2型糖尿病绝经后女性患者血尿酸水平与骨密度和骨折的相关性研究

目的评估血清尿酸(uric acid,UA)与骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)和绝经后2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)女性患者临床骨折患病率的关系。方法收集980例接受BMD测量和临床骨折评估的绝经后T2DM患者,测量血清尿酸(uric acid,UA)浓度。结果与骨密度正常和骨质减少的患者相比,患有骨质疏松症的绝经T2DM患者血清UA浓度较低。绝经后妇女的血清UA浓度与腰椎、股骨颈和全髋的BMD值显著相关。此外,临床骨折患者的血清UA低于无骨折患者。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,在调整年龄、体质量指数、糖尿病病程、空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白A1c(HbA1c)、碱性磷酸酶后,血清UA浓度与临床骨折存在显著正相关。当模型进一步调整每个部位的BMD值时,结果没有统计学意义。结论较低的血清UA浓度可能与较低的BMD值和较高的临床骨折患病率相关。     

血脂测定在绝经后2型糖尿病妇女骨质疏松中的临床意义

目的探讨血脂检测在绝经后2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)妇女骨质疏松(osteoporosis,OP)中的临床意义。方法选取2012年1月至2016年6月我院内分泌科收治的绝经后T2DM患者210例,并选取同期体检的60名无糖代谢异常的绝经后女性作为对照组。检测所有研究对象的血糖、血脂及相关生化指标,采用双能X线骨密度仪检测其腰椎1~4及左股骨颈的骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)。结果 (1)T2DM组的糖尿病病程、空腹血糖(fasting blood glucose,FBG)、餐后2 h血糖、糖化血红蛋白(glycosylated hemoglobin,Hb A1c)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)高于对照组,而高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)及左股骨颈BMD低于对照组(P0.05)。T2DM组中骨量减少及OP组血清磷与BMD正常组相比显著降低,而LDL-C显著增高;OP组与骨量减少组相比LDL-C亦增高(P0.05)。(2)T2DM组Pearson相关分析显示,FBG、血清磷、血尿酸均与腰椎1~4BMD、左股骨颈BMD呈正相关,而碱性磷酸酶、LDL-C均与腰椎1~4 BMD、左股骨颈BMD呈负相关;TC与腰椎1~4 BMD呈负相关,Hb A1c、甘油三酯与左股骨颈BMD呈正相关。(3)多因素Logistic分析显示,LDL-C是绝经后T2DM女性BMD降低的独立危险因素(β=1.522,P=0.000)。(4)ROC曲线结果显示,LDL-C为2.09 mmol/L时预测绝经后T2DM女性BMD降低的敏感性为87.9%、特异性为64.3%,曲线下面积为0.69。结论血清LDL-C水平与绝经后T2DM女性BMD降低密切相关,对临床上早期发现OP并采取有效措施具有指导意义。     

凝溶胶蛋白与绝经后女性股骨颈及腰椎骨密度的相关性研究

目的探讨凝溶胶蛋白(GSN)在绝经后女性血浆中的水平并分析与股骨颈及腰椎骨密度(BMD)的相关性。方法选取我院2015年1月至2019年5月期间在我院正常体检人员。纳入绝经后女性110名。与此同时,在我院体检中心选择非绝经期女性110例。采用Hologic?QDR-4500 DXA骨密度仪测定股骨颈、腰椎(L_1-L_4)的BMD。BMD数据以g/cm~2和T评分表示。T评分-2.5定义为骨质疏松症,T评分在-1～-2.5间定义为骨量减少,T评分-1定义为骨密度正常(正常BMD组)。骨质疏松症或骨量减少定义为低BMD组,骨密度正常定义为正常BMD组。采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)测定GSN水平。结果绝经后女性年龄、SBP、DBP、TC、FBS高于绝经前女性(P0.05);而股骨颈-BMD、腰椎(L_1-L_4)-BMD、GSN低于绝经前女性(P0.05)。股骨颈-BMD组中,低BMD组的年龄、吸烟比例、TC、FBS、GSN高于正常BMD组(P0.05);而BMI、HDL低于正常BMD组(P0.05)。腰椎(L_1-L_4)-BMD组中,低BMD组的年龄、TC、FBS、GSN高于正常BMD组(P0.05);而BMI、HDL低于正常BMD组(P0.05)。股骨颈-BMD与年龄、吸烟、FBS、pGSN呈负相关(r=-0.435、-0.301、-0.243、-0.609),与HDL、BMI呈正相关(r=0.395、0.365)。腰椎(L_1-L_4)-BMD与年龄、p GSN呈负相关(r=-0.463、-0.433),与BMI呈正相关(r=0.398)。年龄、BMI、GSN是股骨颈-BMD独立影响因素;年龄、GSN是腰椎(L1-L4)-BMD独立影响因素。结论 GSN是股骨颈-BMD、腰椎(L_1-L_4)-BMD的独立影响因素。因此,GSN水平升高可能预测绝经后女性骨质疏松症的发生及进展。     

成人隐匿性自身免疫性糖尿病患者骨密度变化及影响因素分析

目的探讨成人隐匿性自身免疫性糖尿病(latent autoimmune diabetes in adults,LADA)患者骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)变化及其影响因素。方法选取2013年4月至2016年6月于武警浙江总队杭州医院内分泌科确诊的LADA患者43例,作为LADA组,另选同期健康体检人员40名作为对照组。检测两组受试者代谢指标空腹血糖(fasting plasma glucose,FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 h postprandial blood glucose,2 h PBG)、糖化血红蛋白(glycosylated hemoglobin,HbA1c)、血钙、血磷、24 h尿钙、24 h尿磷、碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)、尿微量蛋白(microalbuminuria,MAU)水平,并检测腰椎2~4BMD及股骨颈BMD进行比较。同时研究L2~4BMD及股骨颈BMD与代谢指标水平之间的关系,并分析L2~4BMD及股骨颈BMD的影响因素。结果两组受检者血磷、24 h尿磷、ALP水平均无明显差异(P0.05),LADA组FPG、2hPBG、HbA1c、24h尿钙及MAU均明显高于对照组(P0.05),LADA组血钙明显低于对照组(P0.05);LADA组L2~4、股骨颈BMD均明显低于对照组(P0.05);L2~4BMD与HbA1c、MAU呈负相关(r=-0.351、-0.242,P0.05),与血钙呈正相关(r=0.396,P0.05);股骨颈BMD与HbA1c、MAU呈负相关(r=-0.462、-0.118,P0.05),与血钙呈正相关(r=0.411,P0.05)。结论LADA患者的骨密度明显低于健康受试者,性别、血钙、MAU为L2~4BMD的影响因素,年龄、性别、血钙、MAU为股骨颈BMD的影响因素。     

2型糖尿病对老年绝经后女性骨质疏松性骨折风险的影响

目的探讨2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)对老年绝经后女性骨质疏松性骨折风险的影响,为预防骨质疏松性骨折及制订相关干预措施提供依据。方法 180例绝经后T2DM女性作为糖尿病组,180例健康绝经后女性作为对照组,比较两组的基本资料、T2DM史、骨折史,骨密度(BMD)、骨转化指标,并比较组间资料和指标差异,生存分析T2DM对骨质疏松性骨折风险的影响。结果糖尿病组腰椎BMD、股骨颈BMD、I型前胶原氨基端肽(procollagen 1 N-terminal peptide,P1NP)显著低于对照组(P0.05),β-Ι型胶原羧基端肽(beta C-terminal telopeptide,β-CTX)组间无显著差异(P0.05);糖尿病组有骨折史人数(率)为25(13.9%),高于对照组12(7.8%)(P0.05),骨折部位分布组间无显著差异(P0.05);生存分析显示T2DM无骨折生存率低于对照组(P0.05)。结论 T2DM可降低老年绝经后女性的骨密度,影响骨转化,可能增加骨质疏松性骨折的风险,应采取措施积极加强预防和干预。     

新诊断男性2型糖尿病患者骨密度临床分析

目的研究新诊断男性2型糖尿病患者(T2DM)骨密度改变情况及危险因素。方法应用双能X射线吸收法测定了200例新诊断男性T2DM和200例男性对照组的L2-4、Wards区、股骨颈、大转子骨密度。并记录年龄、体重指数、血糖、胰岛素及糖化血红蛋白(HbAlc)等临床指标进行比较。结果男性T2DM的血糖、糖化血红蛋白显著高于对照组(P<0.001),而BMD较对照组显著降低(P<0.05)。T2DM的骨质疏松检出率明显高于对照者(P<0.05)。线性回归分析显示HbA1c为BMD独立危险因素(P=0.003,OR=2.15,95%可信区间:2.89～3.52)。结论 T2DM的骨密度降低明显,骨质疏松发生率高,加强控制糖尿病。     

2型糖尿病患者合并骨量减少及骨质疏松症相关影响因素分析

目的探讨2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)患者合并骨量减少及骨质疏松症(osteoporsis,OP)相关影响因素。方法采用双能X线骨密度仪(DXA)测定617例住院T2DM患者股骨颈(N)及腰椎1~4(L1-4)的骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD),按BMD分为骨量正常、骨量减少及骨质疏松组,采用SPSS软件比较各组之间年龄、性别、病程及生化指标之间的差异性,分析T2DM骨密度相关影响因素。结果 OP组及骨量减少组女性比例、年龄均高于骨量正常组(P0.05),BMI低于骨量正常组(P0.05)。OP组T2DM病程大于骨量减少组及骨量正常组(P0.05),FPG、2h PG、糖化血红蛋白低于骨量正常组(P0.05),空腹C肽水平低于骨量正常组(P0.05)。血钙低于骨量减少组及骨量正常组(P0.05),骨量减少组空腹胰岛素水平低于骨量正常组(P0.05)。将上述结果进行Logistic回归分析结果显示:高龄、低FC-P水平、低Hb A1C、低BMI与T2DM合并骨量减少及OP有相关关系(P0.05)。结论老龄、低空腹C肽水平、低BMI的2型糖尿病患者易出现骨量减少及骨质疏松症。     

2型糖尿病老年男性患者血清铁蛋白、骨硬化蛋白与骨密度的相关性

目的分析2型糖尿病(type 2diabetes mellitus,T2DM)老年男性患者血清铁蛋白(serum ferritin,SF)、血清骨硬化蛋白(serum sclerostin,Sost)水平与骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)的相关性。方法采用双光能X线骨密度测量仪对48例70岁以上男性2型糖尿病患者进行正位L2~4、左侧股骨的股骨颈、Ward’s三角区及大转子区域骨密度测量,并检测SF、Sost、糖化血红蛋白(hemoglobin A1c,HbA1c)水平;再用相同的测量方法测定48例血糖正常的70岁以上老年男性的相同指标作为对照组;回顾性统计分析SF、Sost水平与各部位BMD的相关性。结果 a)T2DM组Sost(325.56±123.63)pg/mL,SF(565.72±237.63)ng/mL水平显著高于对照组(204.64±84.76)pg/mL,(355.26±107.62)ng/mL,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。b)HbA1c与Sost、SF水平呈正相关。c)T2DM组Sost、SF水平与股骨颈、Ward’s三角骨密度呈负相关,但与L2~4及大转子区域骨密度无相关性。结论 T2DM老年男性患者Sost、SF水平较非糖尿病老年男性患者显著增高,前者Sost、SF水平与髋部骨密度呈显著负相关,表明血糖控制不良可能引起2型糖尿病老年男性患者Sost、SF水平升高,从而抑制了骨形成,最终导致了髋部骨密度的下降。     

血清S1P与绝经后2型糖尿病患者骨密度和骨代谢指标之间的相关性研究

目的探讨血清1-磷酸鞘氨醇(S1P)与绝经后2型糖尿病患者骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)和骨代谢指标之间的相关性。方法选取2018年2月至2019年12月期间在海口市妇幼保健院就诊的绝经后2型糖尿病女性,收集患者一般临床资料和获取其血液标本,检测生化指标、S1P和髋部、腰椎骨密度。结果最终选取130名血糖控制较好的绝经后2型糖尿病女性参与本研究,年龄为(59.3±8.9)岁,血糖为(8.75±1.5)mmol/L;S1P平均浓度为(6.46±0.78)μmol/L。相关分析表明S1P与腰椎(L1~4)、全髋和股骨颈BMD呈显著负相关(P均<0.05)。多步逐步回归分析表明,血清S1P和Ⅰ型胶原交联C末端肽(β-CTX)与腰椎(L1~4)、全髋和股骨颈BMD密切相关;而血清S1P和β-CTX是各部位BMD独立危险因素。结论1-磷酸鞘氨醇与绝经后2型糖尿病女性骨密度和β-CTX水平密切相关。     

尿戊糖素水平与绝经后骨质疏松症患者骨密度相关性研究

目的探讨尿戊糖素水平与绝经后骨质疏松症患者骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)的相关性。方法选择2016年4月至2019年5月在我院就诊的骨质疏松症患者80例为观察组,同期在我院体检的健康绝经后妇女80名为对照组。采用酶联免疫吸附法测定血清尿戊糖素和骨代谢指标水平。采用双能X线骨密度仪测量各研究对象腰椎、股骨颈和Ward三角的骨密度。变量间的相关分析采用Pearson相关分析。结果骨代谢指标P1NP和β-CTX水平显示,绝经后骨质疏松症组骨转换较绝经后正常骨密度组显著增加(P0.05)。根据Spearman相关分析显示,血清尿戊糖素水平与BMD呈负相关;和P1NP和β-CTX水平呈正相关,但与甘油三酯、血糖和总胆固醇不相关。在校正其他因素后,多元回归分析结果表明,腰椎、股骨颈和Ward三角骨密度和血清P1NP、β-CTX是骨质疏松患者尿戊糖素水平的独立预测因子。结论尿戊糖素水平升高可能是绝经后骨质疏松症的潜在危险因素。     

Interpreting drug levels

The interpretation of drug concentrations in plasma or serum depends on an understanding of drug behaviour. Summaries of the latter are provided for the use of doctors who do not have easy access to pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic information. This approach would be vital to a scheme for a nation-wide pharmacological analytical service.     

Plasma lorazepam levels

Plasma lorazepam levels were studied following single doses of 2 mg and 4 mg in patients and volunteers. There was a slightly more rapid uptake of drug following deep intramuscular injection than when taken by mouth. Plasma levels declined rapidly following intravenous injection (t1/2 of approximately 2-3 hours). Two hours after giving the drug the plasma levels were similar irrespective of the route of administration. The second phase decline was very slow and one third of the peak concentration was still in the blood at 24 hours.     

Serum morphine levels

A study was undertaken to compare continuous subcutaneous infusions of morphine with continuous intravenous infusions in patients whose lungs were mechanically ventilated for 24 hours postoperatively. Serum morphine levels were measured after the end of surgery and at 6, 12, 18 and 24 hours in nine patients receiving continuous subcutaneous morphine and in four patients receiving continuous intravenous morphine given at the same rate. At 6, 12, 18 and 24 hours the means of serum morphine levels in the intravenous group were 20 ng/ml, 17.75 ng/ml, 18.5 ng/ml and 18 ng/ml, respectively, the corresponding figures in the subcutaneous group being 23.2 ng/ml, 20 ng/ml, 20.7 ng/ml and 20 ng/ml. For the intravenous route the mean dose of supplementary analgesia was 14 mg of phenoperidine in the first 24 postoperative hours, whereas for the subcutaneous route the mean dose was 11.66 mg. The differences in the serum morphine levels and in the requirements of phenoperidine were not statistically significant. We conclude that a continuous subcutaneous infusion of morphine is a simple and effective means of achieving postoperative analgesia.     

Chloride levels in meningitis

The blood/cerebrospinal fluid bromide ratio is sensitive and specific in the diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis (TBM). Blood/CSF chloride (Cl-) ratios were not found to be useful in differentiating between TBM and viral and acute bacterial meningitis in 59 black children. In a study of 148 children with bacterial or viral meningitis or TBM, the majority (112) had CSF Cl- levels below the lower limit of normal. Accordingly, CSF and blood Cl- levels and the blood/CSF Cl- ratio were not found to be useful in differentiating between TBM, acute bacterial meningitis and viral meningitis.     

IQ levels following trauma

One hundred fifteen consecutive trauma patients who experienced a head injury and were administered a Wechsler Intelligence Scale as outpatients were selected for study from the Neuropsychology Registry. These patients ranged in age from 4 to 61 years. At the time of examination, all were living at home with their families. Dividing this group of patients on the basis of a Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) of 10 revealed significant differences in group mean post-traumatic IQs. The more severely injured group of patients had a mean post-traumatic IQ of 93.6; the less severely injured patients had a mean IQ of 103.5. The difference between these two groups is significant (p less than 0.005). When divided on the basis of a GCS of 13, the more severely injured group of patients had a mean post-traumatic IQ of 94.2 and the less severely injured group of patients had a mean post-traumatic IQ of 104.2. The difference between these two groups is also statistically significant (p less than 0.0005). There was no statistically significant (p greater than 0.05) difference in the mean post-traumatic IQs of these patients divided on the basis of an Injury Severity Score (ISS) of 15. However, there was a significant difference (p less than 0.05) when the patients were divided at ISS of 17. The less severely injured patients had a mean post-traumatic IQ of 101.2 and the more severely injured patients had a mean post-traumatic IQ of 95.8. The difference between these two groups is statistically significant (p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)