附加限制环的门腔静脉侧侧分流术

附加限制环的限制性门腔静脉侧侧分流术的目的是在降低门静脉压力的同时保持一定的门静脉向肝血流量。作者自１９８８年１２月至１９９４年１２月间，共为１５４例患者进行了该手术。其中：ＣｈｉｌｄＡ级９１例，ＣｈｉｌｄＢ级４１例，ＣｈｉｌｄＣ级１８例。在平均３．２年的随访期间内，住院死亡率为１．３％，总的死亡率为２．６％，再出血率为１．９％，术后肝性脑病、脊髓病发生率为４．１％，术后２、３、４、５、６年生存率分别为９８．３％、９６．６％、９３．７％、８９．２％、８３．３％。该手术方式临床效果满意，特别是术后脑病的发生率明显低于以往报道。其原因可能是由于该手术中放置的限制环，真正起到了持久限制分流的作用。附加限制环的限制性门腔静脉侧侧分流术是我科治疗门静脉高压症的首选手术方式。     

附加限制环的限制性门腔静脉侧侧分流加肝动脉强化灌注术的临床研究

目的 在实验研究证实其有效性的基础上，我们设计实施了附加限制环的限制性门腔侧侧分流加肝动脉强化灌注术的临床研究，以期改善门腔分流术后肝供血。方法 观察病例随机分为两组：附加限制环的限制性门腔侧侧分流加肝动脉强化灌注术组（简称：强化组）和附加限制环的限制性门腔侧侧分流术组（简称：分流组）；采用不同术式分别观察其术后近期效果。结果 强化组较分流组：术后近期，肝功能指标无明显改善；核素动态肝胆显像：通过强化肝动脉血流明显增加，因而对肝功能有一定的保护作用。结论 此术式通过强化肝动脉灌注，相对减少分流术造成的肝血供下降；相对增加肝营养因子的供给，对肝功能有一定维护作用，减轻术后肝纤维化程度；一定程度上克服了门腔分流术或断流术的不足，有望成为治疗门静脉高压症的新的实用术式。     

不断发展和改良的门腔静脉侧侧分流术——努力降低术后脑病的发生率,维持和保护肝脏功能

限制性门腔静脉侧侧分流术是在门腔静脉侧侧分流术的基础上 ,通过对吻合口径的限制 ,在有效地降低门静脉压力的同时 ,保持一定的门静脉向肝血流量 ,维持一定的肠系膜静脉压力 ,以便在达到迅速、有效、持久地控制出血目的的同时 ,尽可能减轻对肝细胞功能的损害 ,减少术后肝性脑病的发生〔1,2〕。临床实践表明 ,限制性门腔静脉侧侧分流术与以往不加限制的门体分流手术相比术后肝性脑病的发生率明显降低 ,特别是近年来通过对该手术后肝性脑病发生机制的研究 ,认识到其发生部分与术后门、腔静脉吻合口的扩大有关 ,并在此基础上对该术式进行了改…     

改良的限制性门腔静脉侧侧分流术

目的: 探讨防止限制性门腔静脉侧侧分流术后吻合口扩大的方法. 方法: 对16例肝硬化门脉高压症病人行限制性门腔静脉分流术时,采用不吸收线连续缝合吻合口形成自然的限制环. 结果: 所有病例随访6~39个月,随访率达100%.术后未有再出血和肝性脑病的发生,经彩超检查发现术后吻合口无扩大,术后肝功能均有不同程度的改善(P<0.001). 结论: 改良的限制性门腔静脉侧侧分流术是治疗肝硬化门脉高压症的有效方法.     

改良的限制性门腔静脉侧侧分流术

目的　探讨防止限制性门腔静脉侧侧分流术后吻合口扩大的方法。方法　对 3 2例肝硬变门脉高压症患者行限制性门腔静脉分流术 ,术中采用不吸收缝线连续缝合门腔静脉吻合口前后壁形成自然的限制环 ,以防止术后吻合口的扩大。结果　 3 2例患者于术后 3～ 3 6个月行彩超或螺旋CT检查 ,显示门腔静脉吻合口均无扩大 ;术后再出血率为 3 .1% (1/3 2 ) ,肝性脑病发生率为 6.3 % (2 /3 2 ) ;术后 ≤6个月时肝功能均有不同程度改善 ,与术前比较其差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 0 1) ;全部病例随访 6～ 49个月 ,随访率为 10 0 %。结论　改良的限制性门腔静脉侧侧分流术是治疗肝硬变门脉高压症的有效方法。     

门腔静脉架桥分流术与侧侧分流术疗效比较

门腔静脉侧侧分流术治疗门静脉高压症胃底食道曲张静脉破裂出血，虽能有效降低门静脉压力，再出血率低，但因分流量大，术后脑病和肝功能衰竭的发病率高。限制性门腔分流术后大多数吻合口仍然会随着时间的推移而扩大，部分还可能因吻合口张力较大而最终发生狭窄或形成血栓。本文报告使用带外支撑环的８ｍｍ口径Ｇｏｒｅ－Ｔｅｘ人工血管行门腔静脉架桥分流术治疗门静脉高压症病人２５例，并与同期门静脉侧侧分流组１４例比较。结果显示门腔侧侧分流组门静脉压力下降数值稍大于架桥分流组，但两组比较没有统计学意义（１．０４±０．４４ｋＰａ和０．８７±０．２６ｋＰａ，Ｐ＞０．０５）。两组术后再出血率及手术死亡率差异无显著性意义，但门腔静脉人工血管架桥分流术后脑病发生率显著低于门腔侧侧分流术组（８．０％和３５．７％，Ｐ＜０．０５），术后经下腔静脉行门静脉造影证明人工血管通畅率为９６％。初步结果表明门腔静脉人工血管架桥分流术对病人创伤较小，操作简便，术后脑病发生率低，是一种值得推荐的治疗门静脉高压症的手术方法。     

门腔静脉架桥分充术与侧侧分流术疗效比较

门腔静脉侧侧分流术治疗门静脉高压闰胃底食道曲张静脉破裂出血，虽能有效降低门静脉压力，再出血率低，但因分流量大，术后脑病和肝功能衰竭的发病率高。限制性门腔分流术后大多数吻合口仍然会随着时间的推移而扩大，部分还可能因吻全口张力较大而最终发生狭窄或形成血栓。本文报告使用带外支撑环的８ｍｍ口径Ｇｏｒｅ－Ｔｅｘ人工血管行门腔静脉架桥分流术治疗门静脉高压症病人２５例，并与同期门静脉侧侧分流组１４例比较。结果显     

限制性门腔静脉侧侧分流术

限制性门胶静脉侧侧分流术是指根据术中测得的门静脉压力决定吻合口径大小,将其严格控制在12mm以下”。我科应用限制性门腔静脉侧侧分流术同时加脾切除术治疗门脉高压症已近30年,通过不断地摸索和探讨,感到此术式不失为口前治疗门脉高压的一种较好方法。我科始终将其作为首选术式治疗门脉高压症,由1960年至今已近600余例。本文将就手术操作要点加以介绍并对手术适应证等有关问题作简单说明。一、手术步骤及操作要点     

限制性门腔静脉侧侧分流术治疗肝内型门静脉高压症

限制性(亦可称为小口径)门腔静脉侧侧分流术加脾切除术是我科治疗肝内型门静脉高压症的首选术式。所谓小口径是指将门腔静脉吻合口的直径限制在12mm以内。近年我们一般做成9mm并用一直径10mm的周环置于吻合处以防止术后吻合口扩大。动物实验及多年临床资料证实此术式的主要优点在于:由于限制了吻合口的分流量,既可有效地降低门脉压力,使食管胃底静脉曲     

门静脉高压症分流术后的中西医结合治疗

1991年 1月～ 1999年 12月 ,我们对 98例门静脉高压症患者择期施行了脾切除加限制性门腔静脉侧侧分流术及单纯限制性门腔静脉侧侧分流术 ,术后行中西医结合治疗 ,疗效满意。现总结如下。1　临床资料本组共 98例 ,其中男 78例 ,女 2 0例 ,男女之比3 9∶1;平均年龄 38 4岁 (16～ 71岁 )。伴食道静脉曲张 ,无出血史 34例 ;伴食道静脉曲张 ,有出血史 6 4例。术前肝功能Ｃｈｉｌｄ分级 :Ａ级 56例 ,Ｂ级 38例 ,Ｃ级 4例。病因 :肝炎后肝硬化 92例 ,胆管狭窄、胆汁性肝硬化 4例 ,酒精性肝硬化 2例。手术方式 :脾切除加限制性门腔静脉侧侧分流术 90…     

Reevaluation of limited side-to-side portacaval shunt

Results of limited side-to-side portacaval shunt is better than other shunts, but, post-operative encephalopathy was still observed in 10.2% of the patients. Therefore, animal experiments and clinical observations were carried out to determine the relationship between the changes in size of anastomotic stomas and the development of post-operative encephalopathy. It was shown that significant augmentation of the size of anastomotic stomas developed in 50% of experimental animals in a period of three months after limited side-to-side portacaval shunt and in all post-operative patients with post-operative encephalopathy. In an effort to prevent the enlargement of the anastomotic stoma caused by blood flow under high pressure, a limiting ring of 10 mm in internal diameter was put around the anastomotic site during operation in 9 patients with portal hypertension. These patients now have been followed up to 5-11 months without evidence of post-operative encephalopathy and rebleeding. A ring of the same kind was put around the enlarged anastomotic stoma during exploration in 6 patients with post-operative encephalopathy, and all the cerebral symptoms and signs disappeared completely soon after the procedure.     

门腔静脉人工血管搭桥分流术治疗门静脉高压症

目的观察用门腔静脉间人工血管搭桥分流术治疗门静脉高压症患者的临床疗效,并与传统的门体分流术比较。方法采用带外支撑环的８ｍｍ口径聚四氟乙烯（ＧｏｒｅＴｅｘ）薄壁人工血管行门腔静脉间搭桥分流术,所用人工血管长度为２～３ｃｍ,共治疗２０例患者。结果搭桥分流术后门静脉压力下降幅度与同期１７例脾肾静脉分流术及１１例门腔静脉侧侧分流术相比差异无显著意义（０８３±０３１ｋＰａ,０８１±０５０ｋＰａ及１０２±０４５ｋＰａ,Ｐ＞００５）。三组患者全部获得随访,平均随访时间为１５～２８个月,手术死亡率及再出血率没有差别,但搭桥分流组术后脑病发生率显著低于门腔侧侧分流组（５０％及３６４％,Ｐ＜００５）。２０例患者术后近期均经下腔静脉行门静脉造影,人工血管通畅率为９５％,出院后１９例患者均经一次以上Ｂ超检查,随访已超过１５个月,人工血管均通畅。结论门腔静脉间小口径人工血管搭桥分流术对患者创伤小,操作简便,术后脑病发生率低,疗效比较确切     

Liver function and encephalopathy after partial vs direct side-to-side portacaval shunt: a prospective randomized clinical trial

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine, in a prospective randomized clinical trial, whether the partial portacaval shunt offers any advantage in terms of liver function and encephalopathy rate when compared with direct side-to-side direct portacaval shunt. METHODS: Forty-six "good risk" patients with cirrhosis and with documented variceal hemorrhage were randomly assigned to either a partial shunt procedure (achieved by 10-mm diameter interposition portacaval H-graft) or direct small-diameter side-to-side portacaval anastomosis. RESULTS: Operative mortality was zero in both groups. During the follow-up period, encephalopathy developed in 3 patients in the partial shunt group and 9 in the direct shunt group (P =.04). Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that encephalopathy-free survival was significantly longer in the partial shunt group (P =.025). Direct shunt patients had significant hepatic functional deterioration postoperatively compared with the partial shunt group. CONCLUSIONS: The partial portacaval shunt effectively controls variceal hemorrhage. Compared with direct side-to-side portacaval shunt, partial shunt preserves long-term hepatic function and minimizes postoperative encephalopathy. We conclude that the partial portacaval shunt is the preferred approach over direct shunts for patients with cirrhosis and with variceal bleeding.     

Selective distal splenorenal shunt versus side-to-side portacaval shunt. Clinical results of a prospective, controlled study

A prospective, controlled study comparing the clinical results of the selective distal splenorenal shunt procedure and the side-to-side portacaval shunt procedure was undertaken in 1980. Ninety-three cirrhotic patients with previous episodes of bleeding from esophageal varices underwent a distal splenorenal shunt procedure (47 patients). The operative mortality rate was 2 percent in both groups. The intraoperative decrease of portal hypertension after the portacaval shunt procedure was higher than after the distal splenorenal shunt procedure (p less than 0.05), and in those with patent shunts, there was a 0 percent incidence of early variceal rebleeding after the portacaval shunt procedure compared with a 9 percent incidence after the distal splenorenal shunt procedure (p less than 0.05). Both shunts, however, had similarly satisfactory results in preventing long-term variceal rebleeding (portacaval shunt 2 percent and distal splenorenal shunt 0 percent). Postoperative ascites was more common after the distal splenorenal shunt procedure (58 percent versus 24 percent; p less than 0.01). Analysis of actuarial survival curves showed no difference between the two procedures. The incidences of long-term episodes of chronic encephalopathy were not statistically different after both procedures. The only three instances of severe encephalopathy occurred in patients with the portacaval shunt (p less than 0.05). The distal splenorenal shunt also seemed to have a less negative effect on postoperative liver function than the portacaval shunt. These data suggest that the selective shunt should be viewed as a first choice strategy in the treatment of portal hypertension.     

Improved quality of life after distal splenorenal shunt. A prospective comparison with side-to-side portacaval shunt.

The distal splenorenal shunt (DSRS) was compared with the side-to-side portacaval shunt (PCS) in 93 prospectively matched patients with portal hypertension. After 38 months mean follow-up the two shunts had a different incidence of acute encephalopathy (22% in PCS group and 33% in DSRS group) and chronic encephalopathy (35% in PCS group and 17% in DSRS group), but the difference was not statistically significant. However, the only cases of severe and disabling chronic encephalopathy arose after PCS (p = 0.049). Actuarial curves of chronic encephalopathy showed that the maximum rate of encephalopathy (18%) in the DSRS group was reached 27 months after shunt surgery, whereas this value was reached and passed in PCS group only 4 months after shunt. Chronic encephalopathy occurred for a total duration of 20.1 months after PCS and only 11.1 months afer DSRS (p = 0.003) and occupied 46.3% of the follow-p of PCS patients, as contrasted to 18.7% of the follow-up of DSRS patients (p = 0.0001). DSRS is associated with a lower global incidence of chronic HE without severe forms and provides a better quality of life than does a nonselective shunt.     

A surgical model of fulminant hepatic failure in the rabbit: different effects of end-to-side versus small-diameter side-to-side portacaval shunt

We developed a rabbit model of fulminant hepatic failure by way of a two-staged total liver devascularisation procedure. For the first-stage procedure (portosystemic shunting), the clinical, biochemical and electro-encephalographic courses in 6 rabbits (group I) with an end-to-side portacaval shunt (ETS-PCS), 6 rabbits (group II) with a small-diameter side-to-side portacaval shunt (STS-PCS) and 6 rabbits (group III) with the same STS-PCS and 48 h of pretreatment with oxytetracycline were investigated and compared to 6 sham rabbits (group IV). The limited survival, the fall in clotting factors and the rapid development of hyperammonaemia with encephalopathy within 48 h in group I point to ETS-PCS-associated ischaemic liver necrosis. Group II showed improved survival, but was associated with portosystemic encephalopathy. Rabbits in group III survived portosystemic surgery without development of marked encephalopathy. In all animals of group III, the second-stage procedure (tightening of the loose ligature around the afferent hepatic vessels) could be performed, and a suitable model of fulminant hepatic failure was obtained.     

Selective or total shunts for variceal bleeding

Shunt surgery remains an important therapeutic option in the management of variceal bleeding, and both total and selective shunts have a role to play. The distal shunt is associated with a lower long-term encephalopathy rate and may yield better survival in the nonalcoholic patient; it is, therefore, the preferred shunt in the elective situation. The total shunt is technically easier to perform and more widely available; it is, therefore, preferred in the emergency situation. Ordinarily, the side-to-side and end-to-side shunts have similar outcomes; however, in patients with hepatic venous outflow obstruction and patients with intractable ascites, the side-to-side shunt should be used.     

Distal splenorenal shunt for management of variceal bleeding in patients with schistosomal hepatic fibrosis.

The distal splenorenal shunt was performed in 60 patients with schistosomal hepatic fibrosis in whom no evidence of cirrhosis was documented by preoperative needle and operative wedge biopsy. No patients have been lost to follow-up with a median of 37 months (range: 17-86). The results showed low operative mortality (1.7%), high patency rate (92.5%), and low recurrent variceal hemorrhage (6.7%). Thrombosed shunts were treated either by refashioning the shunt (1 patient) or splenectomy and gastric devascularization (2 patients). Initial hyperbilirubinemia and reduction in serum albumin were found in the early postoperative period, with persistent hyperbilirubinemia in 32% of the patients. The 5-year survival was 88%, with liver disease related mortality in only three patients. Clinical encephalopathy was detected in three patients (5.1%); only one of them was incapacitated. These data showed that: selective shunt (distal splenorenal shunt, DSRS) is an effective surgical procedure in the treatment of schistosomal variceal bleeding, shunt thrombosis is rare and can possible be corrected if detected early, schistosomal patients have a better survival and a lower incidence of encephalopathy after DSRS than that reported in cirrhotics, and liver biopsy should be performed for proper assessment of the schistosomal population especially in the geographic areas where the schistosoma parasite and viral hepatitis are endemic.     

改良脾腔分流联合断流术在门静脉高压症治疗中的作用

目的 探讨改良脾腔分流联合断流术治疗门静脉高压症的安全性及疗效. 方法 回顾性分析135例接受脾切除、贲门周围血管离断联合脾腔静脉分流术的肝硬化门静脉高压症患者的临床资料. 结果 135患者手术全部成功,围术期死亡率2.2％( 3/135).110例获得随访,时间9月～12年,再出血率5.5％ (6/110),肝性脑病发生率6.4％(7/110),自由门静脉压力由术前的(36.9±3.2)cmH2O,下降至(32.0±1.5) cmH2O,差异显著(P＜0.01). 结论 脾腔分流联合断流术安全有效,是外科治疗门静脉高压症的优先选择之一.     

Suppression of the shunt and esophageal transection. A new technique for the treatment of disabling postshunt encephalopathy

A new surgical procedure was developed for the treatment of disabling postshunt encephalopathy. This procedure consists of an esophageal transection with esophagogastric devascularization, followed by suppression of the shunt. Suppression of the shunt is performed postoperatively using external maneuvers. In the four patients treated, suppression of the shunt led to disappearance of the clinical manifestations of encephalopathy in three and to a significant improvement in one. Providing that the shunt is side-to-side, this new treatment would allow a dramatic improvement in the small number of patients in whom severe encephalopathy develops after portosystemic shunting.