Choroid plexus dysmorphism detected by transvaginal sonography: the earliest sign of fetal hydrocephalus.

Fetal intracranial pathology detected in the early second trimester during 1237 transvaginal sonographic scans is presented. In a sharp contrast to simple choroid cysts, which disappear at the end of the second trimester as part of a benign course, gross distortion of the choroid plexus was found to be related to the later diagnosis of hydrocephalus. Three patterns of this abnormality are early absence of the plexus, hypoplasia and shrinkage, and "Swiss cheese" appearance. Ventriculomegaly in hydropic fetuses does not distort the normal architecture of the choroid plexus. Certain abnormal features of the choroid plexus, observed as early as the 14th week, menstrual age, are landmarks of developing hydrocephalus, currently detectable only later in pregnancy.     

经阴道超声在剖宫产瘢痕妊娠早期诊断中的应用

目的探讨经阴道超声(TVS)对剖宫产瘢痕妊娠(caesarean scar pregnancy,CSP)早期诊断的价值及临床意义。方法回顾性分析我院术后确诊为CSP的16例患者的彩色多普勒声像图表现特征、临床转归以及术后结果。结果 TVS诊断CSP的17例患者中,术后病理学证实为CSP者14例,误诊3例;TVS诊断为非CSP的22例患者中,术后病理学证实2例为CSP;TVS诊断CSP的灵敏度为87.5%,特异度为87.0%;术后确诊为CSP的16例患者超声图像表现为单纯孕囊型(6例)、不均质团块型(10例);彩色多普勒血流显像血流信号丰富6例,少许血流信号5例,无血流信号5例。结论 TVS检查有助于对CSP做出早期、准确的诊断及鉴别诊断,对临床治疗方案的选择具有重要意义。     

经阴道超声对子宫内膜疾病的诊断价值

目的探讨经阴道超声对子宫内膜疾病的诊断价值。方法回顾分析86例妇女(绝经前50例,绝经后36例)经腹及经阴道超声检查结果并与子宫内膜病理对照。结果内膜活检的病理分类有内膜癌、内膜息肉、内膜增生过长等,其超声表现以内膜增厚为主,多伴内膜回声增强、不均或宫腔内混合回声。经腹超声(TAS)和经阴道超声(TVS)诊断子宫内膜疾病诊断符合率分别为70.9％及91．8％。结论经阴道超声诊断子宫内膜病变与经腹超声相比有明显的优势,有重要的临床应用价值。     

阴道超声检查在妇科急腹症中的诊断价值

目的探讨阴道超声(TVS)在妇科急腹症中的各种声像图特征及诊断价值。方法回顾性分析经TVS检查的126例妇科急腹症。结果经TVS检查总的诊断符合率为96．8％,其中异位妊娠、盆腔炎性肿块、黄体破裂、卵巢囊肿或皮样囊肿扭转分别为96．1％、97．4％、96．0％、91．7％。结论TVS诊断妇科急腹症准确、及时,必要时结合经腹部检查能及时判断病情,缩短病人的救治时间。     

经阴道超声对宫外孕早期诊断的价值

目的应用经阴道超声检查,诊断宫外孕,评估经阴道超声对宫外孕的早期诊断价值。方法５７例我院住院病人,均经手术病理证实。所有病例均先经腹部超声观察,再经阴道超声检查。结果５７例患,超声诊断为宫外孕５１例,超声诊断符合率为９１％。根据病程的不同时期声像图表现为４种不同类型。结论经阴道超声对宫外孕早期诊断有较高价值,是早期宫外孕简单、有效的首选检查方法。     

The uterus: a new look with transvaginal sonography

Targeted scanning of the uterus and its adjacent structures is made possible by high-resolution transvaginal sonography. A systematic approach is applied so that the normal anatomy and abnormal processes in the various uterine components can be visualized. By adopting this method we detected various pathologies in the cervix, endometrium, myometrium, and in the uterine vessels and ligaments. Cervical pathology included inflammatory processes, cysts, malignant lesions, and incompetence during pregnancy. By scanning the endometrium, a reflection of the hormonal status of the patient under both normal (e.g., the menstrual cycle) and abnormal conditions may be obtained. More sinister lesions, such as endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma, can be suspected based on the sonographic appearance of the endometrium. In hydatiform mole, a typical sonographic picture directs the sonographer to the diagnosis. Uterine fibroids are the most common lesion of the corpus uteri, and are readily detected by transvaginal sonography, including any degenerative changes that may complicate this condition. Changes in uterine size, particularly when accompanied by profuse intracavitary fluid, should raise the suspicion of a malignant process. Intracavitary fluid may also be associated with inflammatory lesions (e.g., tuberculosis). Congenital uterine anomalies may be diagnosed and defined by this method. Uterine ligaments are best visualized in the presence of fluid in the pelvis. Intraligamentary masses can be also be detected and defined. Finally, the main vessels supplying the uterus can be visualized, both in pregnant and nonpregnant patients. Using a transvaginal image-directed Doppler system, flow velocity profiles can be obtained from these vessels and form the basis for defining abnormalities in uterine perfusion.     

Role of transvaginal sonography in the detection of endometriomata

Endometriosis is a common cause of pelvic pain and infertility in young women. Transvaginal sonography is major means for diagnosing ovarian masses. In our study, we scanned 60 patients with endometriomata who underwent laparotomy or laparoscopy. We compared preoperative ultrasonographic diagnosis with histological reports. The sonographic criteria for the diagnosis of endometriomata were (1) cystic structure with low, homogeneous echogenicity and (2) thick cystic wall with regular margins. In 50 patients, sonography suggested an endometrioma. In 47 cases, the diagnosis was correct. The false-positive cases were all caused by cystic teratomas with a homogeneous sonographic pattern. Ten false-negative cases were diagnosed by ultrasonography as functional ovarian cysts (5), teratomas (3), and benign ovarian cystoma (1). Only 1 case of a 5-mm endometrioma was demonstrated by laparoscopy but not by TVS. The sensitivity of TVS for diagnosing endometriomata was 82.4% and specificity 97.7%; the positive and negative predictive values were 94% and 92.8%, respectively. The diagnostic accuracy of TVS was 93%. In our experience, TVS is a very specific means for diagnosing endometriomata when the typical pattern is detected; however, the sensitivity of the technique needs to be improved. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Hair as a sonographic marker of ovarian teratomas: improved identification using transvaginal sonography and simulation model.

An in vitro sonographic model was developed to simulate the transvaginal sonographic appearance of hair-containing cystic teratomas of the ovary. Two groups of patients with ovarian teratomas were compared: group A--consisting of 32 patients scanned before the simulation model was used, and group B--consisting of 25 patients in whom the diagnosis of hair-containing ovarian teratomas was made after the simulation model experience. The positive predictive value of transvaginal sonography in correctly diagnosing this type of tumor was 27/32 (84%) in group A and 25/25 (100%) in group B. By using this simple in vitro simulation model, the preoperative diagnosis of ovarian cystic teratomas by transvaginal sonography was made very accurate, enabling prospective planning of the type of operation and its timing.     

经阴道超声对异位妊娠单剂量氨甲喋呤治疗结果的预测价值

目的研究经阴道超声对异位妊娠氨甲蝶呤（MTX）治疗结果的预测价值。方法回顾性总结106例经MTX治疗的异位妊娠患者的经阴道超声声像图表现。结果异位妊娠囊内探及胎心及卵黄囊者均治疗失败。异位妊娠包块小于1．5cm的病例均治疗成功。治疗成功组和治疗失败组在1．5cm以上包块大小、包块表现形式、盆腔积液、低阻动脉血流的存在等方面的差异均无显著性意义。结论经阴道超声二维声像图表现对预测异位妊娠MTX治疗结果有一定价值，彩色多普勒血流成像的预测价值尚需进一步研究。     

经阴道彩色多普勒超声检查对异位妊娠的诊断价值

目的探讨经阴道彩色多普勒超声检查（TVCDS）对异位妊娠的诊断价值。方法对手术、病理或保守治疗证实的72例异位妊娠患者的TVCDS图像进行回顾分析。结果附件区出现厚壁环状回声（Donut征）、低回声、或混合回声包块,其中Donut征和类滋养层血流时间流速曲线,是异位妊娠特有的表现,诊断准确率为95舟％。结论TVCDSS对异位妊娠的诊断尤其对早期诊断有重要价值。     

经阴道彩色多普勒超声对子宫内膜癌的诊断价值

目的探讨经阴道彩色多普勒超声检查(TVCDS)对子宫内膜癌的诊断价值。方法对手术、病理或保守治疗证实子宫内膜癌的29例患者的TVCDS图像进行回顾分析。结果 TVCDS术前诊断子宫内膜癌24例,准确率为82.8%;弥漫型19例,符合率为78.9%;局限型5例,符合率为60.0%;血流显示20例,显示率83.3%;阻力指数(RI)0.36-0.57;Ia、Ib期与Ic期比较,血流分级及显示率、RI值具有统计学差异(P0.05)。结论 TVCDS有助于术前诊断子宫内膜癌,为临床选择治疗方案提供了可靠依据。     

经阴道超声结合宫腔镜检查对绝经后子宫出血的诊断价值

目的探讨经阴道超声(TVS)结合宫腔镜(HSC)检查在绝经后子宫出血中的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析2007年6月至2010年6月应用TVS结合HSC检查绝经后子宫出血230例,术中行定位取材或诊断性刮宫。结果 TVS诊断绝经后子宫出血病人宫腔内病变的符合率为71.74%,TVS结合HSC的诊断符合率为88.26%。结论 TVS结合HSC对发现绝经后子宫出血病人宫腔内病变具有一定的价值。     

经阴道超声造影在宫颈癌术前诊断中的临床应用价值研究

目的：探讨经阴道超声造影（ TVS-CEUS）技术在宫颈癌术前诊断中的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析31例宫颈癌患者的TVS-CEUS术前检查图像,未受累的宫颈、肌层及内膜作为对照,分析宫颈癌瘤体的造影声像图,评估局部病灶的性质、大小范围及术前分期,与术后病理结果进行比较。与正常肌层对比分析宫颈癌病灶TVS-CEUS的时间-增强曲线（ TIC）形态及参数。结果 TVS-CEUS较常规TVS更能清晰显示病灶的边界,获得的病灶大小的测值更接近病理结果。正常子宫肌层与宫颈造影增强模式相同, TIC曲线参数差异无统计学意义（ P＞0.05）,内膜的增强时间稍短,差异有统计学意义（ P＜0.05）。宫颈癌造影增强及消退早于正常肌层,增强强度高于正常肌层,其增强模式为“早进早退”,不同分期的宫颈癌造影增强模式不同。宫颈癌病灶的TIC曲线参数造影剂显影时间（AT）、达峰时间（TTP）、增强时间（ET）、增强强度（EI）、上升斜率（RSR）、半洗出时间（HWOT）、下降早期斜率（HWSR）与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,对各参数进行ROC曲线分析得出对宫颈癌诊断能力较强的参数为RSR,界值为1.96 dB/s,灵敏度为100％,特异度为97.6％,Youden指数为97.6％。结论 TVS-CEUS在宫颈癌术前诊断中有较高的临床应用价值。     

High-frequency transvaginal sonographic examination for the potential malformation assessment of the 9-week to 14-week fetus.

A study was undertaken to evaluate the ability of the high-frequency transvaginal scanning method to consistently image first- and early second-trimester fetal structures, such as body contours, long bones, fingers, face, palate, feet, toes, and the four-chamber view. Ninety-seven low-risk pregnancies were scanned from 9 weeks to 14 menstrual weeks inclusive. Accurate dating was ascertained. The results showed that consistent detection of the respective structures was achieved at the following menstrual ages: sagittal contours at 9 weeks to 10 weeks, long bones at 10 weeks to 11 weeks, fingers at 12 weeks, face and palate at 12 weeks, feet and toes at 13 weeks, and the four-chamber view at 14 weeks. The organs and structures examined could be detected at 9 weeks to 14 weeks inclusive. An increasing number of structure were detected consistently with the increasing menstrual age. The study supports the possibility of searching for specific malformations at or after the menstrual ages mentioned, or performing a more comprehensive malformation evaluation after 13 weeks.     

阴道超声和宫腔镜联合诊断宫腔赘生物的临床价值

目的探讨阴道超声和宫腔镜联合诊断宫腔赘生物的临床价值。方法回顾分析684例在我院进行过阴道超声和宫腔镜两种检查的患者,比较分析两种检查方法的优缺点。结果阴道超声检查宫腔赘生物的敏感性为94．17％,特异性为70．83％;宫腔镜检查宫腔赘生物的敏感性为100％,特异性为95．83％。阴道超声检查阳性的病例,宫腔镜检查的阳性率为78．76％;而阴道超声检查阴性的病例,宫腔镜检查的阳性率仅1．23％。二者的差异有显著性意义。结论阴道超声联合宫腔镜检查是目前诊断宫腔赘生物较理想的方法。     

The assessment of normal early pregnancy by transvaginal color Doppler ultrasonography

Transvaginal color Doppler was performed in 198 volunteer pregnant women whose menstrual age ranged from the fifth to the twelfth week. In all patients an attempt was made to obtain signals from both uterine arteries, peritrophoblastic/retroplacental vessels, umbilical arteries, fetal aorta, intracranial vessels, and corpus luteum flow. With the combination of color and pulsed Doppler transvaginal sonography, detection of vascular structures was greatly facilitated and the amount of time for examination significantly reduced. Flow velocity waveforms were measured and results were analyzed by calculation of the Resistance Index. During the early stage of pregnancy, we were able to locate both uterine arteries in all cases and continuous diastolic shift signal was found. Flow in the peritrophoblastic/retroplacental area was observed with an overall success rate of 94%. Blood flow in the umbilical artery and fetal aorta was visualized by color Doppler starting from the seventh week. Intracranial blood flow could be visualized starting from the tenth week in some cases. Diastolic flow in these vessels was detectable starting from the twelfth week. Corpus luteum flow was found in 148 cases (75%) and the Resistance Index decreased as pregnancy progressed © 1993 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Automated sonography: defining the spatial relationship of standard diagnostic fetal cardiac planes in the second trimester of pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: This study defines the spatial relationship of the diagnostic planes of the fetal heart to the 4-chamber view plane in the second trimester of pregnancy as a first step in the automation process. METHODS: Three-dimensional static volumes of the fetal chest were acquired at the level of the 4-chamber view on 75 fetuses between 18 and 23 weeks' gestation. The spatial relationship of the diagnostic cardiac planes to the 4-chamber view plane were determined for each gestational week by using rotations along the x-, y-, and z-axes and a parallel slide (millimeters) when applicable. RESULTS: The 5-chamber view (cardiac 1 plane) was best obtained by an initial parallel slide of the reference plane (plane A) toward the fetal head followed by a rotation along the y-axis. The right ventricular outflow tract (cardiac 2) and the abdominal circumference (cardiac 3) planes were best obtained by a parallel slide only: toward the fetal head in cardiac 2 and toward the fetal abdomen in cardiac 3. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows the spatial relationship of fetal cardiac diagnostic planes to the 4-chamber view plane in the second trimester of pregnancy in 3-dimensional volumes. Testing the clinical applicability of automated software based on these formulas is the next step.     

The gender of the examiner, the state of the pregnancy and women''s perception of transvaginal sonography in the first trimester

OBJECTIVES: The objectives are to study the correlation between the women's perception of transvaginal sonography (TVS) and the gender of the examiner and the state of the pregnancy. METHODS: The population studied was unselected women attending the early assessment unit at Sharoe Green Hospital with various complications of early pregnancy. All the women were in the first trimester. Only women who had TVS and who gave informed consent were included. RESULTS: Four hundred and twenty five (425) women were recruited. A male doctor examined 215 (50.6%), while a female doctor examined the remaining 210 (49.4%). Two hundred and ninety eight (70.1%) of the pregnancies were viable and 127 (29.9%) were non-viable. About 98.1% of the women found TVS acceptable. There was no statistically significant difference in the women's perception of the procedure with regard to the gender of the examiner or the state of the pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of women (98.1%) perceived TVS favourably. The gender of the examiner and the state of the pregnancy have no influence on the women's perception of the procedure.