婴儿牛奶蛋白过敏的危险因素：多中心调查分析

目的 通过多中心临床研究了解婴儿牛奶蛋白过敏（CMPA）发生的危险因素。方法 以2016年6月至2017年5月于深圳市6家医院儿科门诊就诊的1 829例1~12月龄婴儿为调查对象,通过问卷调查,筛选CMPA可疑病例,然后进行食物回避激发试验以确诊CMPA。采用多因素logistic回归分析调查婴儿CMPA发生的危险因素。结果 1 829例患儿中,82例确诊为CMPA（4.48%）。多因素logistic回归分析显示,母亲食物过敏（OR=4.91,95% CI：2.24~10.76）、母亲孕期使用抗生素（OR=3.18,95% CI：1.32~7.65）、开始添加辅食月龄小于 < 4个月（OR=3.55,95% CI：1.52~8.27）是CMPA的独立危险因素（P < 0.05）,而纯母乳喂养（OR=0.21,95% CI：0.08~0.58）和 > 6个月添加辅食（OR=0.38,95% CI：0.17~0.86）是CMPA的保护因素（P < 0.05）。结论 小于4月龄添加辅食、母亲食物过敏、母孕期使用抗生素是婴儿CMPA发生的危险因素。     

新生儿早发型败血症预后不良的预测因素

目的 探讨新生儿早发型败血症（EOS）预后不良的预测因素。方法 收集371例EOS新生儿的临床资料,根据预后分为预后良好组（264例）和预后不良组（107例）。比较两组患儿的围生期特点、临床表现、实验室指标、合并症、治疗过程等,采用多因素logistic回归模型分析EOS预后不良的预测因素。结果 预后不良组患儿的出生体重、胎龄均低于预后良好组（P < 0.05）;预后不良组的早产、低出生体重、极低出生体重及双胎比例高于预后良好组（P < 0.05）;预后不良组母亲产前使用激素、产前使用抗生素比例高于预后良好组（P < 0.05）;预后不良组反应差和呼吸功能低下的发生率高于预后良好组,皮肤黄染发生率低于预后良好组（P < 0.05）;预后不良组WBC<5×10⁹/L、血小板<100×10⁹/L、贫血、凝血功能障碍、肾功能损害、肝功能损害、低蛋白血症及低血糖的发生率高于预后良好组（P < 0.05）;预后不良组新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征、肺出血、坏死性小肠结肠炎、脑出血、脑损伤、肺动脉高压及休克的发生率高于预后良好组（P < 0.05）;预后不良组住院时间和抗生素疗程长于预后良好组（P < 0.05）;预后不良组使用机械通气和血管活性药的比例高于预后良好组（P < 0.05）。多因素logistic回归分析显示,极低出生体重（OR=41.734）、坏死性小肠结肠炎（OR=12.669）、脑损伤（OR=8.372）、休克（OR=5.889）、机械通气（OR=5.456）及肝功能损害（OR=4.075）是新生儿EOS预后不良的独立预测因素（P < 0.05）。结论 极低出生体重、机械通气及合并坏死性小肠结肠炎、脑损伤、休克或肝功能损害对新生儿EOS预后不良有预测价值。     

学龄双生子儿童焦虑抑郁与5-HTTLPR基因多态性的关系

目的 了解5-HTTLPR 基因多态性与学龄双生子儿童焦虑抑郁的关系。方法 选取内蒙古呼和浩特市和包头市8~12 岁147 对双生子儿童(同卵双生子47 对;异卵双生子100 对)为调查对象,运用Achenbach 儿童行为量表(CBCL)测算儿童焦虑抑郁因子得分;采集所有儿童口腔上皮细胞并提取DNA,运用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)方法对5-HTTLPR 基因进行分型;利用广义估计方程(GEE)分析5-HTTLPR 基因多态性及家庭环境因素对学龄双生子儿童焦虑抑郁的影响。结果 LS 和SS 基因型儿童的焦虑抑郁因子得分高于LL 基因型儿童(χ²=3.938,P<0.05);5-HTTLPR 基因型与家庭亲密度(χ²=6.129,P<0.05)和家庭教养方式(χ²=7.665,P<0.05)的交互作用对儿童焦虑抑郁因子得分影响显著。结论 5-HTTLPR 基因型与学龄双生子儿童焦虑抑郁因子得分显著相关;在高亲密度和专制型教养方式的家庭环境中,S 等位基因可能增加双生子儿童焦虑抑郁的可能性。     

6~18岁智力障碍人群的孤独症谱系障碍样症状分析

目的 了解智力障碍（ID）人群的孤独症谱系障碍（ASD）样症状的发生情况。方法 选取2017年1~6月就读于上海市某特殊学校的6~18岁ASD人群和ID人群,以及同期在上海市某普通学校就读的同年龄段普通（TD）人群,由父母或其他监护人填写社交反应量表（SRS）,分别对其进行ASD样症状评估。结果 共纳入69例ASD、74例ID和177例TD研究对象。ID组SRS量表检查阳性率（47.3%）显著高于TD组（1.7%）（P < 0.001）,低于ASD组（87.0%）（P < 0.001）。ASD组、ID组和TD组SRS量表总分分别为114±26、80±24、38±19分,其中ID组SRS量表总分显著高于TD组得分（P < 0.05）,以社交认知维度差异最为显著（Cohen's d值为2.00）。轻-中度ID亚组和重-极重度ID亚组的SRS总分及各维度得分差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）,且SRS得分与IQ之间无明显相关性（P > 0.05）。结论 6~18岁ID人群较普通人群存在更显著的ASD样症状,应对ID人群尽早进行ASD筛查并给予干预。     

青少年抑郁情绪及自杀意念与父母教养方式之间的关联研究

目的 研究青少年抑郁情绪及自杀意念与父母教养方式之间的关系。 方法 采用整群抽样法,于2014~2018年抽取河南省新乡市6 195名初高中生进行调查研究。调查工具包括一般社会资料问卷、父母教养方式问卷及Kutcher青少年抑郁量表（11项）。采用多因素logistic回归分析评估青少年抑郁情绪及自杀意念与父母教养方式之间的关联。 结果 有效问卷为6 194份,其中男性2 586名（41.75%）,女性3 608（58.25%）;年龄（16.4±1.9）岁（范围：11~20岁）。在6 194名青少年中,1 333名（21.52%）青少年有抑郁情绪,508名（8.20%）青少年有自杀意念。青少年的抑郁情绪与母亲的控制（OR=1.059,P<0.001）和父亲的控制呈明显正关联（OR=1.061,P<0.001）,而与母亲的关爱（OR=0.937,P<0.001）和父亲的关爱（OR=0.917,P<0.001）呈明显负关联。青少年的自杀意念与母亲的控制（OR=1.110,P<0.001）和父亲的控制（OR=1.076,P<0.001）呈明显正关联,而与母亲的关爱（OR=0.895,P<0.001）和父亲的关爱（OR=0.914,P<0.001）呈明显负关联。 结论 父母的关爱可降低青少年抑郁情绪的发生风险,而父母控制性可增加青少年抑郁情绪及自杀意念的发生风险。 引用格式:     

维生素D辅助治疗儿童肺炎疗效的Meta分析

目的 系统评价维生素D辅助治疗儿童肺炎的疗效及安全性。方法 检索Cochrane Library、PubMed、EMbase、中国知网数据库、万方数据库及维普数据库建库至2019年8月的文献,收集关于维生素D辅助治疗儿童肺炎的随机对照试验。根据纳入与排除标准进行文献筛选、质量评价及资料提取,应用Revman 5.3软件对结局指标进行Meta分析。结果 最终纳入7篇文献,包括1 527例患儿,其中维生素D辅助治疗组762例,对照组765例。Meta分析结果显示维生素D辅助治疗不会影响儿童肺炎的疾病恢复时间（P=0.67）、住院时间（P=0.73）及退烧时间（P=0.43）,也不会减少儿童肺炎的复发率（P=0.14）、不良反应率（P=0.20）及病死率（P=0.98）。结论 现有证据表明,辅以维生素D治疗儿童肺炎无明显效果。     

孕妇B族链球菌定植及其早产儿感染状况的研究

目的探讨孕妇B族溶血性链球菌（GBS）定植及其分娩早产儿的GBS感染状况,评估早产儿GBS定植的危险因素。方法采用前瞻性队列研究方法,纳入2017年1月至2018年1月分娩的859例早产孕妇作为研究对象。入院时采集孕妇阴道下段1/3和直肠拭子行GBS培养,其中515例行实时PCR GBS DNA检测。采集所纳入孕妇分娩的早产儿的口咽分泌物、胃液或血液进行GBS培养。取孕妇外周血及其分娩的早产儿脐血测定抗GBS荚膜多糖抗体水平。调查早产儿GBS感染情况和影响定植的围产因素。结果 859例孕妇阴道、直肠GBS培养阳性率为14.8%（127/859）。515例GBS DNA检测的阳性率为15.1%（78/515）。859例孕妇共分娩活产早产儿976例,其中43例（4.4%）GBS培养阳性;4例发生早发型GBS疾病,其中2例肺炎,2例早发型GBS败血症。127例GBS阳性孕妇分娩的127例早产儿中,34~<37周早产儿组GBS阳性率明显低于<34周早产儿组（P=0.013）,抗GBS荚膜多糖抗体水平明显高于<34周早产儿组（P=0.001）。多因素logistic回归分析显示胎膜早破>18 h和绒毛膜羊膜炎是早产儿GBS定植的独立危险因素（分别OR=6.556、6.160,均P < 0.05）。结论早产儿GBS阳性率及抗GBS荚膜多糖抗体水平与胎龄相关。胎膜早破>18 h和绒毛膜羊膜炎可增加早产儿GBS定植的风险。     

上下气道呼出气一氧化氮与哮喘控制水平的相关性研究

目的 探讨联合检测呼出气一氧化氮（FeNO）及鼻呼出气一氧化氮（FnNO）的临床价值及其与哮喘控制水平的关系。方法 选取2018年1~6月诊断为哮喘并处于慢性持续期的患儿120例为研究对象。所有患儿进行儿童哮喘控制测试（C-ACT）,得分 > 23分为控制组,20~23分为部分控制组,≤ 19分为未控制组,每组各40例;同时依据哮喘患儿有无合并过敏性鼻炎分为未合并鼻炎组（n=55）和合并鼻炎组（n=65）;同期收集健康体检儿童40例为对照组。哮喘患儿及对照组儿童均检测FeNO与FnNO水平。结果 不同水平控制组内FeNO值以未控制组最高,部分控制组其次,控制组最低（P < 0.05）,其中未控制组及部分控制组FeNO值高于对照组（P < 0.05）;未控制组与部分控制组FnNO值高于完全控制组及对照组（P < 0.05）,完全控制组FnNO值高于对照组（P < 0.05）。合并鼻炎组FeNO与FnNO值均高于未合并鼻炎组（P < 0.05）。结论 FeNO可用来评估哮喘控制情况,与FnNO联合可评估上下气道炎症情况,为上下气道联合治疗提供依据。     

早产儿败血症的病原体及其临床特征

目的 分析早产儿败血症的病原体构成及其临床特征,为早期识别和治疗早产儿败血症提供依据。方法 收集2014年1月至2018年5月血培养阳性的371例早产儿败血症患儿的临床资料,根据发病时间分为早发型组（发病日龄 < 7 d,n=73）和晚发型组（发病日龄≥ 7 d,n=298）,比较两组在病原体构成、临床特征（首发症状、起病时辅助检查、合并症、预后等）方面的差异。结果 肺炎克雷伯杆菌感染在晚发型组中占比更高（P < 0.05）,大肠埃希菌、无乳链球菌和李斯特菌感染在早发型组中占比更高（P < 0.05）。早发型组首发临床表现中呼吸困难比例高于晚发型组（P < 0.05）。早发型组血培养转阴时间、感染前抗生素使用时间及深静脉置管留置时间均短于晚发型组（P < 0.05）,晚发型组新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎的发生率高于早发型组（P < 0.05）。早发型组放弃率高于晚发型组（P < 0.05）。结论 早产儿败血症起病时临床表现及辅助检查不典型,早发型与晚发型早产儿败血症在病原体构成及临床特征方面存在一定差异,应结合发病日龄、临床特征推断可能病原体,及早合理用药。     

早期介入丹佛模式的密集训练结合家长培训对孤独症谱系障碍儿童疗效及其对父母育儿压力的影响

目的 探讨早期介入丹佛模式（ESDM）的密集训练结合家长培训对孤独症谱系障碍（ASD）儿童的治疗作用及其对父母育儿压力的影响。方法 选取2018年8月至2019年1月诊断为ASD的2~5岁患儿70例为研究对象,随机分为ESDM组和家长培训组（n=35）。ESDM组接受ESDM密集训练,家长培训组在进行ESDM密集训练的基础上,家长另需接受ESDM技能培训。研究过程中每组各脱落2例。治疗前及治疗3个月后两组均采用孤独症行为量表（ABC）、儿童孤独症评定量表（CARS）、孤独症治疗评估量表（ATEC）和父母育儿压力指数简表（PSI-SF）进行评估。结果 经3个月治疗后,两组的ABC、CARS、ATEC总分均较治疗前降低（P < 0.05）。治疗前后两组组间ABC、CARS及ATEC总分比较差异均无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。两组治疗前后ABC、CARS、ATEC总分差值比较差异均无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。治疗3个月后,两组的PSI-SF总分较治疗前均降低（P < 0.05）,其中ESDM组的困难儿童维度分数较治疗前降低（P < 0.05）,而家长培训组在育儿愁苦、亲子互动失调、困难儿童3个维度的分数均较治疗前降低（P < 0.05）。治疗前后两组组间PSI-SF评分比较差异均无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。与ESDM组相比,家长培训组治疗前后父母PSI-SF总分及育儿愁苦、困难儿童2个维度分数差值均升高（P < 0.05）。结论 ESDM密集训练结合家长培训及单纯ESDM密集训练均可改善2~5岁ASD儿童的核心症状,同时缓解父母育儿压力;但ESDM密集训练结合家长培训对缓解父母育儿压力的效果更为显著。     

Hopelessness and suicidal ideation among adolescents in two cultures

BACKGROUND: This study examines the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations among cognitive variables, depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation in Hong Kong Chinese and Caucasian American adolescents. METHODS: Community adolescents (n = 2,044) ages 14-18 years from Hong Kong and the United States provided information regarding their suicidal ideation, depressive symptoms, and cognitions (self-efficacy, cognitive errors and hopelessness), at two surveys, six months apart. RESULTS: Self-efficacy was a weak unique predictor of suicidal ideation in both cultures. Hopelessness was the strongest of cognitive variables in concurrent associations with suicidal ideation in bivariate and multivariate models, in both cultures, and in both boys and girls. Hopelessness continued to offer unique prediction when depressive symptoms were controlled, both concurrently and prospectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our results support hopelessness theories of suicidal ideation and behavior in Hong Kong, and extend the cognitive theory of suicidality to a modernized Asian culture.     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情下小学生心理健康状况及其影响因素

目的 了解新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期间小学生心理健康状况及其心理健康状况的影响因素。方法 分别于2020年4月（疫情期间,3 600人）、2020年9月（常态化疫情防控期间,3 089人）对吉林省6~12岁小学生进行线上问卷调查。问卷调查内容包括一般资料和儿童青少年心理健康调查量表相关内容。采用多因素logistic回归分析调查疫情期间小学生心理健康状况的影响因素。结果 疫情期间与常态化疫情防控期间两组小学生在情绪体验和意志行为两个维度比较中,疫情期间组小学生心理健康状态较差（均P < 0.05）。多因素logistic回归分析显示,随着年龄的增长小学生出现心理健康问题的风险相应降低（OR=0.895）,女生出现心理健康问题的风险高于男生（OR=1.453）,父亲、母亲性格介于急躁和平缓之间的小学生出现心理健康问题的风险较低（分别OR=0.496、0.470）,家庭教育方式以鼓励与责骂兼顾的小学生出现心理健康问题的风险较低（OR=0.263）,单亲家庭和大家庭的小学生出现心理健康问题的风险高于核心家庭（分别OR=2.995、3.446）,均有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。结论 新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情对小学生情绪体验和意志行为有一定的影响,应关注疫情期间小学生的心理健康状况,尤其应关注女孩、年幼的小学生,以及来自单亲家庭、大家庭及父母性格急躁、教育方式不恰当家庭的小学生。     

Effects of Objective and Subjective Socioeconomic Status on Self-Rated Health, Depressive Symptoms, and Suicidal Ideation in Adolescents

The purpose of this study was to identify relationships between three indicators of socioeconomic status (SES)—parental education, Family Affluence Scale (FAS), and subjective household economic status—and adolescent health (self-rated health, depressive symptoms, and suicidal ideation). Data from 69,196 students from 800 middle and high schools were analyzed. Relationships between the three SES indicators and adolescent health were examined using the chi-square test, and logistic regression analysis was then performed after adjusting for covariates. Female students whose parents had less education were more likely to report poor health than were those whose parents had a higher education. Low FAS scores were associated with higher odds ratios for poor self-rated health but not for depressive symptoms or suicidal ideation. In the logistic regression analysis, lower subjective household economic status significantly predicted poor self-rated health, higher levels of depressive symptoms, and more suicidal ideation. The findings suggest that subjective household economic status, rather than objective SES measures, is associated with adolescent health. Thus, future research about adolescent health should consider multiple dimensions of subjective social status of adolescents.     

Suicidal ideation among 8-year-olds who are maltreated and at risk: findings from the LONGSCAN studies

Suicidal ideation was examined among 1,051 8-year-old children identified as maltreated or at risk for maltreatment. Of these children, 9.9% reported suicidal ideation. Many variables, including maltreatment, had bivariate associations with suicidal ideation. Severity of physical abuse, chronicity of maltreatment, and the presence of multiple types of maltreatment strongly predicted suicidal ideation. In multivariate analyses of the domains of proximity, only ethnic background remained significant among demographic variables, only witnessed violence and maltreatment remained significant among family or contextual variables, and only child psychological distress, substance use, and poor social problem solving remained significant among child variables. The effects of ethnicity, maltreatment, and witnessed violence on suicidal ideation were mediated by child functioning. There were few interactions between maltreatment and other factors to predict suicidal ideation. Children who are maltreated and those exposed to community and domestic violence are at increased risk of suicidal ideation, even by age 8.     

Suicidal ideation among urban nine and ten year olds

Little is known about rates and correlates of suicidal ideation among nonclinical samples of preadolescents from low-income urban backgrounds. Using the Children's Depression Inventory, we measured suicidal ideation in 131 preadolescent urban children (49% female, 90% African American/Caribbean) participating in an ongoing prospective longitudinal study of prenatal cocaine exposure and children's outcome. Suicidal ideation was reported by 14.5% of the children in this sample at 9 to 10 years of age. Children's reports of depressive symptoms, exposure to violence, and distress symptoms in response to witnessing violence were associated with suicidal ideation, but prenatal cocaine exposure, parent-rated child behavior, and caregivers' psychological distress symptoms were not. Suicidal ideation may be more prevalent among preadolescents from urban, low-income backgrounds than clinicians suspect, particularly among children exposed to violence.     

Family,Neighborhood and Parent Resilience Are Inversely Associated With Reported Depression in Adolescents Exposed to ACEs

ObjectiveTo examine the association of 1) extrinsic resilience factors and 2) adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) with a caregiver reported diagnosis of depression in a nationally representative sample of adolescents.MethodsA cross sectional analysis of the 2016–2017 National Survey of Children's Health, restricted to adolescents 12 to 17 years old was conducted. The dependent variable was caregiver reported depression: no current diagnosis vs. current diagnosis of depression. Independent variables were reported ACEs dichotomized as lower (0–3) or higher (4 or more), and specific resilience factors: family resilience, neighborhood cohesion and caregiver emotional support. Resilience factors were analyzed as a composite score dichotomized as lower (0–3) or higher (4 or more) and individually. Purposeful selection multivariable logistic regression model building was used to estimate the associations between reported diagnosis of depression, ACEs and resilience factors adjusting for demographic covariates.ResultsStudy sample consisted of 29,617 (weighted N = 24,834,232) adolescents, 6% with current reported diagnosis of depression, 8% with higher ACEs and 91% with higher resilience. Family resilience, neighborhood cohesion and caregiver emotional supports were each independently associated with lower odds of reported diagnosis of depression. However, with all resilience factors in the model, only family resilience and neighborhood cohesion (specifically school safety) remained significantly associated with lower odds of reported diagnosis of depression.Conclusion(s)In this nationally representative sample, family resilience and neighborhood cohesion were associated with lower odds of a reported diagnosis of depression even with confounding ACEs exposure. These factors may be important targets for future intervention.     

Family environment factors and substance abuse severity in an HMO adolescent treatment population

To examine how parental limit setting, family conflict, and perception of family experience influence severity of alcohol and drug problems, and important gender differences in these relationships, we interviewed consecutive intakes, aged 12 to 18 years, at 4 chemical dependency programs of a large group-model nonprofit health maintenance organization (HMO) (n=419). The Family Conflict, Limit Setting, and Positive Family Experience scales correlated with substance dependence (p<0.01, p<0.01, p<0.05, respectively). Depression also correlated with family conflict (p<0.01), absence of limit setting (p<0.01), poor family experience (p<0.01) and dependence symptoms (p<0.01). Number of substance-using friends correlated with number of dependence symptoms (p<0.01). Gender differences included the following: (1) girls scoring higher in family conflict (p=0.0002), negative perceptions of family experience (p<0.0017), and lower in absence of limit setting (p<0.0001); (2) how family environment predicted problem severity: absence of limit setting was significant for boys and girls but family conflict for boys only; (3) girls had more dependence symptoms (p=<0.0001), psychiatric diagnoses (e.g., depression (p<0.0003), anxiety (p<0.0002), conduct disorder (p=0.07)), and substance-abusing family members (53 % versus 39%; p=0.006). To conclude, family and peers influence severity of alcohol and drug problems in adolescents.     

学龄双生子儿童心理行为问题及其影响因素

目的探讨影响学龄双生子儿童心理行为问题的因素,为减少其心理行为问题的发生提供依据。方法采用Achenbach儿童行为量表(CBCL)对内蒙古呼和浩特市147对6~12岁学龄双生子心理行为问题进行调查,运用家庭亲密度与适应性量表(FACESⅡ-CV)和家庭一般情况问卷了解儿童生活环境因素。结果学龄双生子心理行为问题检出率为24.1%,单项行为问题中思维问题检出率(15.3%)最高,身体不适检出率(3.4%)最低。多因素logistic回归分析显示,是否足月产对退缩行为的发生及CBCL总粗分有显著影响(P0.05),气质类型对思维问题的发生及心理行为问题总检出率有显著影响(P0.05),父亲生育年龄对思维问题的发生有显著影响(P0.05),家庭亲密度对违纪行为的发生有显著影响(P0.05),家庭适应性对思维问题的发生有显著影响(P0.05),家庭教养方式对社会化问题的发生有显著影响(P0.05)。结论儿童气质类型、是否足月产、父亲生育年龄、家庭亲密度、适应性及教养方式是影响学龄双生子心理行为问题的主要因素。     

Weight-related behaviors among adolescent girls and boys: results from a national survey

OBJECTIVE: The study objectives were to assess (1) the prevalence of dieting and disordered eating among adolescents; (2) the sociodemographic, anthropometric, psychosocial, and behavioral correlates of dieting and disordered eating; and (3) whether adolescents report having discussed weight-related issues with their health care providers. DESIGN: Cross-sectional school-based survey. STUDY POPULATION: A nationally representative sample of 6728 adolescents in grades 5 to 12 who completed the Commonwealth Fund surveys of the health of adolescent girls and boys. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Dieting and disordered eating (binge-purge cycling). RESULTS: Approximately 24% of the population was overweight. Almost half of the girls (45%) reported that they had at some point been on a diet, compared with 20% of the boys. Disordered eating was reported by 13% of the girls and 7% of the boys. Strong correlates of these behaviors included overweight status, low self-esteem, depression, suicidal ideation, and substance use. Almost half of the adolescents (38%-53%) reported that a health care provider had at some point discussed nutrition or weight with them. Discussions on eating disorders were reported by lower percentages of girls (24%) and boys (15%). CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of weight-related concerns suggests that all youth should be reached with appropriate interventions. Special attention needs to be directed toward youth at greatest risk for disordered eating behaviors, such as overweight youth, youth engaging in substance use behaviors, and youth with psychological concerns such as low self-esteem and depressive symptoms.