果的影响。方法选择择期肩胛骨骨折内固定患者60例,男48例,女12例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机分为臂丛联合TPVB组(B组)和对照组(C组),每组30例。B组患者通过肌间沟和锁骨上两条途径予以臂丛神经阻滞,并在C_7~T_1、T_2~T_3和T_4~T_5水平予以椎旁阻滞,阻滞完成30min后行全麻诱导。C组常规全麻诱导手术。记录患者术中舒芬太尼用量、PACU停留时间、疼痛主诉、追加镇痛药物等情况;观察并记录术后恶心呕吐、眩晕、呼吸抑制、尿潴留等并发症。结果 C组术中舒芬太尼用量明显多于B组[(43.2±7.1)μg vs(12.3±5.2)μg,P0.05];PACU停留时间明显长于,主诉疼痛比例和芬太尼追加剂量明显大于B组(P0.05);两组术后并发症差异无统计学意义。结论超声引导下臂丛联合TPVB在肩胛骨骨折内固定患者的术后镇痛中,效果确切,安全可靠。     

超声引导下胸椎旁连续阻滞对食管癌根治术老年患者术后谵妄的影响

目的观察超声引导下置管连续胸椎旁阻滞(paravertebral block, PVB)用于开胸手术镇痛对患者术后谵妄(postoperative delirium,POD)的影响。方法选择择期在全麻下接受食管癌根治术的老年患者112例,男55例,女57例,年龄65～75岁,BMI 18.5～30 kg/m~2,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机分为两组:胸椎旁阻滞PVB组(P组)和静脉自控镇痛PCIA组(C组),P组54例,C组58例。P组使用PVB,C组使用舒芬太尼PCIA。记录术后1、2和3 d患者发生POD的情况;术中丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼的用量;患者术后不同时点静息和咳嗽时VAS评分;术后肺不张、恶心呕吐及皮肤瘙痒的发生情况。结果 P组术后POD发生率明显低于C组(P0.05或P0.01);P组术中丙泊酚与瑞芬太尼用量明显少于C组(P0.01);术后不同时点两组静息时VAS评分差异无统计学意义,咳嗽时P组VAS评分明显低于C组(P0.05或P0.01);P组术后肺不张、恶心呕吐和瘙痒发生率明显低于C组(P0.05或P0.01)。结论全身麻醉联合连续胸椎旁阻滞用于老年患者开胸手术镇痛可以提供更充分的术中与术后镇痛,减少麻醉药物使用,降低POD的发生率。     

超声引导下胸椎旁神经阻滞联合静脉镇痛应用于腹腔镜胆囊切除术后的镇痛效果

目的探讨超声引导下胸椎旁神经阻滞(TPVB)联合静脉镇痛用于腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)患者术后镇痛的效果。方法将接受LC的72例患者随机分为2组,各36例。对照组采取静脉镇痛,观察组采取超声引导下TPVB+静脉镇痛。比较2组术后2、12、24、48 h安静、咳嗽时视觉模拟疼痛评分(VAS)及不良反应。结果观察组患者术后2、12、24、48 h安静、咳嗽时VAS评分较对照组低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组不良反应发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论超声引导下TPVB联合静脉镇痛应用于LC患者,可明显减轻术后疼痛程度,减少阿片类药物的用量,不良反应较少。     

乳腺癌患者术前超声引导下胸椎旁神经阻滞与术后慢性疼痛的相关性

目的 采用倾向性评分匹配法(PSM)评估术前超声引导下胸椎旁神经阻滞(TPVB)与术后1年以上乳腺癌患者术后慢性疼痛(CPSP)的相关性.方法 回顾性收集2018年1月至2019年3月全麻下择期乳腺癌手术女性患者的临床资料,ASAⅠ—Ⅲ级.根据是否接受术前超声引导下TPVB将患者分为两组:TPVB联合全麻组(TG组)和...     

超声引导胸椎旁神经阻滞在胸腔镜肺叶切除术中应用的临床观察研究

目的:探讨超声引导胸椎旁神经阻滞与胸段硬膜外麻醉在胸腔镜肺叶切除术患者中的应用效果。方法:选择择期行胸腔镜肺叶切除术的患者52例,随机分为两组:胸段硬膜外麻醉组(E组,n=26)和超声引导椎旁神经阻滞组(P组,n=26)。记录并比较两组患者术中液体用量,舒芬太尼累积用量,血管活性药用量,术后6、12、24、36、48、72 h六个时间点安静和深呼吸时的视觉模拟评分(VAS),拉姆齐镇静评分(RSS),术后恶心呕吐次数,不良反应发生率等。结果:(1)两组术中舒芬太尼累积用量和液体用量无明显差异,但E组麻醉时长和血管活性药应用比例大于P组,女性患者比例小于P组(P<0.05);(2)术后6 h、12 h,P组的动态VAS评分均低于E组(P<0.05);(3)所有时间点,两组的静态VAS评分差异均无统计学意义;(4)术后6 h、24 h,P组的RSS评分全部大于E组(P<0.05);(5)P组的穿刺点外渗比例小于E组,干呕比例大于E组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:VATS肺叶切除术后患者采用超声引导椎旁神经阻滞联合静脉自控镇痛与硬膜外镇痛效果相当,且操作简单、不良反应少。     

Improved Postoperative Pain Control using Thoracic Paravertebral Block for Breast Operations

Abstract:  Thoracic paravertebral block (PVB) in breast surgery can provide regional anesthesia during and after surgery with the potential advantage of decreasing postoperative pain. We report our institutional experience with PVB over the initial 8 months of use. All patients undergoing breast operations at the ambulatory care building from September 09, 2005 to June 28, 2005 were reviewed. Comparison was performed between patients receiving PVB and those who did not. Pain scores were assessed immediately, 4 hours, 8 hours and the morning after surgery. 178 patients received PVB and 135 patients did not. Patients were subdivided into three groups: Group A–segmental mastectomy only ( n  = 89), Group B–segmental mastectomy and sentinel node surgery ( n  = 111) and Group C–more extensive breast surgery ( n  = 113). Immediately after surgery there was a statistically significant difference in the number of patients reporting pain between PVB patients and those without PVB. At all time points up until the morning after surgery PVB patients were significantly less likely to report pain than controls. Patients in Group C who received PVB were significantly less likely to require overnight stay. The average immediate pain scores were significantly lower in PVB patients than controls in both Group B and Group C and approached significance in Group A. PVB in breast surgical patients provided improved postoperative pain control. Pain relief was improved immediately postoperatively and this effect continued to the next day after surgery. PVB significantly decreased the proportion of patients that required overnight hospitalization after major breast operations and therefore may decrease cost associated with breast surgery.     

Post-thoracotomy pain relief: Thoracic paravertebral block compared with systemic opioids

BackgroundWe evaluated the safety and efficacy of thoracic paravertebral block as a method of pain relief after thoracotomy in comparison with systemic opioids.Study designRandomized controlled trial.MethodsWe scheduled 40 patients divided into two groups to receive either 20 ml bupivacaine (0.5%) incremental injections for intra and postoperative analgesia via a catheter inserted in the thoracic paravertebral space. The other 20 patients received systemic morphine for postoperative analgesia. We recorded postoperative Visual Analog Scale pain score, total morphine consumption, time to first analgesic request, changes in pulmonary functions and side effects.ResultsVisual analogue scale (VAS) at rest was lower in the paravertebral group at all measurement points except at 16, 20 and 24 h postoperatively. Pain on coughing showed significant difference (P value < 0.05) at 8 and 16 h but not at 24 h. Post-operative consumption of morphine was 36 (22–42) mg in the control group versus 9 (2–22) mg in the paravertebral block group (PVB) (P value = 0.003). Total bupivacaine dose used in the PVB group in the first 24 h was 300–420 mg. For time to first analgesic request it was significantly longer in the morphine group than the paravertebral block group. VAS at first analgesic request was not statistically different between the two groups.There was no significant difference between the two groups as regards to peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) preoperatively, after 12 h or 24 h.There was a significant reduction in the incidence of side effects in the TPVB group compared to morphine group concerning vomiting and pruritus.no local anesthetic toxicity was reported.ConclusionWe conclude that thoracic PVB provides effective post thoracotomy analgesia supported by lower VAS pain scores at rest and on coughing compared to intravenous morphine with significant less incidence of side effects.     

Efficacy of Ultrasound-Guided Quadratus Lumborum Block for Postoperative Analgesia After Hip Arthroplasty: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

BackgroundUltrasound-guided quadratus lumborum (QL) block as a novel regional anesthetic technique was proposed in 2007 that can be applied in patients following hip arthroplasty. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the QL block for pain control in patients undergoing hip arthroplasty.MethodsWe performed a comprehensive search of PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Embase databases, Google Scholar, and CNKI for randomized controlled trials up to December 2021. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria established in advance, “QL block” and “hip arthroplasty” related MeSH terms and free-text words were used.ResultsOur meta-analysis included 11 randomized controlled trials involving a total of 830 patients between 2018 and 2021. The results indicated that compared to the non-QL block group, Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score at mobilization in the QL block group demonstrated statistical and clinical significance at all time points (12, 24, and 48 hours), but VAS score at rest failed to reach the MCID (minimal clinically important difference). Meanwhile, opioid consumption in the QL block group only demonstrated statistical and clinical significance at 48 hours postoperatively, but did not reach the MCID at 12 or 24 hours postoperatively. The QL block increased satisfaction scores. There was a statistically significant reduction in the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting, but no difference in the incidence of pruritus and urinary retention.ConclusionThe QL block significantly reduced postoperative VAS score at mobilization, and opioid consumption at 48 hours in patients after hip arthroplasty compared to no block, which reached the MCID. The QL block also decreased postoperative nausea and vomiting and increased satisfaction scores. Although these are promising results, the clinical relevance of the efficacy of the QL block remains to be further understood as larger studies are needed.     

Continuous Paravertebral Analgesia versus Continuous Epidural Analgesia after Video- Assisted Thoracoscopic Lobectomy for Lung Cancer: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: Whether continuous thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) and continuous paravertebral block (PVB) have similar analgesic effects in patients undergoing video- assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) lobectomy was compared in this study.Methods: In all, 86 patients undergoing VATS lobectomy were enrolled in the prospective, randomized clinical trial. Group E received TEA. Group P received PVB. The primary endpoint was postoperative 24-hour visual rating scale (VAS) on coughing. Side effects and postoperative complications were also analyzed.Results: Pain scores at rest or on coughing at 24 and 48 h postoperatively were significantly lower in group E than in group P (P <0.05). At 24 h postoperatively, more patients in group E suffered from vomiting (32.6% vs 11.6%, P = 0.019), dizziness (55.8% vs 12.9%, P = 0.009), pruritus (27.9% vs 2.3%, P = 0.002), and hypotension (32.6% vs 4.7%, P = 0.002) than those in group P. Patients in group E were more satisfied (P = 0.047). Four patients in group P and two patients in group E suffered from pulmonary complications (P >0.05). The length of hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) stays were not significantly different.Conclusions: Though TEA has more adverse events than PVB, it may be superior to PVB in patients undergoing VATS lobectomy.     

经皮肾镜取石术后发热相关因素分析

目的：分析经皮肾镜超声碎石取石术（PCNL）治疗上尿路结石后发热的相关因素。方法：回顾性分析了220例PCNL治疗上尿路结石患者的临床资料,术后分为发热组和未发热组,对两组PCNI。后发热的相关因素进行分析。结果：术后发热64例,占29．10%,分析肾结石大小、手术过程中碎石时间、灌注液量、有无输尿管上段梗阻等因素对PCNL术后发热和不发热者的影响,其差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：术前充分掌握上尿路基本信息,检查梗阻情况、结石大小、硬度,评估手术时间,建议术前应用抗生素,尽量控制手术时间,术中、术后充分引流等是预防术后发热的重要措施。