股浅动脉闭塞支架术后再狭窄的危险因素分析

目的:研究卢瑟福分级为3~6级股浅动脉闭塞支架治疗术后支架内再狭窄(ISR)的相关危险因素。方法:回顾性分析我院自2009年1月1日至2013年12月31日,因股浅动脉闭塞行镍钛金属裸支架置入术的85例患者(卢瑟福3~6级)93例患肢。术后定期行下肢动脉彩超、Doppler或CTA检查观察支架内通畅情况,并收集相关临床资料加以统计分析。结果:全组手术技术成功率为100%。共为93例患肢置入173枚镍钛金属裸支架。术后第1天,复查彩超示无残余狭窄、无支架内血栓形成、无支架两端夹层形成;复查Doppler示患肢踝肱比(ABI)平均为(0.95±0.18),较术前0.48±0.18明显提高(t=-21.694,P=0.000)。术后平均随访时间16.0±15.0(0.27~58.0)个月,第3、6、12个月的一期通畅率分别为83.9%、67.1%、49.4%。病变总长度(P=0.031)、TASC II C/D级病变(P=0.034)和糖尿病(P=0.031)与ISR的发生密切相关。结论:股浅动脉病变总长度、TASC II C/D级病变及糖尿病是卢瑟福分级为3~6级股浅动脉闭塞支架术后ISR的危险因素。     

Use of embolic capture angioplasty for the treatment of occluded superficial femoral artery segments

Treatment of peripheral chronic total occlusion (CTO) is one of the most challenging lesion subsets in peripheral revascularization. Advanced wire technology, novel re-entry catheters and imaging techniques help in crossing such lesions. Subintimal dissection using blunt microdissection devices along with true lumen reentry techniques have added to the success rates of treating peripheral CTOs. After crossing the occlusion, balloon angioplasty and the placement of self-expanding nitinol stents are usually performed. Peripheral embolization is a known complication of peripheral artery interventions, leading to significant lower-extremity ischemia and complications. Such interventions of peripheral CTOs have been shown to have higher rates of distal embolization. Though no dedicated distal embolic protection strategies are currently available for lower-extremity interventions, use of debris capture angioplasty balloon (Proteus?) may be a feasible alternative. We report 3 cases where this device has been used during recanalization of peripheral CTOs.     

Long-term outcome after percutaneous peripheral intervention vs medical treatment for patients with superficial femoral artery occlusive disease.

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous peripheral intervention (PPI) for superficial femoral artery (SFA) stenosis is associated with a high restenosis rate. Whether PPI improves the long-term outcome of patients with SFA occlusive disease remains to be determined. METHODS AND RESULTS: A review was done of 107 patients with SFA occlusive disease. Fifty-five patients received PPI for SFA (ie, PPI group) and 52 patients received conservative medical therapy (ie, control group). Clinical records were searched for adverse events (eg, death, limb amputation, re-hospitalization, new onset of coronary artery disease and cerebrovascular disease) for an average of 30.6+/-17.7 months. At follow-up, only 5 patients (9.1%) in the PPI group experienced improved limb symptoms compared with baseline, and 6 patients (10.9%) showed ischemic skin ulcer or gangrene. In addition, 2 of these 6 patients were unsuccessful PPI cases complicated with distal embolization and perforation. In the control group, 3 patients (5.8%) presented with improved limb symptoms, and an equal number of patients had worsening of symptoms. Although 2 patients showed ischemic skin ulcers at follow-up, both patients had these lesions at baseline. Adverse events were observed more frequently in the PPI group than the control group (69.1% vs 46.2%, p<0.05). This was mainly due to a higher frequency of re-hospitalization in the PPI group than in controls (52.7% vs 15.4%, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The current study demonstrates that PPI for patients with SFA occlusive disease does not provide superior long-term benefits compared with conservative medical therapy, and that medical therapy will continue to remain the primary treatment strategy for this group of patients.     

Transradial intervention of iliac and superficial femoral artery disease is feasible

Background: Percutaneous intervention of iliac artery (IA) and superficial femoral artery (SFA) disease is often performed via ipsilateral or contralateral femoral access. However, this approach may be difficult in patients with severe iliac or common femoral artery atherosclerosis, morbid obesity, or conditions prohibiting prolonged bed rest. Percutaneous transradial coronary intervention has gained popularity due to the low frequency of access site complications, early ambulation, and perhaps cost savings with early discharge. Transradial intervention (TRI) of IA and SFA disease has been previously described only in anecdotal case reports. Methods: Out of 159 patients who underwent IA and SFA intervention, 15 had their intervention attempted via the radial artery. TRI was attempted at the operator's discretion for one of the following reasons: absent femoral pulses, severe bilateral IA disease, obesity, or conditions prohibiting prolonged supine rest. Clinical and procedural characteristics were collected retrospectively. Results: Fourteen patients (93%) had successful intervention completed through the transradial approach. One patient needing an intervention of the distal SFA was converted to contralateral femoral approach because of the inadequate stent shaft length. Eighteen IA lesions and six SFA lesions were treated successfully with a good final angiographic result via a 6 FR radial access system. The ankle brachial index improved from a mean of 0.66 to 0.93. None of the patients had any procedural or access site–related complications. Conclusions: TRI is a feasible and safe alternative for percutaneous treatment of IA and SFA disease in carefully selected patients.     

Wall shear stress in the stented superficial femoral artery in peripheral arterial disease

Objective

Local changes in wall shear stress (WSS) contribute to vascular wall thickening and subsequent stenosis. Restenosis after stenting is a major concern, especially in the superficial femoral artery (SFA) of patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Local alterations in WSS after stenting might contribute to restenosis/reocclusion. To test the hypothesis that WSS is impaired along the stented SFA segment, we studied the profile of WSS along the femoro-popliteal axis after stent placement in a cross-sectional design.

Methods

Eighty-seven patients with PAD (89 limbs) were included one day after stenting of the SFA. Flow velocities (peak and mean) and vessel diameter were measured by duplex ultrasound in five predefined segments along the femoro-popliteal axis, at rest and after exercise (30 toe raises); WSS (peak and mean) was calculated from flow velocities, vessel diameter and whole blood viscosity.

Results

WSS progressively declined along the stented segment at rest (peak WSS, p < 0.0001; mean WSS, p < 0.05); after exercise, WSS increased in all segments (all p < 0.001), but, again, progressively declined along the stent (peak WSS, p < 0.0001; mean WSS, p < 0.05). The internal vessel diameter remained unchanged after exercise in the stented and in the non-stented parts of the femoro-popliteal axis (all p > 0.05).

Conclusion

In PAD patients with SFA stenting WSS is impaired along the femoro-popliteal axis. The consequences of this finding in terms of local effects on the vessel wall that might favor restenosis/reocclusion needs further investigation.     

Restenosis after stent implantation for superficial femoral artery disease in patients treated with cilostazol

Background : Restenosis after endovascular treatment for superficial femoral artery (SFA) disease remains a significant clinical issue. We assessed whether cilostazol reduce restenosis after SFA stenting with self‐expandable nitinol stent. Methods : The study was a multicenter, prospective maintained database, retrospective analysis. From April 2004 to December 2009, 861 consecutive patients (mean age 71 years, 71% male) who underwent successful stenting for de novo lesions were retrospectively identified. Of them, 492 received cilostazol (cilostazol(+)) and 369 did not receive cilostazol (cilostazol(?)) after procedure. Propensity‐score analyses matched 281 cilostazol(+) with 281 cilostazol (?) group. Primary endpoint was binary restenosis rate. Secondary endpoints were reocclusion, all‐cause mortality and limb salvage in patients with critical limb ischemia (CLI). Restenosis was defined as >2.4 of peak systolic velocity ratio by duplex. Results : Mean follow‐up period was 25 months. According to analysis of matched pairs, binary restenosis rates were significantly lower (31.2% vs. 42.9% at 5‐year, P = 0.02). In‐stent re‐occlusion rate tended to be lower in patients who received cilostazol (10.8% vs. 18.2% at 5‐year, P = 0.09) compared with control. No significant difference of all‐cause mortality (21.4% vs. 18.3% at 5‐year, P = 0.84) and limb salvage rate in patients with CLI (86.2% vs. 78.5% at 5‐year, P = 0.29) was found between both groups. After adjustment for prespecified risk factors, cilostazol was an independent negative predictor of restenosis. In subgroup analysis, male, age <75 years, claudicant patients, TASCII C/D, small vessels and poor runoff vessel was significantly lower in binary restenosis. Conclusions : Cilostazol reduced restenosis after SFA stenting with self‐expandable nitinol stent and it seems to be more effective in high‐risk patients for restenosis. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

冠心病患者116例外科治疗体会

回顾应用冠状动脉旁路移植术（ｃｏｒｏｎａｒｙａｒｔｅｒｙｂｙｐａｓｓｇｒａｆｔｉｎｇ,ＣＡＢＧ）治疗冠心病的早期疗效和经验。方法１１６例病患中,９７％为多支冠状动脉病变。男性１０２例,女性１４例,年龄３５－８０岁,平均年龄６７．４岁。６３例左室射血分数≤４５％,１９例〈３０％。     

TASC C型股浅动脉闭塞病变腔内治疗的临床分析

目的 观察泛大西洋协作组织共识（TASC）C型股浅动脉闭塞（或狭窄＞70%）腔内治疗效果及随访1年结果,分析支架内再狭窄（ISR）的相关因素。方法 回顾首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院普通外科2011年5月至2014年5月期间收治的患下肢动脉硬化闭塞症TASC C型的患者58例（58条肢体）。手术方法为血管腔内球囊扩张＋支架置入术。术后1年随访是否有支架内再闭塞或狭窄（＞70%）。根据是否发生支架内再闭塞或狭窄（＞70%）,将患者分为通畅组及再闭塞组,分析比较两组患者的临床资料。结果 58例患者无围术期死亡。58条肢体中有6条未能开通,腔内治疗开通率为89.7%。1年后完成随访41例,通畅组30例,再闭塞组11例。两组患者踝肱指数相比差异具有统计学意义[（0.55±0.16） vs （0.41±0.24）,P＜0.05]。两组患者的吸烟者比例和Fontaine分期虽无显著性差异,但P值相对较低,提示二者也可能与术后ISR相关。结论 腔内治疗TASC C型股浅动脉闭塞安全有效,血管病变严重程度与ISR相关。     

Isolated femoral profundoplasty using endarterectomised superficial femoral artery for limb salvage in the elderly

BACKGROUND: The deep femoral artery provides the primary blood supply to the thigh, and in addition serves as the major collateral channel for bypassing the obstructed superficial femoral artery. The purpose of isolated profundoplasty is to relieve a significant stenosis and improve perfusion of the ischaemic leg. METHODS: Twenty-seven patients with critical limb ischaemia underwent isolated profundoplasty in the Vascular Unit of Meir General Hospital, using endarterectomised superficial femoral artery (ESFA) as an arterial patch. Nineteen patients were men. The average age was 72 (65-79). The presenting symptoms: rest pain: 18 (67%), ischaemic foot ulcer: 7 (28%), pedal gangrene: 2 (7%). Selection criteria for isolated profundoplasty: 1) > 50%: stenosis of arteria profunda femoris lumen. 2) Adequate profunda: popliteal collateral system. 3) Adequate arterial inflow: common femoral artery. RESULTS: There was no operative mortality or immediate operative failure. All 27 limbs were improved: relief of rest pain, healing of ischaemic ulcers and good healing after minor amputations (transphalangeal, transmetatarsal). Follow-up period ranged from 12 to 45 months (mean 30 months) and was based on clinical investigation + ankle/brachial Doppler measurements. All patients remained asymptomatic with improvement of limb function--either to the present or until their death. CONCLUSIONS: In view of our favourable experience, we feel that isolated profundoplasty still has a place in vascular surgery practice--when limb revascularization in elderly patients considered at high risk is dangerous and when there is impossible below knee vascular reconstruction. We recommend the use of ESFA as a patch for long segment profundoplasty--with all advantages of an autogenous material.     

Recent advances in percutaneous management of iliofemoral and superficial femoral artery disease

Tremendous advances have been made in the endovascular treatment of lower-extremity arterial occlusive disease. New technology has enabled operators to successfully revascularize patients with complex arterial occlusive disease. This article summarizes the latest advances in endovascular therapy of aortoiliac and femoral arteries and reviews the clinical outcomes and costs associated with the use of these treatments.     

Value of the combined Lastac laser-angioplasty technic in symptomatic superficial femoral occlusion

The results of peripheral transluminal angioplasty are satisfactory in stenotic arteries but those observed in the recanalisation of occluded peripheral arteries are not so good. There would therefore seem to be a good therapeutic opportunity for laser between angioplasty and surgery for patients with symptomatic arterial occlusion. The authors report their experience with the Lastac laser in 12 patients with symptomatic superficial femoral arterial occlusion. This is a no-contact laser. All patients had surgical indications in case of failure to recanalise by laser, despite collateral circulation by the profunda artery which was inadequate on effort leading to claudication and a limited walking perimeter. After 1 initial failure, 11 successful procedures were performed. There were no perforations due to the Argon laser beam but 2 were observed with the guide wire which was rapidly sealed by the balloon catheter. A surgical haematoma at the percutaneous puncture point resulted in 1 reocclusion during the patient's hospital period so that the 11 technical successes became 10 clinical successes. At medium-term follow-up, one asymptomatic occlusion had occurred and one restenosis was successfully redilated. The advantages of a continuous Argon "Lastac" laser compared with a contact laser are its capacity for auto-control, its coaxial fibre placement and the absence of direct contact with the lesion. The coaxial fibre arrangement plays an important role in preventing vascular perforation. These factors enable it to be used with more safety in patients with arterial occlusion.     

Percutaneous popliteal approach for angioplasty of superficial femoral artery occlusions

Angioplasty using the percutaneous popliteal approach was utilized in 50 patients (PTS) to recanalize 59 occluded superficial femoral arteries which had been unsuccessfully canalized by using the antegrade approach because of either a flush origin occlusion or inability to maintain the guide wire in the true lumen. All PTS had claudication; 8 had rest pain; 3 had non-healing ulcers. The laser Probe was used in 17 cases and the Rotablator in 3 cases. Occlusion length varied between 1 and 40 cm: 7 lesions were less than 10 cm (group 1); 9 were between 10 and 20 cm (group 2); and 43 were greater than 20 cm (group 3). An angiographic success was obtained in 48/59 lesions (81%): 14/16 (87%) in groups 1 and 2 and 34/43 (79%) in group 3. Three PTS needed complementary common femoral endarterectomy and one required percutaneous aspiration of a thromboembolus. Complications included: arterial perforation and/or dissection (without clinical sequelae) in 11 and a popliteal hematoma in 1 PT. One patient with a severely ischemic leg underwent successful emergency vascular surgery, while another limb salvage patient required below-knee amputation. There was no worsening of limb ischemia from any popliteal approach attempt. At discharge, 39 patients (78%) whose outcome would have been unsuccessful with the traditional antegrade approach were clinically improved after utilizing the popliteal approach to achieve a successful angioplasty procedure.