三种螺距对种植体初期稳定性影响的有限元研究

目的：利用即刻负载有限元模型,研究种植体不同螺纹螺距因素对初期稳定性的影响。方法：利用Pro／E软件、Hypermesh软件及ABAQUS有限元软件,建立四类种植体即刻负载的三维有限元模型,比较3种螺纹螺距（0．8mm、1．6mm、2．4mm）在分别垂直和水平加载时,对种植体初期稳定性的影响。结果：对不同螺纹螺距种植体来说,垂直加载和水平加载时0．8mm螺距螺纹种植体微动最小,2．4mm螺距螺纹种植体微动最大。结论：螺纹的螺距对垂直相对位移有影响,对水平相对位移影响不大。随着螺距的增加,种植体对抗垂直向载荷的抵抗力减弱。水平加载时,螺纹的螺距对颈部微动影响不明显。     

螺纹旋转角度和密度对种植体初期稳定性影响的三维有限元研究

目的利用三维有限元模型研究种植体螺纹的旋转角度和密度对种植体初期稳定性的影响。方法建立即刻负载的5种种植体三维有限元模型（0．8mm、1．6mm和2．4mm螺距单螺纹种植体以及双螺纹和三螺纹种植体），进行垂直和水平加载，分析5种种植体颈部和根部的相对位移。结果在3种不同螺距的单螺纹种植体中，垂直加载时0．8mm螺距单螺纹种植体颈部和根部的综合相对位移最小（分别为1．600μm和1．199μm），2．4mm螺距单螺纹种植体颈部和根部的综合相对位移最大（分别为2．451μm和2．019μm）；在螺纹密度相同、旋转角度不同的3种种植体中，0．8mm螺距单螺纹种植体颈部和根部的综合相对位移最小，三螺纹种植体颈部和根部的综合相对位移最大（分别为1．994μm和1．602μm）；在螺纹旋转角度相同、密度不同的种植体中，双螺纹种植体颈部和根部的综合相对位移（分别为1．913μm和1．495μm）均比1．6mm螺距单螺纹种植体（分别为2．412μm和1．799μm）小，三螺纹种植体颈部和根部的综合相对位移均比2．4mm螺距单螺纹种植体小。结论随着种植体螺纹螺距的增加，种植体对抗垂直载荷的能力减弱；随着种植体螺纹旋转角度的增加，种植体对抗垂直载荷的能力减弱；随着种植体螺纹密度增加，种植体对抗垂直载荷的能力增加。     

包含真实螺纹形态的牙种植体三维有限元模型的建立

目的：建立包含真实螺纹形态的牙种植体三维立体有限元模型，为深入研究螺纹型牙种植体骨界面力学规律和种植体的外形优化设计提供模型支持。方法：采用画图软件SolidWorks绘出螺纹型牙种植体和局部下颌骨骨块三维立体模型，利用ABAQUS有限元分析软件，建立三维有限元模型：对种植体上端施加一斜向载荷，分析骨块内应力、应变分布情况。结果：建立了与螺纹型牙种植体实体相一致的三维有限元模型，施加载荷，确定应力、应变的大小及分布。结论：探索了一种可行的建立包含真实螺纹形态的种植体三维立体有限元模型的方法，建立的种植体有限元模型与实体具有高度的相似性，可用于研究螺纹型种植体骨界面应力、应变的分布规律，并为种植体螺纹形态的力学优化设计研究提供模型支持。     

骨质量和种植体螺纹对种植稳定性影响的三维有限元分析

目的:探讨骨质量和种植体螺纹对种植体稳定性的影响。方法:建立三角型和锯齿型螺纹种植体植于4种骨类型下颌骨的三维有限元模型8个,种植体顶部中心节点加垂直和45°倾斜力200N,分析种植体的位移和界面骨的应力分布。结果:随骨弹性模量的减小,界面骨应力和种植体位移均增加;锯齿型螺纹种植体的位移都小于三角型,斜向力在4种骨和垂直力在Ⅳ类骨中锯齿型的应力小于三角型。结论:骨类型和螺纹形态都影响种植体的稳定性。骨质越好种植体越稳定,界面骨应力越小;锯齿型螺纹种植体的稳定性比三角型螺纹好。     

利用HAUSER投影仪建立螺纹种植体三维有限元模型

目的利用四种不同规格形状螺纹种植体，建立含种植体的下颌骨三维有限元模型。方法利用HAUSER投影仪获取种植体的建模数据，使用工程软件Pro／E2001建立三维实体模型并输入到ANSYS程序中成为ANSYS文件并行Boolern运算、网格化，分别形成含有四种种植体的下颌骨三维有限元模型。结果建立了含有四种不同规格形状螺纹结构种植体的下颌骨三维有限元模型，单元和节点分别是，A型种植体：324549，81202；B型种植体：544089，88550；C型种植体：1130845，20375；D型种植体：569123，105759。结论采用投影记录、利用相关软件建立的含不同形状的种植体下颌骨模型具有良好的几何相似性与物理相似性。     

不同螺纹形态种植体对颌骨应力影响的三维有限元比较研究

目的:探讨圆柱形螺纹种植体螺纹形态对骨组织应力分布的影响,为临床设计和选择最佳的螺纹形态提供理论依据。方法:建立了12种包含不同螺纹形态种植体的颌骨骨块三维有限元模型:1 mm、2 mm和3 mm矩形螺纹设计(S-1、S-2和S-3);90°、60°和30°V形螺纹设计(V-1、V-2和V-3);45°、30°和15°支撑形螺纹设计(B-1、B-2和B-3);45°、30°和15°反支撑形螺纹设计(R-1、R-2和R-3)。对所有模型进行应力分布和Von M ises应力峰值的比较。结果:垂直向加载下S-2、V-3、B-3、R-1、R-2和R-3螺纹表现出较好的应力分布状态,在颊舌向加载下S-1、S-2、V-3、B-3、R-2和R-3螺纹表现出较好的应力分布状态。结论:提示S-2、V-3、B-3、R-2和R-3螺纹设计均适用于圆柱形种植体,反支撑螺纹为圆柱形种植体的最佳螺纹设计选择。     

螺纹与约束高度影响种植体应力分布的三维有限元分析

目的：研究螺纹与约束高度对于种植体应力分布的影响。方法：利用实体建模技术建立种植体的仿真模型，通过三维有限元的分析方法，对4种模型进行Von Mises应力分析。结果：长种植体约束高度高；在约束高度降低时，种植体应力明显增大，而不带螺纹的种植体应力变化较带螺纹的种植体小；螺纹间距对于应力值及应力分布无显著影响。结论：带螺纹的种植体强度要求高；长种植体的应力分布均匀，应力值小，对提高种植体的成功率有意义。     

种植体初期稳定性的研究现状与进展

种植体修复缺失牙已被越来越广泛的人群和口腔医生所接受，有关种植体的成功率也越来越受到关注。现在大部分学者都认为种植体植入后的初期稳定性是种植体获得成功的首要条件，也是必须条件。下面就近年来测量种植体初期稳定性及其影响因素作一综述。     

种植体颈部微螺纹结构对种植稳定性影响的三维有限元分析

目的：通过分析种植体颈部螺纹结构,以及Von-Mises应力和应变分布情况,为种植体结构设计提供生物力学实验数据和理论参考依据。方法：本文通过运用三维计算机辅助设计CAD软件,设计建立颈部有螺纹和无螺纹三维种植体模型,利用CT扫描数据重建下颌骨三维模型,牙齿咬合面与上颌骨长轴面形成的倾角为45。,沿此方向施加120N的力作用在牙冠顶部,以模拟实际咬合状态受力。利用有限元分析软件模拟即刻负荷（即骨一种植体之间摩擦系数0．3）和骨愈合后期（即骨一种植体之间为绑定接触）两种加载情况下种植体与周围骨组织之间Von-Mises应力和应变峰值大小及分布状况进行比较和分析。结果：在即刻负荷的条件下,Von-Mises应力、应变在颈部光滑的种植体与皮质骨之间分布均匀,峰值分别为28．654MPa、0．01334mm;而颈部有螺纹种植体与皮质骨之间的Von-Mises应力、应变峰值分别为52．630MPa、0．015864mm。在骨愈合后期,颈部光滑的种植体,在相同咬合力作用下,皮质骨Von-Mises应力、应变峰值分别为36．975MPa、0．010272mm;而具有颈部螺纹设计的种植体所引起的Von-Mises应力、应变峰值分别为35．857MPa、0．010234mm。在骨愈合后期,增加种植体颈部的螺纹设计使得皮质骨所受Von-Mises应力减小1．118MPa、应变峰值也有减小的趋势。结论：即刻负载种植时,增加种植体颈部螺纹结构,在种植体一骨愈合后期,颈部的微螺纹结构可使种植体一骨接触界面的Von-Mises应力和应变峰值有所减小,并且有效改善了接触界面的应力分布状况,有助于其长期稳定性及种植成功率的提高。     

反支撑形螺纹种植体即刻负载时应力分布的三维有限元分析

目的:利用三维有限元模型,探讨圆柱状反支撑形螺纹种植体螺纹形态变化对周围骨组织应力大小的影响,为临床设计和选择最佳的种植体螺纹参数提供理论依据.方法:利用包含圆柱状反支撑形螺纹种植体的颌骨三维有限元模型,分别设定螺纹宽度恒定(W=0.2)螺纹齿高(H)变化范围为0.2-0.6mm,或螺纹齿高恒定(H=0.4)螺纹宽度(W)范围为0.1-0.4mm.在种植体正中分别加载垂直向100N和颊舌向45°50N的作用力进行分析.观察H和W变化对颌骨平均应力Von-Mises峰值的影响.结果:即刻负载时,垂直向加载(F1)时,齿高及宽度变化时种植体Von-Mises应力峰值增幅分别为68.39％和20.90％;侧向加载(F2)时,种植体应力峰值变化增幅为42.28％和32.51％;结合两种作用力,当螺纹宽度恒定,齿高为0.3-0.5mm时,即刻负载情况下种植体对颌骨产生的应力峰值相对较小;齿高恒定,宽度设计为0.1-0.3mm时,种植体对颌骨产生的应力峰值相对较小.结论:在生物力学方面研究表示,圆柱状反支撑形螺纹种植体最佳的螺纹设计为螺纹齿高在0.3-0.5mm之间,螺纹宽度在0.1-0.3之间;相对于种植体螺纹宽度而言种植体螺纹齿高对应力分布影响更大,种植体螺纹设计时更应重视齿高的设计.     

Biomechanical aspects of marginal bone resorption around osseointegrated implants: considerations based on a three-dimensional finite element analysis

OBJECTIVES: Although bone loss around implants is reported as a complication when it progresses uncontrolled, resorption does not always lead to implant loss, but may be the result of biomechanical adaptation to stress. To verify this hypothesis, a three-dimensional finite element analysis was performed and the influence of marginal bone resorption amount and shape on stress in the bone and implant was investigated. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of nine bone models with an implant were created: a non-resorption (Base) model and eight variations, in which three different resorption depths were combined with pure vertical or conical (vertical-horizontal) resorption. Axial and buccolingual forces were applied independently to the occlusal node at the center of the superstructure. RESULTS: Regardless of load direction, bone stresses were higher in the pure vertical resorption (A) models than in the Base model, and increased with resorption depth. However, cortical bone stress was much lower in the conical resorption models than in both the Base and A models of the same resorption depth. An opposite tendency was observed in the cancellous bone under buccolingual load. Under buccolingual load, highest stress in the implant increased linearly with the resorption depth for all the models and its location approached the void existing below the abutment screw. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this analysis suggest that a certain amount of conical resorption may be the result of biomechanical adaptation of bone to stress. However, as bone resorption progresses, the increasing stresses in the cancellous bone and implant under lateral load may result in implant failure.     

种植牙即刻负重的生物力学的三维有限元分析

目的 用三维有限元的方法分析牙种植体不同角度即刻负重的骨界面应力分布规律.方法 选成人无牙下颌骨进行薄层螺旋CT扫描,将扫描图像导入通用外科手术集成系统,建立下颌骨三维网格模型.模拟标准的螺纹实心种植体,建立种植体一下颌骨即刻负重的三维有限元模型.以150 N的力轴向加载和分别10.、20.、30.侧向加载,应用ANS...     

Influence of marginal bone resorption on stress around an implant--a three-dimensional finite element analysis

Average marginal bone resorption of about 1 mm after the first year of functional loading, which is followed by an annual loss of approximately 0.1 mm, has been reported in stable implants. However, finite element analyses on bone stress around implants have been limited to analysing the bone stress in the absence of any bone resorption. Thus, a three-dimensional finite element analysis was performed to compare the bone stresses in a non-resorption model with those in four models with bone resorption of two depths (1.3 and 2.6 mm) and types (horizontal resorption and angular defects). Axial and bucco-lingual forces were separately applied to the center of the superstructure and the maximum equivalent stress was calculated. The main tendencies of bone stress (highest stress concentration around implant neck, higher stresses under bucco-lingual than axial load, as well as in the cortical than cancellous bone) were the same in the non-resorption and resorption models. Bone stress distributions were similar in the non-resorption and horizontal resorption models, but differed from those in the angular defect models. Moreover, the changes of the bone stress values with resorption depth differed for the two resorption types. Thus, in FEA, accurate simulation of the marginal bone shape in the implant neck region is advisable.     

Micromotion and stress distribution of immediate loaded implants: a finite element analysis

Background: Primary stability and micromotion of the implant fixture is mostly influenced by its macrodesign.
Purpose: To assess and compare the peri-implant stress distribution and micromotion of two types of immediate loading implants, immediate loaded screw (ILS) Nisastan and Xive (DENTSPLY/Friadent, Monnheim, Germany), and to determine the best macrodesign of these two implants by finite element analysis.
Methods: In this experimental study, the accurate pictures of two fixtures (ILS: height = 13, diameter = 4 mm and Xive: height = 13, diameter = 3.8 mm) were taken by a new digital camera (Nikon Coolpix 5700 [Nikon, Japan], resolution = 5.24 megapixel, lens = 8× optical, 4× digital zoom). Following accurate measurements, the three-dimensional finite element computer model was simulated and inserted in simulated mandibular bone (D₂) in SolidWorks 2003 (SolidWork Corp., MA, USA) and Ansys 7.1 (Ansys, Inc., Canonsburg, PA, USA). After loading (500 N, 75° above horizon), the displacement was displayed and von Mises stress was recorded.
Results: It was found that the primary stability of ILS was greater (152 µm) than Xive (284 µm). ILS exhibited more favorable stress distribution. Maximum stress concentration found in periapical bone around Xive (≈30 MPa) was lesser than Nisastan (≈37 MPa).
Conclusions: Macrodesign of ILS leads to better primary stability and stress distribution. Maximum stress around Xive was less.     

种植牙即刻负载与延期负载的生物力学三维有限元分析

目的比较即刻负载和延期负载对种植体骨界面生物力学分布的影响。方法采用CT扫描和自主开发的USIS软件建模,用有限元法计算分析即刻负载和延期负载时种植体骨界面的应力、应变及种植体的位移。结果即刻负载时种植体骨界面的VonMises应力稍小于延期负载,均集中于种植体颈部骨皮质,底部骨松质次之;但VonMises应变有较明显的增加,均集中于种植体底部骨松质和螺纹部位;种植体的位移较延期负载略有增大。即刻负载种植体和延期负载种植体在受到颊舌向力时,VonMises应力、应变及位移均有不同程度的增加。结论即刻负载时种植体骨界面的生物力学分布规律与延期负载时相似,受到侧向力时应力、应变增大。种植牙即刻负载技术是可行的。     

Effects of buccal bi-cortical anchorages on primary stability of dental implants: a numerical approach of natural frequency analysis

Summary  The purpose of this study was to investigate influences of buccal bi-cortical anchorages on natural frequency (NF) values of dental implants in different diameters utilizing the three-dimensional finite element method. Three degrees of buccal bi-cortical engagements were generated in D2 and D3 bone quality models, which were 0-mm engagement (i.e. implants just had contact with the buccal cortex), 0·5-mm (i.e. implants were penetrated into the buccal cortex by 0·5 mm) and 1·0-mm engagement, while only 0- and 0·5-mm engagement were simulated in D4 bone models. The uni-cortical engagement was set as the control. By the modal analysis, NF values of bending and axial vibration mode were computed as a function of different bi-cortical engagements. The results showed that buccal bi-cortical anchorages significantly enhanced bending and axial NF values. The increasing rates resulting from 0·5-mm engagement ranged from 10·5 to 42·3%, with a mean of 24·3%. From 0- to 0·5-mm engagement, the NF values maintained an increasing trend, and from 0·5- to 1·0-mm engagement, the values levelled off or even decreased. In 0·5- and 1·0-mm engagement models, increasing implant diameter resulted in small increases of NF values. In conclusion, buccal bi-cortical anchorages could significantly increase both bending and axial NF values of dental implants, but extra-buccal cortical bone engagement could not produce considerable incremental increases of NF values as anticipated. Increasing implant diameter could result in limited increases of NF values in case of implants being bi-cortically anchored.     

下颌牙种植体即刻加载三维有限元模型的建立

目的:建立包含即刻加载螺纹种植体的下颌骨三维有限元模型,以深入研究牙种植体即刻加载骨界面的力学分布规律。方法:以女性无牙牙合下颌骨为标本,采用螺旋CT扫描,DICOM格式保存。将DICOM数据导入计算机,用自主开发的通用外科手术集成系统(UniversalSurgicalIntegrationSystem,USIS)和ANSYS软件进行划分单元建模,并模拟ITI螺纹种植体的真实形态,在下颌骨前牙区植入3颗种植体,模拟种植体即刻加载的状态,将种植体骨界面定义为滑动摩擦。结果:建立了结构精确的含即刻加载螺纹种植体的下颌骨三维有限元模型,牙种植体螺纹螺旋形态连续一致。结论:本实验建立的有限元模型的几何相似性、生物力学相似性及临床适应性均达到实验要求,为进一步研究牙种植体即刻加载的骨界面力学分布提供了良好的基础。     

单个下颌磨牙缺失种植修复的三维有限元分析

目的:分析单个下颌磨牙缺失时不同设计的种植修复的种植体-骨界面的应力分布情况。方法:采用三维有限元法。结果:与单个标准直径种植体修复相比,采用单个大直径种植体或双种植体修复单个缺失下颌磨牙均可使种植体-骨界面应力值大大降低;而采用单个大直径种植体修复单个缺失磨牙时骨界面应力值相对较小,以斜向加载时更为明显。结论:建议临床采用单个大直径种植体或双种植体修复单个缺失下颌磨牙。当颌骨颊舌径足够时,以大直径种植体修复为佳。