1个Alagille综合征家系中JAG1基因新突变的识别

Alagille综合征 （ALGS）是一种主要由JAG1基因突变导致的常染色体显性遗传病,可累及肝脏、心脏、骨骼、眼和面部等多器官。本文报道1例ALGS患儿的临床和遗传学特征。患儿,男,2岁9个月,因发现肝功能异常及心脏杂音2年余就诊。查体：发育营养稍差,皮肤巩膜无黄染。前额突起,左眼内斜视,鼻梁低平,小下颌。双肺呼吸音清,胸骨左缘2~3肋间可闻及2/6级收缩期杂音,肝脾不大。血生化发现胆汁酸、胆红素、转氨酶等均升高。心脏彩超提示房间隔缺损 （静脉窦型）和左肺动脉狭窄;脊柱正位片发现第6、8胸椎蝴蝶椎畸形。患儿明显左眼内斜,眼科诊断眼球后退综合征。因此,该患儿符合ALGS在肝脏、心脏、脊柱和面部的特殊表现,且DNA直接测序发现JAG1基因存在一个新突变c.2419delG （p.Glu807AsnfsX819）,ALGS诊断明确。确诊后予以对症支持治疗。目前已随访至4岁2个月,病情平稳,但面部畸形、左眼内斜视、心脏杂音和肝功能异常持续存在,其远期预后有待观察。     

Alagille综合征患儿1例临床和遗传学分析:一个包含JAG1基因的染色体新中间缺失的识别

Alagille综合征(ALGS)是一种常染色体显性遗传病,可累及肝脏、心脏、骨骼、眼睛、肾脏、颜面等多个系统。本文报道1例ALGS患儿的临床和遗传学特征。患儿为3个月10d男婴,因发现皮肤、巩膜黄染3个月就诊。体格检查示:宽额头,小下颌;胸骨左缘第2、3肋间可闻及3~4/6级收缩期杂音;腹部膨隆,肝右肋下3cm可触及,质地中等。生化结果示肝功能明显异常,胆红素升高,且以结合胆红素升高为主,伴总胆汁酸和γ-谷氨酰转肽酶显著升高。心脏彩超示房间隔缺损、肺动脉狭窄。二代测序发现该患儿JAG1基因整体杂合缺失,而染色体微阵列分析在患儿20号染色体p12.3p12.2处检出约3.0Mb缺失,该范围包含ALGS致病基因JAG1。该患儿具备特殊面容、心脏畸形和胆汁淤积等临床表现,结合遗传学分析结果,诊断ALGS明确。确诊后给予对症支持治疗,现已随访至生后11个月,胆红素较治疗前明显下降,但总胆汁酸和γ-谷氨酰转肽酶等指标仍明显升高,其远期预后仍有待随访观察。本研究扩展了JAG1基因突变谱,同时为患儿诊断、治疗及家系遗传咨询和产前诊断提供了实验室依据。     

20p12.2缺失致Alagille综合征患儿临床和肝脏病理分析

目的分析20p12缺失致Alagille综合征(ALGS)患儿的临床表现和肝脏病理。方法回顾分析1例20p12微缺失致ALGS患儿的临床资料。结果患儿,男,1月龄起病,以胆汁淤积为首发表现,伴特殊面容,蝶形椎,肾脏和心脏病变;肝脏穿刺术病理学检测提示肝脏淤胆改变,肝细胞中度损害(G2S3),无胆管减少表现。采集患儿及父母血标本,采用二代基因测序检测发现chr20p12.2:(9288462-10654178)处1.36 Mb的杂合缺失,缺失片段中包含JAG1基因,为新发突变。确诊后予以对症支持治疗,随访半年,患儿生长发育无异常,黄疸仍迁延不退,远期预后有待进一步随访。结论ALGS是一种常染色体显性遗传病,临床表现多样,基因检测和肝活检有助于诊断。     

TJP2基因突变致进行性家族性肝内胆汁淤积症3例报告及文献复习

目的探讨紧密连接蛋白2(TJP2)基因变异致进行性家族性肝内胆汁淤积症(PFIC)的临床及基因特征。方法总结3例因TJP2基因变异致PFIC患儿的临床资料,并复习相关文献。结果3例患儿中女性1例、男性2例,均为婴儿期起病;临床以皮肤黄染为主要表现,伴或不伴皮肤瘙痒。血清总胆红素升高,以直接胆红素升高为主,丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶、总胆汁酸升高,γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)正常或稍低,提示低GGT胆汁淤积症。二代基因测序发现3例患儿均存在TJP2复合杂合变异,确诊为TJP2变异引起的PFIC 4。文献复习显示,TJP2基因变异可引起PFIC、高胆烷血症、渐进非综合征性耳聋以及近视等儿童疾病。结论采用基因检测技术确诊3例TJP2基因复合杂合变异引起的PFIC 4。     

婴儿巨细胞病毒感染相关胆汁淤积性肝炎

目的分析婴儿巨细胞病毒（CMV）感染相关胆汁淤积性肝炎患儿的临床特点。方法回顾性分析48例婴儿CMV胆汁淤积性肝炎的临床特点。同时观察23例婴儿CMV胆汁淤积性肝炎治疗后黄疸及肝功能指标变化。结果48例婴儿CMV胆汁淤积性肝炎患儿均有不同程度的黄疸、肝大和（或）脾大,肝功能异常。23例患儿经治疗后临床症状改善,血清总胆红素、结合胆红素及丙氨酸转氨酶较前下降较明显,但天冬氨酸转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶、γ-谷氨酸转移酶无明显下降。结论婴儿CMV胆汁淤积性肝炎的治疗应注意疗程个体化。     

Alagille 综合征2例临床特征及 JAGI 基因分析北大核心CSCD

目的：对慢性胆汁淤积症患儿开展 JAGI 基因检测,以提高对 Alagille 综合征临床特征的认识和诊断水平。方法选取2例慢性胆汁淤积症伴多器官受累患儿为研究对象,收集其临床资料、实验室检查结果。抽取患儿外周静脉肝素抗凝血2 mL,采用聚合酶链反应和基因测序技术对 JAGI 基因26个外显子及其侧翼序列进行突变基因检测。结果1例患儿临床表现为慢性胆汁淤积、心脏杂音和特殊面容,肝穿刺病理检查显示胆管上皮缺乏,JAGI 基因检测6号外显子新 c.809809delG（p. G270Dfs＊142）杂合突变,为异常氨基酸代替 JAG1蛋白,导致 JAG1蛋白截断,表皮生长因子（EGF）样重复序列部分丢失以及富含半胱氨酸区完全丢失;1例患儿典型的临床表现仅包括慢性胆汁淤积和特殊面容,JAGI 基因检测第20内含子剪切位点已知 IVS20-25delTAAG 杂合突变,导致剪切位点改变。结论发现1种尚未报道的 JAGI 基因新突变 c.809809delG（p. G270Dfs＊142）。对慢性胆汁淤积症伴多器官受累患儿开展 Notch 信号通路 JAGI 致病基因筛查,有助于临床 Alagille 综合征的诊断。     

儿童肾血管性高血压23例临床分析

目的分析儿童肾血管性高血压的临床特点及治疗。方法回顾性分析2004年2月至2014年12月收治的14岁肾血管性高血压患儿的临床资料。结果 23例肾血管性高血压患儿,男15例、女8例,平均年龄(8.5±2.1)岁(0.6~14岁)。收缩压159.4~217.3 mm Hg,舒张压98.5~159.5 mm Hg。病因以肾动脉纤维肌发育不良和多发性大动脉炎为主。首发表现以头痛、呕吐、抽搐多见。立位和卧位的肾素、血管紧张素、醛固酮检查,大部分患儿有所增高。全部患儿均行β-受体阻滞剂和钙离子拮抗剂及血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)治疗,其中20例采用2种以上药物联合治疗。18例患儿经介入治疗后,血压维持正常17例、术后再狭窄1例,服用ACEI维持血压正常5例。结论儿童肾血管性高血压疾病易误诊、漏诊,但确诊后经介入治疗预后良好。     

儿童肾血管性高血压29例诊断方法的回顾性分析

目的 探讨儿童肾血管性高血压（RVH）的早期诊断方法。 方法 回顾性分析北京大学第一医院1996年1月至2011年6月确诊的RVH患儿,分析贻误诊治情况,以及临床症状、影像学检查结果对RVH的诊断价值。 结果 ①29例确诊RVH患儿进入分析,其中男18例,女11例。起病年龄0.5~15岁,平均年龄（7.0±4.4）岁。从首发症状出现至确诊时间为15 d至7年,平均确诊时间11个月。9例（31.0%）患儿起病6个月后确诊,曾分别被误诊为胃肠炎、癫、肾脏和心脏疾病等。3例患儿以头痛伴呕吐起病,补液出现抽搐后发现高血压。首发症状以头痛（10例,34.5%）、呕吐（10例,34.5%）和抽搐（9例,31.0%）多见。起病时平均收缩压和舒张压分别为182和127 mmHg。②单侧肾动脉狭窄25例,双侧肾动脉狭窄4例。23例通过肾动脉造影确诊,其中17例单侧肾动脉狭窄患儿中10例超声检查显示双肾长径相差>1.5 cm;血管超声对肾动脉狭窄检出率为31.3%（5/16例）;CT对肾动脉狭窄检出率为50.0%（3/6例）;肾动态显像对肾功能受损检出率为93.8%（15/16例）。通过肾血管超声检查确诊4例,通过肾动脉超声检查及CT检查确诊1例,通过肾动脉超声检查和肾动脉MRA检查确诊1例。③16/18例（88.9％）卧位血浆肾素和血管紧张素水平增高。12/29例（41.4%）存在低钾血症。10/29例（34.5%）确诊为多发性大动脉炎。 结论 儿童RVH贻误诊断率较高,对于有头痛、呕吐和抽搐者应首先测量血压,尤其在补液治疗前。肾动态显像有助于早期发现患侧肾功能受损,血浆肾素和血管紧张素增高、低钾血症、双肾大小不对称对于诊断具有提示意义,肾血管超声和CT检查敏感度有限,可疑患儿应尽早行肾动脉造影检查。确诊RVH后应尽可能进行病因诊断,尤其应确定是否存在大动脉炎以指导治疗。     

首例非白人婴儿肝衰竭综合征1型患儿临床特点和分子诊断研究

婴儿肝衰竭综合征1型(ILFS1)是一种由胞质亮氨酰-t RNA合成酶基因(LARS)突变所导致的常染色体隐性遗传病。本研究报道首例非白人ILFS1患者的临床特点和分子诊断经过,为ILFS1的诊治提供参考。患者为2岁9个月男孩,因发现肝脾肿大1年余就诊。1岁5个月时发现肝脾大,实验室检查发现丙氨酸氨基转移酶和门冬氨酸氨基转移酶偏高、低蛋白血症、凝血功能异常和贫血,肝脏病理提示肝硬化和脂肪肝;SLC25A13基因高频突变筛查和一代测序分析仅检测到一个父源性突变c.1658GA,cDNA克隆分析也未发现母源性SLC25A13等位基因异常转录子;代谢性肝病相关基因外显子组捕获二代测序在患儿LARS基因检出父源性突变c.2133_2135del(p.L712del)和母源性突变c.1183GA(p.D395N),经一代测序验证,最终确诊为ILFS1。目前随访至4岁,肝功能正常,无贫血,仍有低蛋白血症。     

5岁男童进行性智力运动功能倒退2.5年

患儿男,5岁,因进行性智力运动功能倒退2.5年就诊。早期以运动功能倒退为主要表现。早期头颅MRI及家系全外显子测序分析无异常。4岁9月龄后出现认知功能倒退,头颅MRI提示小脑萎缩。重分析基因测序结果发现患儿存在HEXA基因复合杂合突变［NM_000520,c.784C>T(p.His262Tyr),c.1412C>T(p.Pro471Leu)］,酶学活力检测结果提示患儿该基因编码β-氨基己糖苷酶水平显著下降。该患儿被确诊为青少年型Tay-Sachs病（Tay-Sachs disease,TSD）。TSD临床异质性强,小脑萎缩可能是青少年型TSD患儿诊断的重要线索。同时,根据病情演变适时进行二次基因数据分析可能提高全外显子测序的阳性率。引     

Minoxidil therapy in children with severe hypertension.

Six children, from 1.3 to 18 years of age, with severe hypertension associated with the hemolytic uremic syndrome, periarteritis, and renal transplant rejection received minoxidil, an antihypertensive agent, for three to 36 weeks. All had severe hypertension resistant to oral antihypertensive medications; five required frequent intravenous diazoxide therapy prior to minoxidil therapy. The mean pretreatment systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 176 and 117 mm Hg, respectively. Following treatment, the mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 133 and 82 mm Hg, respectively. Concomitant antihypertensive medications were decreased in all six patients once optimal blood pressure control was obtained. The initial dosage of minoxidil was 0.1 to 0.2 mg/kg/day; maximal dosage for blood pressure was 0.3 to 1.4 mg/kh/day. Major complications of therapy were fluid retention and hirsutism. Transient asymptomatic pericardial effusions occurred in two patients. Three patients on prolonged minoxidil therapy had persistent increases in right ventricular end diastolic diameters. Minoxidil is an effective oral antihypertensive agent for treatment of severe hypertension in pediatric patients. Avoidance of fluid retention is mandatory to prevent congestive heart failure.     

Treatment of high-renin hypertension with propranolol in children after renal transplantation.

Ten children with hypertension poorly controlled with other drugs and high peripheral plasma renin activity after renal transplantation were treated with propranolol. The mean systolic pressure decreased from 139 to 127 mm Hg (p less than 0.05) and the mean diastolic pressure from 98 to 83 mm Hg (p less than 0.01). Eight children had an antihypertensive response; two did not respond. The maximum dose of propranolol in responders varied from 1.0 to 6.2 mg/kg/day and duration of treatment until response varied from four to 49 days. PRA, repeated in seven responders, decreased in all (p less than 0.01).There was no correlation between changes in PRA and blood pressure. Propranolol was well tolerated and was a valuable antihypertensive drug in these children.     

早产儿持续高血压2个月

患儿（36周胎龄出生）,男,2个月,因咳嗽、呼吸困难入院。入院后发现患儿存在持续性高血压、蛋白尿和惊厥持续状态,影像学提示主动脉及大分支广泛钙化,腹主动脉、右肾动脉局部管腔变窄伴血流速度增快。患儿新生儿期因湿肺、肺动脉高压住院,期间曾发现高血压、蛋白尿。进一步行全外显子组基因高通量测序,发现患儿ENPP1基因存在源自父母的复合杂合突变：c.130C > T（p.Q44X）和.c.1112A > T（p.Y371F）。c.130C > T为无义突变,可造成蛋白质从44个氨基酸之后的部分缺失,为一级致病性突变形式;c.1112A > T为错义突变,为已报道的与特发性婴儿动脉钙化症（ⅡAC）相关的致病性突变。因此确诊为ⅡAC。给予膦酸盐及降压、止惊、呼吸支持等对症治疗,血压维持在正常高限,动脉钙化未恶化。对于持续高血压伴广泛大血管钙化的小婴儿,应注意ⅡAC的可能,尽早行影像学及基因检查确诊。     

4岁3月龄女孩发绀4年余

4岁3月龄女性儿童,出生后即出现口唇发绀,1年前出现活动后气促,3个月前出现肢端发绀,伴明显杵状指/趾畸形。实验室检查示血红蛋白升高（178 g/L）、动脉血氧分压降低（37.7 mm Hg）。肺部CT平扫+增强见右下肺大片及多发小结节状边界清晰致密影,右下肺动脉增粗,右下肺静脉扩张。肺动脉磁共振血管成像检查显示巨大肺动静脉畸形。患儿确诊为先天性肺动静脉瘘,予介入下行肺动脉瘘栓塞术治疗。术后3个月随访,患儿气促、发绀等症状消失,活动耐量恢复正常,心率、血红蛋白浓度、红细胞计数、经皮血氧饱和度均恢复正常。     

A pediatric Conn syndrome case

Conn syndrome, which is rarely encountered in children, is characterized by increased aldosterone, low renin level, and arterial hypertension. Severe complications, such as impaired vascular smooth muscle function secondary to increased aldosterone, endothelial dysfunction, deterioration of left ventricular functions, acute effects on the cardiovascular system, and proteinuria, may be observed. We present a case of primary aldosteronism in a patient who has been followed up for approximately 2 years. A 15-year-old girl complained of headache lasting for approximately 1.5 years, which was diagnosed as severe hypertension. All of her systemic examinations were normal other than the hypertension. Primary aldosteronism was diagnosed on the basis of hypokalemia and alkalosis accompanied by plasma renin activity of 3.9 ng/mL/h and an aldosterone level of 1007 pg/mL (normal: 40-480). Left adrenalectomy was performed because a 10x12x12 mm adenoma was detected on abdominal magnetic resonance imaging. Although aldosterone levels returned to normal values after the surgery, antihypertensive treatment was continued because of the persistent hypertension. As the 24-h ambulatory blood pressure values of the patient were normal at 10 months after the operation, the treatment was stopped, and she was followed up for 15 months without any treatment. Since then, she has been normotensive.     

Neurofibromatosis type 1 and hypertension in pediatrics: case report

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by cafe-au-lait spots, axillary and inguinal freckling, cutaneous neurofibromas with a variable clinical expression, iris Lisch nodules, and multiple tumors, in particular optic nerve and other central nervous system gliomas. About 6% of patients develop hypertension due to renovascular diseases, mid-aortic syndrome, or pheochromocytoma. We present a case of a 8 year old girl with primary diagnosis of NF1suffering of skin and encefalic neurofibromas, inguinal freckling, café-au-lait spots, optic nerve glioma, headache, facial flushing. The 24-h ambulatory blood pressure revealed hypertension without paroximal attacks. Urinary metanephrines, serum aldosteron, renin and kalemia were constantly normal. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and angioMRI excluded stenoses of the renal arteries or adrenal masses. Standard 2D echocardiography was normal. The antihypertensive medication controlled pressure values. We concluded for hypertension due to a low-grade vasculopathy. The periodic monitoring of blood pressure in NF1 patients, accompanied by appropriate diagnostic modalities and physical examination, is essential to precociously diagnose hypertension and avoid life-threatening organ damages and increased mortality.     

Severe hypermagnesemia as a result of excessive cathartic ingestion in a child without renal failure

A 14-year-old girl was referred to our hospital with lethargy and hypotension and was found to have a serum magnesium level of 14.9 mg/dL after having received an magnesium hydroxide (Magnesie Calcinee) for 7 days because of constipation. She was lethargic, her blood pressure was 70/40 mm Hg, and electrocardiogram revealed prolonged corrected QT interval and first-degree atrioventricular block. She has no renal dysfunction. Emergency hemodialysis after her condition ameliorated, her serum magnesium levels returned to normal. The present case suggests that massive oral magnesium ingestion with severe constipation and ileus may result severe hypermagnesemia without renal dysfunction.     

Intravenous diazoxide in acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis.

Twenty-six patients with hypertension secondary to acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis were treated by the rapid intravenous infusion of diazoxide. The average pretreatment systolic pressure was 159 mm Hg. Five minutes after administration, the average systolic pressure was 122 mm Hg (a 23% reduction). The average initial diastolic pressure was 104 mm Hg, which fell 5 minutes after diazoxide injection to 71 mm Hg (a 32% reduction). No hypotensive episodes were noted. Occasional episodes of nausea occurred. Concentrations of blood glucose increased after administration of diazoxide; however, no values were above 155 mg/dl. Diazoxide appears to be a safe antihypertensive drug that is effective in the treatment of hypertension secondary to acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis.     

以严重高血压就诊的17α-羟化酶缺乏症

患儿,女（社会性别）,14岁,因发现高血压11 d入院。患儿无月经来潮。查体：血压146/90 mm Hg,肤色略黑,乳腺未发育,可见大阴唇,未见小阴唇、阴蒂、阴道及处女膜。实验室检测发现低肾素、低皮质醇、高促肾上腺皮质激素,低性激素、高促性腺激素,血钾、醛固酮未见异常;影像学提示骨龄落后,无卵巢、子宫,双侧肾上腺皮质增生,双侧腹股沟区隐睾。染色体核型46,XY。全基因组测序提示：CYP17A1外显子区域2个纯合突变,c.985T > C（胸腺嘧啶突变为腺嘌呤）和c.987delC （缺失突变）,父母存在上述2个位点的杂合突变。确诊为先天性肾上腺皮质增生症17α-羟化酶缺乏症。给予氢化可的松治疗2个月后血压恢复正常,ACTH下降,继续氢化可的松治疗,并应患儿及父母要求按女性治疗,加用雌激素替代,手术切除隐睾。儿童高血压的鉴别诊断也应注意儿童性发育情况,筛查ACTH和皮质醇,以免误诊;对低肾素性高血压伴性发育落后者应注意鉴别罕见病17α-羟化酶缺乏症。     

Atherosclerosis Causing Recurrent Catastrophic Aortopulmonary Shunt Dehiscence in a Patient with Alagille Syndrome

Alagille syndrome (ALGS) is an autosomal dominant disorder associated with cholestatic liver disease, pulmonary valvar stenosis or atresia, vasculopathy, and renal disease. Although the liver and cardiac manifestations contribute to overall morbidity and mortality during their life span, these patients also carry a burden of important but often underappreciated vascular abnormalities. This report describes a 3 year-old girl with Alagille syndrome, hepatic cholestasis, systemic hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and tetralogy of Fallot, pulmonary atresia, and major aortopulmonary collaterals (TOF/PA/MAPCAs). She presented for bilateral pulmonary artery plasty and central shunt upsizing. She then experienced three shunt dehiscence episodes, necessitating emergent intervention. Autopsy showed diffuse atherosclerosis and significant atherosclerotic plaque at the site of shunt dehiscence. This is the first reported case of ALGS with TOF/PA/MAPCAs and catastrophic shunt dehiscence due to significant generalized vasculopathy caused by dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. Dyslipidemia, a known comorbidity in ALGS, is one of few modifiable risk factors that should be screened for and treated, particularly before cardiac surgery.