万拉法新对强迫游泳大鼠下丘脑c—fos和c—jun蛋白表达的影响

目的：探索急慢性给予新一代抗抑郁药万拉法新对大鼠下丘脑ｃ－ｆｏｓ和ｃ－ｊｕｎ蛋白表达的影响。方法 采用特性抗体的原位免疫细胞化学方法，在强迫游泳大鼠抑郁模型上，观察万拉法新急慢性给药对大鼠游泳不动时间和在脑核团ｃ－ｆｏｓ和ｃ－ｊｕｎ表达的影响；用图像分析技术对大鼠下丘脑室旁核和视上核内的ｆｏｓ和ｊｕｎ阳性细胞的相对切面面积比和平均目标灰度进行分析。     

脑缺血再灌流大鼠脑胶质源性神经营养因子基因表达的变化

探讨脑缺血再灌流不同时程及不同程度缺血对海马及皮层胶质源性神经营养因子（ｇｌｉａｌｃｅｌｌｌｉｎｅ ｄｅｒｉｖｅｄ ｎｅｕｒｏｔｒｏｐｈｉｃ ｆａｃｔｏｒ, ＧＤＮＦ）基因表达的影响,以及Ｎ甲基Ｄ天冬氨酸（Ｎｍ ｅｔｈｙｌＤｓａｐａｒｔａｔｅ, ＮＭＤＡ）受体拮抗剂,钙离子通道阻断剂是否能调节缺血病态下ＧＤＮＦｍ ＲＮＡ的表达。参照Ｓｍ ｉｔｈ 等方法建立大鼠前脑缺血再灌流动物模型。用ＤＩＧＯｌｉｇｏｎｕｃｌｅｏｔｉｄｅ ３′ｅｎｄ ｌａｂｅｌｉｎｇ Ｋｉｔ,标记５１ ｍ ｅｒ的ＧＤＮＦ寡核苷酸探针在含有海马结构的冰冻组织切片上进行原位杂交检测ＧＤＮＦｍ ＲＮＡ的表达。１０ ｍ ｉｎ 缺血再灌流２ ｈ,齿状回ＧＤＮＦｍ ＲＮＡ表达上调。再灌流６ ｈ,ＣＡ１,ＣＡ３ 和皮层ＰＡＲ区ＧＤＮＦｍ ＲＮＡ表达亦见增多,２４ ｈ 达高峰。Ｋｅｔａｍ ｉｎｅ 可使ＧＤＮＦ的基因表达在海马结构及皮层ＰＡＲ区明显低于相应的缺血再灌流组,统计学差异显著（Ｐ＜ ００５）。脑缺血再灌流时ＧＤＮＦ基因表达增加,对缺血神经元可能起保护作用。Ｋｅｔａｍ ｉｎｅ可阻断缺血后ＧＤＮＦｍ ＲＮＡ 的表达增加,提示ＮＭＤＡ谷氨酸受体很可能参与介导了缺     

噪音刺激下c—fos癌基因表达及钙拮抗剂防护作用的研究

应用机能定位的形态学方法——ｃ－ｆｏｓ癌基因表达法，对心理应激进行探讨。方法用８６ｄＢ噪音持续刺激ＳＤ大鼠１～２小时，并与受到４０ｄＢ强度生理性声音刺激和不给声音刺激的大鼠进行对比。结果接受噪音刺激的动物的脑干听觉通路各级神经元以及与情绪有关的边缘系统皮质下部位的杏仁核和下丘脑室旁核（ＰＶＮ）、视上核等处出现了明显的ｃ－ｆｏｓ癌基因表达产物Ｆｏｓ蛋白的聚集。用药与不用药组差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论提示了心理应激的解剖基础和发病机制。     

胰岛素对局灶脑缺血c-jun基因表达的影响

目的观察不同剂量胰岛素对高血压大鼠局灶缺血脑组织ｃｊｕｎ基因表达的影响。方法以肾血管性高血压大鼠（ＲＨＲ）复制大脑中动脉闭塞（ＭＣＡＯ）模型，采用原位杂交技术检测不同剂量胰岛素组和对照组ＭＣＡＯ后３ｈ脑组织ｃｊｕｎ基因的表达。结果与对照组相比，在缺血侧广泛的大脑皮层，低剂量胰岛素组ｃｊｕｎｍＲＡＮ有统计学意义的增加（Ｐ＜００５），而较高剂量胰岛素组ｃｊｕｎｍＲＮＡ增加更为显著（Ｐ＜００１）。结论胰岛素促进缺血脑组织ｃｊｕｎ基因表达可能是其神经保护作用机制之一，而且这种作用呈剂量依赖性。     

LTP可影响NO激发的内源性ADP核糖苷化

ＬＴＰ可影响ＮＯ激发的内源性ＡＤＰ核糖苷化ＮＯ作为海马长时程增强效应（ＬＴＰ）的可能逆行信使，既可影响胞内ｃＧＭＰ水平，又可对蛋白的ＡＤＢ核糖苷化信使系统进行调节。最近Ｄｕｍａｎ等在大鼠海马脑片ＣＡ１区研究了ＬＴＰ与ＮＯ激发的内源性ＡＤＰ核糖苷化反应...     

AVP_(4-8)增加海马组织内NGF mRNA和蛋白含量

本文采用了Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ杂交和ＥＬＩＳＡ法，观察了神经肽ＡＶＰ４－８对大鼠海马组织中神经生长因子（ＮＧＦ）ｍＲＮＡ和蛋白水平的影响，结果显示：给大鼠皮下注射ＡＶＰ４－８１２ｈ后，海马组织中ＮＧＦｍＲＮＡ的水平明显高于生理盐水对照组。而给大鼠皮下注射精氨酸加压素（ＡＶＰ）和催产素（ＯＴ）对ＮＧＦｍＲＮＡ的水平均无显著影响。另外，用ＡＶＰ４－８孵育离体大鼠海马组织切片，能使ＮＧＦ蛋白表达量升高，且在４．５ｈ左右达到高峰。     

蓝斑参与刺激下丘脑视上核引起的加强电针镇痛

本工作应用核团灌流液的放射免疫测定（ＲＩＡ），高压液相（ＨＰＬＣ）以及核团内注射拮抗剂，观察了蓝斑（ＬＣ）在刺激下丘脑视上核（ＳＯＮ０引起的加强电针（ＥＡ）镇痛效应中的作用，结果表明，化学检测ＳＯＮ后电针期间和停针后３０，６０ｍｉｎ蓝斑灌流液内ＯＴ的含量明显升高，刺激ＳＯＮ后电针期间灌流液内精氨酸加压素（ＡＶＰ）含量明显升高，停针后ＡＶＰ的含量虽高于对照组及注射前的水平，但无统计学意义，ＬＣ灌流夜     

侧脑室注射IL-1ra后脑缺血大鼠下丘脑室旁核CRH的表达

目的探讨白介素－１（ＩＬ－１）是否参与脑缺血大鼠下丘脑－垂体－肾上腺轴（ＨＰＡ）的激活。方法选用成年ＳＤ大鼠，分为１７组（Ａ～Ｑ组），Ａ组为正常对照组，Ｂ～Ｏ组大鼠脑缺血时间分别为１、３、６、２４、４８、７２ｈ及１、２、３、４、５、６、７、８周；Ｐ组的处理为：用微量注射泵将ＩＬ－１受体拮抗剂（ＩＬ－１ｒａ）注入大鼠侧脑室，之后建立脑缺血模型；Ｑ组为Ｐ组的对照组，用微量注射泵将生理盐水注入大鼠侧脑室，之后建立脑缺血模型。用免疫组化法显示各组大鼠下丘脑室旁核（ＰＶＮ）促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素（ＣＲＨ）的表达。结果正常大鼠ＰＶＮ有少量ＣＲＨ表达，脑缺血４８ｈ内ＰＶＮ无ＣＲＨ表达。从脑缺血７２ｈ起，ＰＶＮ之ＣＲＨ的表达开始增多，并且持续至脑缺血第８周。Ｐ组大鼠ＰＶＮ有较多ＣＲＨ表达，而Ｑ组大鼠ＰＶＮ无ＣＲＨ表达。结论ＩＬ－１可能通过促进下丘脑ＰＶＮ释放ＣＲＨ而参与脑缺血时下丘脑－垂体－肾上腺轴的激活。     

NO—cGMP—Glu—[Ca^2＋]i途径在隔—海马通路损伤的…

为探讨海马中一氧化氮影响大鼠学习能力的机制，观察海马中一氧化氨（ＮＯ）降低后海马ｃＧＭＰ、谷氨酸（Ｇｌｕ）、胞内游离钙离子（［Ｃａ＾２＋］ｉ含量的变化。结果表明海马中ＮＯ降低的同时ｃＧＭＰ、Ｇｌｕ和［Ｃａ＾２＋］ｉ也降低。提示海马中ＮＯ可能是通过ＮＯ－ｃＧＭＰ－Ｇｌｕ－［Ｃａ＾２＋］ｉ途径影响大鼠的学习能力。     

单胺类递质在迷走神经刺激抗癫痫中的作用研究

目的探讨迷走神经刺激（ｖａｇｕｓｎｅｒｖｅｓｔｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎ,ＶＮＳ）抗癫痫的作用机制。方法成年健康Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠３０只,随机分为正常对照组（ＮＣ组）、戊四氮（ｐｅｎｔｙｌｅｎｅｔｅｔｒａｚｏｌ,ＰＴＺ）致癫痫组（ＰＴＺ组）及ＶＮＳ后ＰＴＺ致癫痫组（ＶＮＳ组）。ＰＴＺ腹腔注射致癫痫后（６０ｍｇ／ｋｇ体重）,行左侧颈部迷走神经刺激。采用荧光光度法测定各组动物大脑顶叶皮层及海马的去甲肾上腺素（ＮＡ）、肾上腺素（Ａ）及五羟色胺（５ＨＴ）的含量。结果顶叶皮层Ａ及５ＨＴ的含量ＰＴＺ组明显高于ＮＣ组,而ＶＮＳ组则明显低于ＰＴＺ组;海马内ＮＡ、Ａ及５ＨＴ的含量ＰＴＺ组明显低于ＮＣ组,而ＶＮＳ组ＮＡ及５ＨＴ含量明显高于ＰＴＺ组。行为和ＥＥＧ结果显示,ＶＮＳ有明显的抗癫痫作用。结论单胺类递质ＮＡ、Ａ及５ＨＴ在ＶＮＳ抗癫痫中起重要作用。     

Neuronal expression of Fos protein in the hypothalamus of rats with heart failure

We sought to identify the areas that have altered neuronal activity within the hypothalamus of rats with heart failure (HF) by mapping neuronal staining of c-Fos protein (Fos) 6-8 weeks following coronary artery ligation (HF group; n=17) or sham surgery (sham-operated control group, n=15). Fos-like immunoreactivity was observed in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), supraoptic nucleus (SON), median preoptic nucleus (MnPO), anterior hypothalamus (AH) and posterior hypothalamus (PH) using a standard ABC immunocytochemical protocol. The rats in the HF group displayed infarcts averaging 34+/-2% of the outer circumference and 41+/-1% of the inner circumference of the left ventricular wall. Sham-operated control rats had no observable damage to the myocardium. Rats with chronic heart failure (n=5) but no manipulation (no surgery) had a similar number of Fos-staining cells in PVN SON, MnPO, AH and PH compared to sham-operated rats. Acute surgery for isolation of vagus nerves and anesthesia for 90 min increased the number of Fos positive cells in PVN, SON and MnPO of both sham-operated rats and rats with HF. Furthermore, rats with heart failure (n=5) had significantly higher number of Fos-staining cells in PVN (four times), SON (4.5 times) and MnPO (1.5 times) compared to sham-operated rats after acute surgery for isolation of the vagus. The number of Fos-staining cells remained unaltered in AH and PH in both groups of rats. However, in a third series of experiments vagotomy reduced the number of Fos-staining cells in the PVN, SON or MnPO of rats with HF (n=5) to those observed in sham-operated vagotomized rats. This study shows that: (1) there is augmented neuronal activity as indicated by increased number of Fos staining neurons in the PVN, SON and MnPO due to acute surgical stress in rats with HF, and (2) vagal afferents are responsible for the increased neuronal activity in PVN, SON and MnPO of rats with HF during acute surgical stress. These data support the conclusion that vasopressin producing neurons and autonomic areas within the hypothalamus influenced by vagal afferents are activated during HF and are sensitive to 'acute surgical stress' and may contribute to the elevated levels of vasopressin and sympatho-excitation commonly observed in heart failure.     

Fos蛋白和Jun蛋白在犬颅脑枪弹伤局部脑组织的表达

目的　研究犬颅脑枪弹伤后脑神经元早期快反应基因c fos和c jun表达产物Fos蛋白和Jun蛋白的变化规律。方法　 2 0只杂种犬 ,随机分为正常对照组、损伤组。以德国小口径步枪子弹致犬颅脑贯通伤 (PCI)模型为对象 ,采用免疫组化法检测脑组织伤后 30min、2h、6h弹道挫伤区、震荡区及脑干神经元中Fos和Jun蛋白的表达。结果　对照组脑皮质神经元中Fos和Jun蛋白弱表达 ,弹道挫伤区、震荡区及脑干神经元中Fos和Jun蛋白表达于伤后 30min开始增加 ,2h达到高峰 ,6h逐渐下降。且Fos和Jun蛋白表达在弹道震荡区较挫伤区更为明显 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　Fos蛋白和Jun蛋白在弹道挫伤区、震荡区及脑干神经元均有表达 ,c jun在脑组织内表达的分布范围及变化趋势与c fos基本一致 ,其表达是对损伤刺激的早期反应 ,可能是由Leao播散性抑制引起 ,并与细胞内外信号转导和细胞凋亡有关。     

Effects of Cholecystokinin in the Supraoptic Nucleus and Paraventricular Nucleus are Negatively Modulated by Leptin in 24‐h Fasted Lean Male Rats

Cholecystokinin (CCK) and leptin are two important satiety factors that are considered to act in synergy to reduce meal size. Peripheral injection of CCK activates neurones in several hypothalamic nuclei, including the supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei and neurones in the brainstem of fed rats. We investigated whether peripheral leptin would modulate the effects of CCK on neuronal activity in the hypothalamus and brainstem of fasted rats by investigating Fos expression in the PVN, SON, arcuate nucleus, ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH), area postrema (AP) and the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS). Male rats, fasted for 24 h, received either one i.p. injection of vehicle, leptin or CCK‐8 alone, or received one injection of vehicle or leptin before an i.p. injection of CCK‐8. We found that CCK increased Fos expression in the PVN and SON as well as in the NTS and AP, but had no effect on Fos expression in the arcuate nucleus, VMH or DMH compared to vehicle. Leptin injected alone significantly increased Fos expression in the arcuate nucleus but had no effect on Fos expression in the VMH, DMH, SON, PVN, AP or NTS compared to vehicle. Fos expression was significantly increased in the AP in rats injected with both leptin and CCK compared to rats injected with vehicle and CCK. Unexpectedly, there was significantly less Fos expression in the PVN and SON of fasted rats injected with leptin and CCK than in rats injected with vehicle and CCK, suggesting that leptin attenuated CCK‐induced Fos expression in the SON and PVN. However, Fos expression in the NTS was similar in fasted rats injected with vehicle and CCK or with leptin and CCK. Taken together, these results suggest that leptin dampens the effects of CCK on Fos expression in the SON and PVN, independently from NTS pathways, and this may reflect a direct action on magnocellular neurones.     

Importance of endogenous nitric oxide synthase in the rat hypothalamus and amygdala in mediating the response to capsaicin

Although capsaicin has been shown to activate certain neuronal groups in the hypothalamus and amygdala, the neurotransmitters involved and the exact mechanism of action are not clearly understood at present. The aim of this study was to examine the hypothesis that the effect of capsaicin in the rat hypothalamus and amygdala primarily involves direct activation of the endogenous nitric oxide synthase (NOS) neurons responsible for the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO). Subcutaneous capsaicin injection in male rats, compared with vehicle, caused a significant increase in Fos expression in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), supraoptic nucleus (SON), and medial and cortical amygdala. The expression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase, a histochemical marker for NOS, was also increased in these brain areas in addition to the periventricular and lateral hypothalamic area and central amygdaloid nucleus. Also, capsaicin significantly increased the expression of neuronal NOS messenger RNA and protein in the PVN, SON, and medial amygdala as demonstrated by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, respectively. A higher proportion of the NOS neurons in the PVN, periventricular region, SON and amygdala showed Fos expression in response to capsaicin than vehicle injection. There was little, if any, Fos activation in the NOS-positive neurons in the lateral hypothalamic area. The capsaicin-induced activation of the hypothalamic PVN and SON neurons and the medial amygdaloid nucleus was attenuated in the NOS inhibitor N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) -pretreated animals in comparison with the inactive enantiomer D-NAME. These observations indicate that activation of the endogenous NOS system and production of NO constitute a major pathway through which capsaicin exerts its effect within the hypothalamus and amygdala.     

Neuronal expression of fos protein in the forebrain of diabetic rats

We sought to identify the areas that have altered neuronal activity within the hypothalamus of diabetic rats by mapping neuronal expression of c-fos protein (Fos) and Fos-related antigens. After a standard PAP immunocytochemical protocol, Fos-like immunoreactivity was observed in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), supraoptic nucleus (SON), median preoptic area (MnPO), anterior hypothalamus (AH) and posterior hypothalamus (PH) of control (vehicle; n=6) and diabetic rats (Sprague-Dawley rats injected with STZ 65 mg/kg/ip 4 weeks prior to the experiment; n=6). Blood glucose levels were significantly elevated in the diabetic group (370+/-8 mg/dl) compared to control group (104+/-3 mg/dl). Diabetic rats had a significantly higher number of Fos-positive cells in PVN (2.5x), SON (7x) and MnPO (2x) compared to the control rats. However, diabetic rats had significantly fewer Fos-positive cells in the AH (0.3x) and no difference was observed in the PH between the diabetic and control rats. Despite the elevated number of Fos-positive cells in the diabetic rats, dehydration (water withdrawal for 24 h) or hypertonic challenge (1.5 ml of 0.1 M NaCl i.p. injection) produced a further increase in the number of Fos-positive cells in the PVN, SON and MnPO. Dehydration did not alter the number of Fos-positive cells in the AH or PH, but hypertonic challenge produced a significant increase in the Fos-positive cells in both the AH and PH of diabetic rats. This study demonstrates that: (1) there is increased basal neuronal activity in the PVN, SON and MnPO, a decrease in neuronal activity in the AH and no change in neuronal activity in the PH as indicated by Fos staining in diabetic rats; and (2) dehydration or hypertonic challenge produces a further increase in the number of Fos-positive cells in the PVN, SON, and MnPO which is comparable to control rats. These data support the conclusion that vasopressin producing neurons in the PVN and SON and autonomic areas within the lamina terminalis and hypothalamus are activated during diabetes and may contribute to the elevated levels of vasopressin and autonomic dysfunction during diabetes.     

Forced swimming stimulates the expression of vasopressin and oxytocin in magnocellular neurons of the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus.

Previous studies have shown that a 10-min forced swimming session triggers the release of both vasopressin and oxytocin into the extracellular fluid of the hypothalamic paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic nuclei (SON) in rats. At the same time oxytocin, but not vasopressin, was released from the axon terminals into the blood. Here we combined forced swimming with in situ hybridization to investigate whether (i) the stressor-induced release of vasopressin and oxytocin within the PVN originates from parvo- or magnocellular neurons of the nucleus, and (ii) central release with or without concomitant peripheral secretion is followed by changes in the synthesis of vasopressin and/or oxytocin. Adult male Wistar rats were killed 2, 4 or 8 h after a 10-min forced swimming session and their brains processed for in situ hybridization using 35S-labelled oligonucleotide probes. As measured on photo-emulsion-coated slides, cellular vasopressin mRNA concentration increased in magnocellular PVN neurons 2 and 4 h after swimming (P < 0.05). Similarly, oxytocin mRNA concentration was significantly increased in magnocellular neurons of the PVN at 2 and 8 h (P < 0.05). We failed to observe significant effects on vasopressin and oxytocin mRNA levels in the parvocellular PVN and in the SON. Taken together with results from previous studies, our data suggest that magnocellular neurons are the predominant source of vasopressin and oxytocin released within PVN in response to forced swimming. Furthermore, in the case of vasopressin, central release in the absence of peripheral secretion is followed by increased mRNA levels, implying a refill of depleted somato-dendritic vasopressin stores. Within the SON, however, mRNA levels are poor indicators of the secretory activity of magnocellular neurons during stress.     

大鼠延髓内脏带与下丘脑室旁核、视上核往返投射通路参与高渗调节反应的研究

目的探讨延髓内脏带(MVZ)与下丘脑室旁核(PVN)和视上核(SON)之间是否存在往返渗透压投射通路。方法通过给予大鼠饮用3%氯化钠的方法制作高渗刺激模型,并用WGA-HRP逆行追踪、抗Fos、抗酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)或加压素(VP)及胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)免疫组织化学相结合的四重标记方法,观察MVZ、PVN和SON中WGA-HRP、Fos、TH、VP和GFAP阳性分布及表达状况。结果高渗刺激后MVZ、PVN和SON内Fos阳性细胞明显增多;GFAP阳性结构也明显增多,其分布与Fos阳性细胞分布基本一致,表现为胞体肥大、突起粗长。星形胶质细胞(AST)紧密包绕在神经元周围形成神经元-AST复合体(N-ASC)。结论神经元和AST以N-ASC的形式共同参与渗透压调节反应,体内存在MVZ和SON或PVN之间往返的渗透压调节通路。     

野生型p53基因导入诱导神经细胞凋亡

目的　观察野生型 p5 3基因诱导神经细胞凋亡的现象 ,探讨外源性 p5 3基因对神经细胞 p2 1、c-fos和 c-jun基因表达的影响。方法　构建了野生型 p5 3基因的重组线病毒载体 ,体外转染胚胎大鼠神经细胞 ,应用末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶介导的切口末端标记技术原位检测细胞凋亡 ,以免疫组化法测定 P2 1 、c-Fos和 c-Jun蛋白表达水平。结果　外源性基因导入神经细胞后 ,P2 1、c-Fos和 c-Jun蛋白水平显著增高 ,d UTP切口末端标记阳性细胞百分率约为 4 0 %。结论　野生型 p5 3基因可诱导神经细胞凋亡和促进 p2 1、c-fos和 c-jun基因表达