343例老年病毒性肝炎病原学分析

目的：探讨老年患者甲～戊型肝炎病毒感染、HBVDNA阳性相应乙型肝炎病毒标志物（HBV-M）表现形式和重型肝炎病原学。方法：检测我院2001年1月至2005年12月住院343例老年病毒性肝炎患者血清肝炎病原学指标。结果：甲、乙、丙、丁、戊型肝炎病毒感染分别为3例（0．87％）、115例（33．53％）、35例（10．20％）、1例（O．29％）、91例（26．53％）；乙和／或戊丙甲丁重叠感染59例（17．21％），其中乙戊重叠40例（11．67％），未定型41例（11．95％）。HBVDNA阳性但HBeAg（-）占80．48％（33／41）。重型肝炎中以HBV感染为主，占72．41％（21／29）。结论：近5年老年病毒性肝炎住院率7．51％，依次为HBV、HEV、HCV、HAV、HDV感染，HEV感染显著上升，尤其是HBV和HEV重叠感染，应引起高度重视。     

北京地区慢性重型肝炎的病原学特点

目的 了解北京地区慢性重型肝炎（下称慢重肝）的病原学特点。方法 11例患者的选择均符合2000年9月西安“病毒性肝炎防治方案”慢性重型肝炎诊断标准。所有病人均抽血做甲、乙、丙、丁、戊型肝炎病原学检查。结果 111例慢重肝患者中,HBV感染者108例（97．30％）,HEV感染者22例（19．82％）,HAV感染者4例（3．60％）,甲－戊型肝炎病毒血清标志物均阴性者3例（2．7％）。单纯乙肝病毒感染者83例（74．77％）,其中HBV DNA阳性率18．07％（15／83）,HBeAg阳性率57．83％（48／83）。乙、戊重叠感染者21例（18．92％）,乙、甲重叠感染者3例（2．70％）,乙、甲、戊三重感染者1例（0．90％）。结论 （1）HBV感染是慢重肝最多见原因。其中乙肝病毒复制指标HBV DNA、HBeAg的阳性率均不很高,二者同时阳性者更少,说明其在慢重肝的发生中不起决定性作用。（2）HBV与其它肝炎病毒的重叠感染在慢重肝中占一定比例。尤其是乙、戊重叠最多。单纯HEV感染诱发重型肝炎者不多见,而在中、重度慢性乙肝或肝硬化基础上再感染HEV,易发展为慢重肝。HBV与HAV重叠较少见,本组与HCV或HDV重叠发生慢重肝者未见。（3）还有3例慢重肝甲－戊肝病原学指标均阴性（可除外药物、酒精、中毒等原因所致慢重肝）,提示仍有一部分慢重肝病因未明,有待进一步研究。     

慢性乙型肝炎患者重叠感染对HBV DNA水平和病情的影响

为探讨慢性乙型肝炎患者重叠感染时血清HBV DNA水平及其与病情的关系,我们对207例慢性乙型肝炎患者血清采用定量PCR检测HBV DNA含量及ELISA方法检测甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、庚型肝炎病毒、巨细胞病毒、EB病毒标志物,并观察重叠感染与病情的关系。     

戊型肝炎多重感染109例分析

我们于1993年4月～1994年4月对所有住院的病毒性肝炎者进行甲、乙、丙、丁、戊型血清病原学检测。其中抗-HEV-IgG阳性者222例,除113例单纯戊型肝炎感染外,尚有109例在甲型、乙型或丙、或丁型感染的基础上重叠戊型感染,多重感染率49.5％。为了了解戊型肝炎多重感染的临床特点,我们将单纯戊型感染组113例为一组,与多重感染109例为另一组做配对分析如下。     

481例小儿肝炎病原学分析及预防对策探讨

目的:分析小儿肝炎病原学情况及探讨预防对策。方法:用ELISA法对住院病人进行甲、乙、丙、丁、戊型肝炎病毒及巨细胞病毒标志物检测。结果:抗HAV-IgM阳性率为64.03％,HBsAg阳性率为30.35％,各型病毒重叠感染率为13.31％,以甲、乙型肝炎病毒重叠感染为主,占6.24％;丙、戊型肝炎病毒无单独感染病例,无丁型肝炎病毒感染病例。结论:应加强小儿肝炎,尤其是甲、乙型病毒性肝炎的预防。     

戊型肝炎病毒与甲乙丙型肝炎病毒重叠感染的研究

本文对419例病毒性肝炎患者进行抗-HEV-IgM/IgG及其它病毒标志物检测。结果:HEV感染者112例(26.2％);其中单纯HEV感染者30例,两种以上肝炎病毒重叠感染占73.2％;43.75％为HBV和HEV重叠感染,HAV和HEV合并感染占急性肝炎的40.58％。在重型肝炎中HEV感染率占57.89％,均为HBV和HEV重叠感染,病死率达72.73％。16.67％的单纯HEV感染者为慢性肝炎和肝硬变。结果表明,本地区戊型肝炎以散发为主,重叠感染多见。HBV与HEV重叠感染和HAV与HEV重叠感染是较常见的感染模式。在HBV感染的基础上重叠HEV感染是肝炎重症化的重要原因。HEV感染有导致慢性化的可能性。     

慢性HBV感染重叠HEV感染的临床研究

目的进一步了解慢性乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染重叠戊型肝炎病毒(HEV)感染的临床特点及转归。方法对慢性HBV感染重叠HEV感染与单纯戊型肝炎进行临床对照研究。结果167例戊型肝炎均为散发型,发病无明显季节性,以40岁以上成人发病为主,平均年龄为42.12±14.06岁,男女比例为2.71∶1。其中,慢性HBV感染重叠HEV感染(简称乙戊肝)79例(47.31%),单纯戊型肝炎88例(52.69%)。乙戊肝组重度黄疸(TB>280μmol/L)、严重凝血功能异常(PTA<40%)和低蛋白血症的发生率明显高于单纯戊型肝炎组(P<0.01)。结论重叠戊型肝炎病毒感染是导致慢性HBV感染者病情急性加重和重症化,甚至发展成致死性重型肝炎的重要原因之一。     

老年急性肝炎病原分析和临床特点

了解老年急性肝炎的病原学分型及临床表现特点。对近三年住院治疗的散发急性老年肝炎患者267例,用ELISA法进行血清学分型并对其临床资料作初步分析。甲、乙、丙和戊型肝炎分别占8．99％、4．87％、5．62％和58．43％,重叠感染占14．98％,病原未定占7．12％。老年急性肝炎临床特点为黄疸深,住院时间长,单一感染者预后较好,戊肝和重叠感染易发展为重型肝炎。老年人甲、乙、丙和戊型肝炎均有散发,多为单一感染,且以戊肝为主,少数为重叠感染,可能存在新的肝炎致病因子。重型肝炎和并发其他疾病可能是老年肝炎患者死亡主要原因。     

重型病毒性肝炎432例病原学分析

目的 探讨病毒性肝炎病原学与慢性肝炎重症化及其预后的关系。方法 对432例重型病毒性肝炎的病原学资料进行回顾性分析。结果 在引起重肝的肝炎病毒中以HBV单一或重叠感染率最高(414/432,95.8％),未发现单一HAV、HDV和HGV感染引起者。10例(2.31％)未能确定病原。乙型慢性重型肝炎的HBV前C区变异率为59.8％(55/92),显著高于乙型急性或亚急性重型肝炎0％(P<0.05和P<0.01)。HBV重叠HEV感染者病死率为73.4％(69/94),HEV重叠其他肝炎病毒感染者的病死率为68.6％(72/105),均比单一HBV或单一HEV感染者高(P<0.01和P<0.05)。结论 HBV感染仍是广东地区重型肝炎的主要病因。乙型慢性重型肝炎多由HBV前C区变异所致。HBV与HEV重叠感染可加重病情,病死率高。     

丙型病毒性肝炎研究进展

目前已发现的病毒性肝炎的病原,至少有五型病毒,即甲、乙、丙、丁、戊型。70年代,甲型肝炎病毒(HAV)、乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染有了敏感特异的检测方法,但仍有一部分输血后肝炎(PTH)检测HAV、HBV阴性,亦不是趋     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.