盐酸环丙沙星对家蝇幼虫和蛹体内抗氧化酶活力的影响

目的研究不同浓度盐酸环丙沙星对家蝇幼虫和蛹体内总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)3种抗氧化酶活性的影响。方法家蝇幼虫孵化后分别提供常规饲料、含0.1%、0.3%和0.5%盐酸环丙沙星的饲料。每天分别取样,至家蝇羽化。家蝇幼虫采用直接研磨法获得酶液,家蝇蛹先去除蛹壳后再进行研磨获得酶液。分别采用试剂盒测定T-SOD、CAT和POD活力,数据采用多重比较进行统计学分析。结果对照组、0.1%、0.3%处理组家蝇幼虫和蛹体内T-SOD、CAT和POD活力间差异无统计学意义(P0.05),而0.5%盐酸环丙沙星饲喂的家蝇幼虫和蛹体内3种抗氧化酶活力均高于前3组,其中喂食0.5%盐酸环丙沙星后家蝇幼虫体内的TSOD活性最高可达对照组的30倍,蛹体内的T-SOD活性最高可达对照组的40倍;喂食0.5%盐酸环丙沙星后,家蝇幼虫体内CAT活性最高可达对照组的3倍,蛹体内的活性最高可达对照组的6倍;喂食盐酸环丙沙星后,家蝇幼虫体内POD活性最高可达对照组的2倍,而蛹体内的POD活性最高可达对照组的7倍。结论低浓度盐酸环丙沙星对家蝇幼虫和蛹体内的抗氧化酶活力影响较小,而高浓度盐酸环丙沙星则可导致抗氧化酶活力显著升高。     

丙溴磷对家兔SOD、CAT、GSH-Px影响的实验研究

为探讨丙溴磷对SOD、CAT、GSH Px的影响及其意义 ,将家兔随机分为A组 (高剂量组 )、B组 (低剂量组 )、C组 (对照组 ) ,分别于染毒不同时间测定血浆超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、过氧化物酶 (CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 (GSH Px)等指标 ,同时测定全血胆碱酯酶 (ChE)活力。结果显示 ,A组、B组SOD、CAT、GSH Px与同组染毒前及对照组相比显著升高 (P <0 0 5和P <0 0 1) ,ChE与同组染毒前及对照组相比降低或显著降低(P <0 0 1) ,且ChE的显著降低发生于抗氧化酶指标显著升高之后。结果提示 ,丙溴磷可致SOD、CAT、GSH Px等抗氧化酶活性增高 ,可能造成脂质过氧化的增强 ,并可能是丙溴磷早期中毒的表现之一。     

噻虫胺农药胁迫对小白菜过氧化物酶活性的影响

目的:采用田间试验方法,探讨了不同浓度50%噻虫胺水溶性分散剂对小白菜过氧化物酶(POD)活性的影响。方法:POD活性测定采用愈创木酚法,以每分钟内A470变化0.01为1个酶活性单位(U)。结果:两种处理浓度的噻虫胺均诱导了小白菜POD活性,含量明显高于对照组,随着噻虫胺的逐渐降解,最终基本与对照组一致。结论:POD活性在噻虫胺胁迫后,出现了比较明显的变化,可以作为生物标志物来反应小白菜的污染和可食程度。     

农药丙溴磷对人红细胞的毒性效应

目的：探讨农药丙溴磷对正常人红细胞的毒性效应。方法：采用Ｂｉａｌｓｃｈｅ试剂法检测红细胞膜唾液酸（ＲＢＣｍ－ＳＡ）,化学比色法测定红细胞膜Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶和全血中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ）。结果：丙溴磷浓度在２×１０－４ｍｏｌ／Ｌ时,可明显降低ＲＢＣｍ－ＳＡ含量,并呈剂量－反应关系。丙溴磷浓度在２×１０－３ｍｏｌ／Ｌ时,红细胞膜Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶和全血ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ明显受抑制,其受抑制程度基本同ＲＢＣｍ－ＳＡ降低呈平行关系。结论：丙溴磷对红细胞的毒性效应与ＲＢＣｍ－ＳＡ的代谢障碍有关。     

铝对大豆质膜透性和POD、CAT活性的影响

利用土培方式,研究了铝对9703,浙春2号,浙春3号等3个不同大豆品种的质膜透性和POD和CAT活性的影响。结果表明,铝胁迫下,3个品种的叶片质膜透性增大,CAT、POD的活性在中等程度铝处理时上升,而在较高浓度铝处理时下降。3个大豆品种对铝胁迫的反应有所不同,总体上,3个大豆品种耐铝性大小依次为：浙春2号〉9703〉浙春3号。     

二氧化硫吸入对小鼠各脏器过氧化氢酶活性的影响

[目的]探讨SO2对小鼠不同组织的氧化损伤及其毒作用机制。[方法]对昆明种小鼠采用动式吸入法进行22，64，148mg/m^3SO2三个浓度染毒，用分光光度法测定各器官的过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性。[结果]22mg/m^3SO2吸入时，雌雄小鼠各脏器CAT活性有上升趋势，但统计学上差异不显著；64mg/m^3SO2吸入时，各脏器CAT活性有下降趋势。 在148mg/m^3浓度时，肝，肺，肾，脑中CAT活性下降比较显著，而胃，小肠中的CAT显著升高。[结论]SO2的动式吸入可引起小鼠部分脏器CAT活性下降，对机体造成氧化损伤，且损伤程度随SO2浓度的增大而增强。     

丙溴磷对人红细胞的毒性作用

研究了农药丙溴磷对人红细胞的毒性作用。采用Ｂｉａｌｓｃｈｅ试剂直接法测定人红细胞膜唾液酸（ＲＢＣｍ－ＳＡ）含量；采用ＤＴＮＢ直接法测定全血谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ）活性。当丙溴磷反应终浓度在２×１０－４～２×１０－２ｍｏｌ／Ｌ时，ＲＢＣｍ－ＳＡ降低，并呈剂量－反应关系；同时，全血ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ活性降低，与ＲＢＣｍ－ＳＡ降低基本呈平行关系。结果显示：丙溴磷对红细胞有明显毒性作用，这可能是其非胆碱能毒性作用的重要基础。     

正己烷对小鼠脑组织抗氧化酶的影响

目的探讨正己烷对小鼠脑组织脂质过氧化作用。方法取昆明种健康成年小鼠32只,分为对照组和正己烷500 mg/kg体重、1 000 mg/kg体重、2 000 mg/kg体重3个剂量组,每组雌雄各半,灌胃染毒,每天1次,连续3 d。第3次染毒结束12 h后采用断头法处死小鼠,测定其脑组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性。结果随着正己烷的染毒剂量从500升至2 000 mg/kg体重,SOD和CAT活性先下降,随后升高;GSH-Px活性随正己烷染毒剂量增加而下降。结论正己烷可影响小鼠脑组织抗氧化酶的活性。     

油菜中丙溴磷残留量的测定及残留动态研究

本文提出了一种快速、高效提取净化油莱中残留丙溴磷的前处理方法和用火焰光度检测的气相色谱法,该法的最低检出浓度为0.04mg·kg-1,在油菜中的平均加标回收率为96.2％～105.9％,变异系数为3.7％～4.9％;并用此法对丙溴磷在油菜中的残留量进行了动态研究,结果表明,丙溴磷在油菜中的降解非常迅速,半衰期为1.60d,降解模式符合动力学一级反应,施药后不同天数采摘油菜上的丙溴磷残留量为16.6mg·kg-1～0.03mg·kg-1,自来水冲洗可去除73.0％-96.7％的农药残留。     

混配农药对小鼠脑组织一氧化氮及ATP酶活性的影响

目的探讨混配农药对小鼠脑组织一氧化氮及ATP酶活性的影响。方法将80只小鼠随机分为1个对照组,1个单剂农药染毒组和2个混配农药染毒组,选用丙溴磷、氰戊菊酯和灭多威3种农药以不同的种类和剂量进行混配,经灌胃染毒,24h后测其脑组织中一氧化氮（NO）的浓度及Na^＋-K^＋-ATP酶和Ca^2＋-Mg^2＋-ATP酶的活性。结果混配农药染毒组小鼠脑组织NO的浓度及Na^＋-K^＋-ATP酶和Ca^2＋-Mg^2＋-ATP酶的活性较对照组显著降低（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）,混配农药染毒组小鼠脑组织NO的浓度及Na^＋-K^＋-ATP酶和Ca^2＋-Mg^2＋-ATP酶的活性比相应剂量丙溴磷染毒组显著降低（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）。结论混配农药可造成小鼠脑组织一氧化氮浓度及ATP酶活性降低,这种改变可能是混配农药所致中枢神经系统功能异常的机制之一。     

Oxidative damage induced in Vicia faba by coke plant wastewater

The present study investigated toxic impacts of coke plant wastewater over a concentration gradient of COD( Cr) 40-640 mg/l on malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) in roots and leaves of Vicia faba. MDA levels and SOD activities were significantly increased at all concentrations both in roots and leaves of Vicia faba; CAT and POD activities were significantly enhanced in roots at low concentrations and were significantly decreased at high concentrations (COD(Cr) 320 and 640 mg/l for CAT; COD( Cr) 640 mg/l for POD). In leaves, CAT and POD activities remained enhanced at all concentration and did not show significant difference at COD( Cr) 640 mg/l for CAT and COD(Cr) 40, 640 mg/l for POD. These results suggest that coke plant wastewater can cause oxidative damage in roots and leaves of Vicia faba and root enzymes seemed more sensitive to the wastewater.     

Effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure on antioxidant system activities and proline content in Kandelia candel

The antioxidant system effects of Kandelia candel were investigated under four different levels of PAH stress. The activities of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD), the responses to the change of malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and the accumulation of proline in K. candel were determined. Our results suggested that the activities of SOD, CAT, POD increased significantly in leaves and roots of K. candel (p≤0.05) with the increase of the external PAH concentrations, while in stems, the activities of these antioxidant enzymes were all significantly inhibited (p≤0.01). We also observed an increase of MDA in leaves, stems and roots, and an obvious correlation between MDA content and PAH concentrations in three locations, which showed that the change of MDA content could be used as a biomarker of K. candel under PAH stress. The proline content was found remarkably enhanced in leaves, stems and roots. However, a significant inverse correlation was observed between the proline content and SOD (r=?0.99, p≤0.01), POD (r=?0.95, p≤0.05) activities in stems. This study suggested that the antioxidative system of K. candel has an obvious organ-dependent feature when exposed to PAH contamination as revealed by discriminant analysis (DA).     

The effect of nitrobenzene on antioxidative enzyme activity and DNA damage in tobacco seedling leaf cells

Nitrobenzene, although widely used in industry, is a highly toxic environmental pollutant. To evaluate the toxicity of nitrobenzene to tobacco seedlings, seedlings were exposed to varying concentrations of nitrobenzene (0-100?mg/L) for 24?h. The contents of reactive oxygen species (hydrogen peroxide [H(2) O(2) ] and superoxide anion [O?2-]) and the activities of antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase [SOD], guaiacol peroxidase [POD], and catalase [CAT]) were measured in leaf cells. Damage to DNA was assessed by single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay). Compared with the control, the contents of H(2) O(2) increased significantly with nitrobenzene concentrations ranging from 5 to 100?mg/L. Activity of SOD was induced by 50 to 100?mg/L of nitrobenzene but not by 10 to 25?mg/L. Activity of POD was stimulated by nitrobenzene at 10 to 50?mg/L but inhibited at 100?mg/L. Activity of CAT was increased significantly only by 100?mg/L. Lipid peroxidation increased with 50 to 100?mg/L, which indicated that nitrobenzene induced oxidative stress in tobacco leaf cells. Comet assay of the leaf cells showed a significant enhancement of the head DNA (H-DNA), tail DNA (T-DNA), and olive tail moment (OTM) with increasing doses of nitrobenzene. The values of H-DNA, T-DNA, and OTM exhibited significant differences from the control when stress concentrations were higher than 10?mg/L. The results indicated that nitrobenzene caused oxidative stress, which may be one of the mechanisms through which nitrobenzene induces DNA damage. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 2078-2084. ? 2012 SETAC.     

Arsenate-induced toxicity: effects on antioxidative enzymes and DNA damage in Vicia faba

A glasshouse hydroponic experiment was conducted to investigate the toxicity of arsenate to broad bean (Vicia faba) plants when grown with external arsenate concentrations at 10 micromol/L. The treated plants showed no obvious symptoms of phytotoxicity, but shoot/root growth was inhibited. Lipid peroxidation in leaves and roots increased with the addition of arsenate, indicating oxidative stress. We investigated the responses to arsenate exposure in the activities of several representative antioxidant enzymes, including peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), in plant tissues, and the DNA damage in plant leaves and root tips induced by arsenate in this plant was detected for the first time. Arsenate addition increased POD activity in the leaves significantly but decreased its activity in the roots in the 10 micromol/L treatment. Arsenate addition caused an induction of SOD and CAT activities in both leaves and roots, but not in roots at the arsenate concentration of 10 micromol/L. The DNA damage in V. faba was detected using Comet assay; in both leaves and roots, DNA damage increased with increasing arsenate concentrations, indicating genotoxicity of arsenate. These results indicate that arsenate toxicity causes oxidative stress in V. faba, which might be one of the mechanisms through which arsenic induces DNA damage.     

Salicylic Acid Reduces Napropamide Toxicity by Preventing Its Accumulation in Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)

Napropamide is a widely used herbicide for controlling weeds in crop production. However, extensive use of the herbicide has led to its accumulation in ecosystems, thus causing toxicity to crops and reducing crop production and quality. Salicylic acid (SA) plays multiple roles in regulating plant adaptive responses to biotic and environmental stresses. However, whether SA regulates plant response to herbicides (or pesticides) was unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of SA on herbicide napropamide accumulation and biological processes in rapeseed (Brassica napus). Plants exposed to 8 mg kg⁻¹ napropamide showed growth stunt and oxidative damage. Treatment with 0.1 mM SA improved growth and reduced napropamide levels in plants. Treatment with SA also decreased the abundance of O₂^–. and H₂O₂ as well as activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and increased activities of guaiacol peroxidase (POD) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in napropamide-exposed plants. Analysis of SOD, CAT, and POD activities using nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) confirmed the results. These results may help to understand how SA regulates plant response to organic contaminants and provide a basis to control herbicide/pesticide contamination in crop production.     

Sub-lethal effects of profenofos on tissue-specific antioxidative responses in a Euryhyaline fish, Oreochromis mossambicus

The euryhaline fish, Oreochromis mossambicus was exposed to sub-lethal concentration (30 μg/L) of profenofos (PF) for 28 days and allowed to recover for 7 days. Responses were evaluated through antioxidant enzyme activities in various tissues of fish. Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities showed transient increases in gill, viscera and muscle, but decreased in brain. However, catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR) were inhibited in gill and viscera. Reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were depleted in all the tissues and a significant induction in lipid peroxidation (LPO) was observed. Significant recovery in all the studied parameters was noticed at the end of recuperation period. The enhanced LPO in the present study suggests that reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced oxidative damage could be one of the main toxic effect of PF. The increased LPO and alterations in the antioxidant defense system can be used as biomarkers in the pesticide-contaminated aquatic streams.     

Evaluation of biochemical responses in Palearctic and Lake Baikal endemic amphipod species exposed to CdCl2

This study evaluated small heat shock proteins (sHSP) (related to alpha-crystallin) and antioxidant enzymes (POD, peroxidase and CAT, catalase) as possible biomarkers for use in toxicological studies. Biochemical responses to cadmium chloride in two Lake Baikal endemic amphipods (Eulimnogammarus verrucosus, Eulimnogammarus cyaneus) and Palearctic species (Gammarus lacustris) were compared. Our findings showed that cadmium chloride toxicity directly influenced POD activity and sHSP synthesis in all amphipod species. The Baikalean endemic and the Palearctic amphipod species responded by decreasing activity of POD and they exhibited a dose-dependent activation of sHSP synthesis. All measured parameters differed among species and depended on the species' ability to resist cadmium chloride toxicity. CAT activity in the Palearctic species responded significantly to cadmium chloride exposure; however, responses were negligible for both Baikalean species. We suggest that synthesis of sHSP, together with changes in POD activity, could be used as biomarkers for further studies of amphipod species including endemics from Lake Baikal.