CuSO_4对阿尔茨海默病模型行为学和病理学的影响

目的研究CuSO4对阿尔茨海默病模型大鼠行为学和病理学的影响。方法 SD大鼠经水迷宫淘汰后随机分为6组,正常组、PBS组、AD模型组、低剂量CuSO4组(1 mg/kg)、中剂量CuSO4组(3 mg/kg)、高剂量CuSO4组(5 mg/kg)。处理:PBS组海马CA1区注射无菌PBS溶液;AD模型组为右侧海马注射凝聚态Aβ1⁴2;低中高剂量CuSO4组分别在AD造模成功后取右侧侧脑室注射无菌CuSO4溶液。用Morris水迷宫检测大鼠的行为学变化,冰冻切片HE染色和尼氏染色观察神经元形态学变化情况。Western blot检测总tau蛋白和糖原合成酶激酶3β(GSK-3β)的表达变化。结果与正常组和PBS组相比较,AD模型组大鼠的学习记忆能力下降,神经元凋亡严重,GSK-3β和tau蛋白的表达增加;3组CuSO4处理组与AD组比较,大鼠认知功能下降明显,神经元凋亡严重,GSK-3β和tau表达增加。随着CuSO4注射剂量的增加,大鼠认知功能下降越严重,细胞凋亡越明显,GSK-3β和tau的表达增加。结论 CuSO4侧脑室注射能够损害AD模型大鼠的学习记忆功能,能够促进海马神经元凋亡,能够增加糖原合成酶激酶3β和tau蛋白的表达。     

海马注射β-淀粉样蛋白建立阿尔茨海默病大鼠模型的实验研究

目的：海马注射β-淀粉样蛋白（Aβ）建立阿尔茨海默病（AD）大鼠模型，并进行初步评价。方法：应用凝聚态Aβ1-40进行大鼠右侧海马齿状回（DG）背侧细胞带微量注射，2周后从学州记忆、海马组织病理和异常磷酸化tau蛋白表达的变化3个方面评价大鼠模型。结果：Aβ1-40注射后大鼠Morris水迷宫学习记忆能力明显受损（P〈0．01）；注射区内DG背侧细胞带神经元丢失（P〈0．01）；注射侧海乌内Aβ沉积；海马神经元内异常磷酸化tau蛋白的表达显著增加（P〈0．01）。结论：凝聚态Aβ1-40海马注射具有明确的在体神经毒性作用，可导致大鼠认知功能下降以及海马内Aβ沉积、神经元丢失和神经元内异常磷酸化tau蛋白的表达，可成功建立AD大鼠模型。     

雌激素对去卵巢大鼠学习记忆功能及海马神经元的保护作用

目的 研究雌激素对去卵巢(OVX)大鼠学习记忆功能及海马神经元的保护作用.方法 切除雌性SD大鼠双侧卵巢制作OVX大鼠模型,给予雌二醇(E2)200 μg/kg(OVX+E2组)皮下注射,每周2次,共5周.用Morris水迷宫试验检测大鼠学习记忆功能,HE染色及Bielschowski染色法观察海马神经元形态,免疫组化法观察海马tau蛋白磷酸化变化;并与OVX组和正常对照组比较.结果 与OVX组大鼠相比,OVX+E2组大鼠Morris水迷宫测试成绩明显改善(均P<0.05);海马CA1区神经元及纤维形态较规则,tau蛋白磷酸化阳性细胞数明显减少(均P<0.05).结论 OVX雌性大鼠应用雌激素可改善学习记忆功能障碍、保护海马神经元及降低tau蛋白磷酸化水平.     

葛根素对Alzheimer病大鼠海马tau蛋白过度磷酸化及胆碱乙酰转移酶活性的影响

目的探讨葛根素(Pue)对Alzheimer病(AD)大鼠海马色氨酸404位点tau蛋白过度磷酸化(Pser404tau)及胆碱乙酰转移酶(ChAT)活性的影响。方法将SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、AD组和Pue组;右侧杏仁核注射β淀粉样肽(Aβ2535)制备AD大鼠模型,假手术组同样部位注射三氟乙酸;用Y型迷宫检测各组大鼠学习记忆能力;应用免疫组化方法检测各组大鼠海马Pser404tau阳性细胞及ChAT阳性细胞的表达。结果(1)与假手术组相比,AD组大鼠迷宫试验成绩下降,海马Pser404tau阳性细胞数明显增加,ChAT阳性细胞数明显减少(均P<0.01);(2)与AD组相比,Pue组学习记忆成绩明显提高(P<0.05),Pser404tau阳性细胞数明显降低,ChAT阳性细胞数明显增加(均P<0.01)。结论Pue明显改善AD大鼠学习记忆能力,可能与其抑制tau蛋白过磷酸化反应、减轻胆碱能神经元损伤、增加ChAT活性和功能、催化Ach合成有关。     

脑缺血对阿尔茨海默病模型大鼠认知功能的影响及其机制探讨

目的 探讨脑缺血对阿尔茨海默病(AD)病程进展的影响及其机制.方法 采用大鼠海马注射凝聚态β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)1-40建立AD模型,再于海马内注射ET-1建立脑缺血条件,观察脑缺血后AD样大鼠认知功能以及海马内Aβ沉积、神经元丢失和异常磷酸化tau表达的变化;采用免疫组化、原位杂交和RT-PCR法检测海马内星形胶质细胞数量和IL-1、TNF-α表达的变化.结果 脑缺血后AD样大鼠的认知功能明显下降,海马内Aβ沉积增加,神经元丢失增加,异常磷酸化tau表达增加.星形胶质细胞的数量以及IL-1和TNF-α的表达显著增加(均P＜0.01).结论 脑缺血加重了AD样大鼠的认知功能障碍和海马病理损伤,显著增加的星形胶质细胞及IL-1和TNF-α的表达参与了这一过程.防治脑缺血和抗炎治疗可能成为减缓AD进展的新途径.     

Tau蛋白过度磷酸化对脑淀粉样蛋白生成的影响

目的研究tau蛋白过度磷酸化对脑淀粉样蛋白生成的影响。方法用蛋白磷酸酯酶抑制剂冈田酸（OA）在大鼠侧脑室内注射,每天1次连续8周。用Morris水迷宫和免疫组化方法观察OA组大鼠行为学改变、神经原纤维缠结及淀粉样蛋白的表达;并与对照组比较。结果与对照组相比,OA组大鼠Morris水迷宫平均潜伏期显著延长,学习获取能力较差,空间记忆能力衰退。OA组大鼠的海马CA1区、CA3区、CA4区、齿状回、大脑皮质出现tau蛋白磷酸化,神经原纤维缠结;大脑皮质及海马CA1区、CA3区、齿状回等部位出现β淀粉样蛋白沉积。结论Tau蛋白过度磷酸化可以增加脑部淀粉样蛋白的沉积。     

依达拉奉对Alzheimer病模型大鼠认知功能及海马内乙酰胆碱含量的影响

目的 探讨依达拉奉(EDA)对Alzheimer病(AD)模型大鼠认知功能及海马内乙酰胆碱(Ach)含量的影响.方法 30只大鼠随机分为假手术组、AD组及EDA组.向AD组及EDA组大鼠海马内立体定向注射β淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)1-40建立AD模型;EDA组术后给予EDA腹腔注射共2周.术后第5周进行Morris水迷宫试验评价各组大鼠的认知功能,高效液相色谱法测定各组大鼠海马区Ach含量.结果 与假手术组比较,EDA组及AD组水迷宫试验中的逃避潜伏期明显延长,目的象限停留时间明显缩短,穿环次数明显减少(P＜0.05～0.01);与AD组比较,EDA组逃避潜伏期明显缩短,目的象限停留时间明显增加,穿环次数明显增多(P＜0.05～0.01).与假手术组比较,EDA组及AD组海马区Ach含量明显减少(均P＜0.01);EDA组海马区Ach含量明显较AD组明显增加(P＜0.01).结论 EDA通过增加AD模型大鼠海马Ach含量,改善其认知功能.     

Aβ25-35杏仁核注射对大鼠海马tau蛋白磷酸化和AchE的影响

目的探讨杏仁核注射Aβ25-35对大鼠脑内异常磷酸化tau蛋白(Pser404-tau)及乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)的影响。方法右侧杏仁核注射β-淀粉样肽(Aβ25-35)制备阿尔茨海默病(AD)大鼠模型;用Y-迷宫检测大鼠学习记忆能力;应用免疫组化方法测定Aβ对大鼠海马Pser404-tau的影响;应用分光光度计测定大鼠海马区AchE活性变化。结果Aβ25-35杏仁核注射可导致大鼠学习记忆功能障碍;AD模型组的Pser404-tau阳性细胞数较假手术组显著增高,而海马AchE活性较假手术组明显降低。结论杏仁核注射Aβ25-35可导致Ser404位点的tau蛋白过度磷酸化和海马胆碱能系统功能损害。     

Aβ25-35杏仁核注射对大鼠海马tau蛋白磷酸化和AchE的影响

目的 探讨杏仁核注射Aβ25-35对大鼠脑内异常磷酸化tau蛋白(Pser404-tau)及乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)的影响。方法 右侧杏仁核注射β-淀粉样肽(Aβ25-35)制备阿尔茨海默病(AD)大鼠模型；用Y-迷宫检测大鼠学习记忆能力；应用免疫组化方法测定Aβ对大鼠海马Pser404-tau的影响；应用分光光度计测定大鼠海马区AchE活性变化。结果 Aβ25-35杏仁核注射可导致大鼠学习记忆功能障碍；AD模型组的Pser404-tau阳性细胞数较假手术组显著增高，而海马AchE活性较假手术组明显降低。结论杏仁核注射Aβ25-35可导致Ser404位点的tau蛋白过度磷酸化和海马胆碱能系统功能损害。     

GM1对Aβ诱导的AD大鼠海马CA1区神经元损伤的保护作用研究

目的观察GM1对Aβ诱导的AD大鼠学习记忆及海马神经元损伤的保护作用。方法实验分为3组:假模型组、盐水对照组、GM1治疗组。用立体定向技术向大鼠双侧海马CA1区局部注射Aβ25～35 10μl(1μg/μl)建立大鼠AD模型,用GM1腹腔局部注射给予干预。采用Morris水迷宫实验评价大鼠空间分辨及学习记忆能力,用TUNEL染色法观察AD大鼠海马CA1区神经元凋亡,用Western blot方法检测Bcl-2、Bax蛋白含量。结果Aβ25～35诱导的AD大鼠海马CA1区神经元凋亡明显,并可见Bax表达明显增强,Bcl-2少许表达。GM1治疗组海马结构比较完整,可见少量神经元凋亡,而Bcl-2蛋白表达增强、Bax蛋白表达下降,与盐水对照组相比,上述变化在两组间均有显著性差异(P<0.01)。Morris水迷宫实验也提示GM1对AD大鼠模型的学习、空间记忆能力有明显的改善(P<0.01)。结论 (1)GM1能抑制大鼠海马神经元凋亡,起到脑保护作用,从而改善大鼠空间分辨及学习记忆能力。(2)GM1可促使Bcl-2高表达、Bax表达下降,这可能是其减少海马神经细胞凋亡,产生脑保护作用的机制之一。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

奥氮平治疗精神分裂症对照研究的Meta分析

目的：探讨奥氮平治疗精神分裂症的疗效和不良反应。方法：应用M eta分析对17篇奥氮平与其他抗精神病药治疗精神分裂症对照研究的文章进行再分析。结果：奥氮平自身对照比较的治疗效应极大（χ^2=141.00，P〈0.05）。治疗2周和治疗结束，奥氮平与对照药疗效比较差异无显著性（P〉0.05）;阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）评分比较差异亦无显著性（P〉0.05）。与对照药相比，奥氮平的不良反应显著少于对照药组（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。结论：奥氮平与对照药的临床疗效相仿，但不良反应明显较少。