肺癌患者空气贮留与肺功能指数的相关分析

目的探讨肺癌患者空气贮留与肺功能指数的相关性。方法对57例病理确诊为肺癌患者,使用螺旋CT分别进行了不同呼吸时相的连续容积数据模式扫描,对空气贮留进行评分,全部患者作了肺功能检查。结果肺癌患者空气贮留与小气道功能指标FEF25%（r=-0.51,P〈0.05）,FEF50%（r=-0.77,P〈0.01）、RV（r=0.75,P〈0.01）高度相关,与FEV1（r=-0.20,P〉0.05）、FVC（r=-0.19,P〉0.05）、FEV1/FVC（r=-0.35,P〉0.05）不相关。结论肺癌患者的空气贮留与小气道功能指标有密切相关性。     

HRCT在小气道病变的诊断探讨

目的探讨高分辨力CT（HRCT）在小气道病变的诊断。方法选取本院自2011年12月～2012年12月收治的98例行高分辨力CT检查的小气道阻塞肺功能病变患儿,同时对患儿行螺旋CT、胸部X线片检查,并对其表现情况进行对比。结果高分辨力CT对马赛克征、细支气管壁增厚、空气潴留、树芽征等征象的显示数量明显高于螺旋CT及胸部X线（P〈0．05）。结论给予小气道病变患者HRCT检查可有效的对马赛克征、细支气管壁增厚、空气潴留、树芽征等征象进行显示,是显示小气道病变的最佳影像学检查方式,值得推广和应用。     

支气管舒张试验在小气道病变患者中的临床应用价值

目的探讨支气管舒张试验在小气道病变患者中临床应用方面的价值,观察其对早期支气管哮喘有无预测价值。方法根据小气道病变诊断标准选取郑州大学第五附属医院门诊及住院部的104例小气道病变患者,观察所有患者支气管舒张试验的结果,并追踪患者病情转归。结果 104例患者中有33例阳性,71例阴性。阳性组和阴性组舒张前FEF25-75%、FEF50%(V50%)、FEF75%(V25%)比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),舒张前FEF25-75%、FEF50%(V50%)、FEF75%(V25%)与FEV1改善率和增加量均呈负相关。33例支气管舒张试验阳性患者中有23例患者确诊为支气管哮喘,小气道病变患者的支气管哮喘的发生率为21.02%。结论支气管哮喘可能多合并小气道病变,考虑小气道病变患者应早期行支气管舒张试验,该试验在小气道病变患者中的应用对支气管哮喘的发生可能有预测价值。     

孟鲁司特联合信必可治疗儿童哮喘的疗效观察

目的观察孟鲁司特联合信必可治疗儿童哮喘的临床疗效。方法将62例轻中度哮喘患儿随机分为两组,实验组（32例）：给予信必可都保（布地奈德/福莫特罗复方制剂）80/4.5μg/吸,每日两次吸入,加孟鲁司特治疗（5 mg/次,每天一次,睡前口服）;对照组（30例）：信必可都保80/4.5μg/吸,每日两次吸入治疗,未加孟鲁司特。共12周,观察两组患儿临床控制情况及肺功能（PEF、FEV1、FEF75、FEF50、FEF25）改变。结果（1）临床控制率：实验组临床控制率93.7%;对照组临床控制率86.7%,两组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;（2）肺功能改善情况：实验组FEV1、PEF、FEF75、FEF50、FEF25较治疗前明显改善,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;与对照组比较PEV1、PEF改善率差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,小气道功能（FEF75、FEF50、FEF25）改善率差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论孟鲁司特联合信必可用于儿童哮喘的治疗,对缓解症状和改善肺功能均能收到良好效果,尤其对小气道功能改善明显。     

小气道功能变化在咳嗽变异性哮喘诊断中的意义

目的通过对咳嗽变异性哮喘（Cough variant asthma,CVA）患者组（A组）与支气管哮喘患者组（B组）及健康对照组（C组）患者进行肺功能检测,探讨小气道功能变化对CVA的诊断价值。方法采用美国Senders厂生产的VIASYS综合肺功能仪,对A、B组患者及正常对照检测肺功能有关指标。结果经方差分析,3组间各项指标均有显著差异。经t检验进行两组间比较,发现B组FEF25%、FEF50%、FEF75%及FEF25%～75%与A及C组比较,有显著差异（P〈0.01）;A组FEF25%与C组比较,显著降低（P〈0.05）。结论 A组与正常对照组比较小气道功能变化（FEF25%）存在差异,A组存在小气道早期功能变化,小气道功能检测对CVA诊断有帮助。     

哮喘患儿维生素D水平与小气道功能的关系

目的 分析哮喘患儿维生素D水平与小气道功能的关系。方法 选取河南省洛阳市第三人民医院儿科2017年1月至2018年12月收治的90例哮喘急性发作期患儿作为哮喘组,另选取同期在本院接受健康体检的30例健康儿童作为对照组;采用化学发光法检测两组研究对象外周血25-羟维生素D[25-（OH）D]水平、肺功能仪检测小气道功能[最大呼气中段流量（MMEF）、25%用力肺活量时用力呼气流量（FEF25）、50%用力肺活量时用力呼气流量（FEF50）、75%用力肺活量时用力呼气流量（FEF75）];比较两组研究对象外周血25-（OH）D、小气道功能及不同25-（OH）D水平的哮喘患儿小气道功能,Pearson相关性分析哮喘患儿外周血25-（OH）D水平与小气道功能的关系。结果 ①哮喘组维生素缺乏[外周血25-（OH）D<20 ng/mL]57例,维生素不足[外周血25-（OH）D<30 ng/mL但 ≥ 20 ng/mL]25例,充足8例;且哮喘组外周血25-（OH）D及小气道功能指标水平均低于对照组,且两组研究对象外周血25-（OH）D缺乏、不足、充足分布情况差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;②重度哮喘患儿外周血25-（OH）D及小气道功能指标水平<中度患儿<轻度患儿;25-（OH）D缺乏的哮喘患儿小气道功能指标水平<25-（OH）D不足患儿<25-（OH）D充足患儿,多组及组间两两比较差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;③支气管哮喘患儿25-（OH）D水平与MMEF、FEF25、FEF50、FEF75均呈正相关（r=0.419、0.386、0.506、0.336,P<0.05）。结论 哮喘患儿外周血25-（OH）D水平相对较低,并与小气道功能指标显著相关,积极纠正维生素缺乏或不足可能更利于小气道功能改善。     

哮喘患儿诱导痰中TGF-β1、IL-5与肺功能相关性的研究

目的探讨哮喘患儿诱导痰中TGF-β1表达、IL-5水平及EOS计数与肺功能的相关性。方法选取30例5—15岁支气管哮喘急性发作患儿（哮喘组）、该组30例经吸入糖皮质激素治疗6个月-1年进入哮喘缓解期的患儿（缓解组）．30例5—15岁健康儿童（对照组）,对3组病人测定诱导痰巾TGF—β1表达、IL-5水平及EOS计数,3组病人均测定肺功能FEV．等值。结果（1）哮喘组TGF～β1阳性细胞表达率与缓解组比较,P〈0．01;哮喘组IL-5、EOS与对照组、缓解组比较,P均〈0．01;（2）哮喘组FEV1％pre、FEF25-75％均低于对照组及缓解组,P〈0．05;缓解组FEV1％pre与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义;缓解组FEF25-75％低于对照组,P〈0．05;（3）哮喘组痰液中TGF-β1阳性细胞表达牢与IL-5水平、EOS％呈正相关：r=0．38P〈0．05,r=0．66,P〈0．01;与肺功能FEV1％pre、FEF25～50呈负相关：r=-0．68,P〈0．01,r=-0．555,P〈0．05。结论TGF—βl、IL-5、EOS在哮喘患儿诱导痰中有过度表达,这些指标与肺功能有很好的相关性．可作为气道慢性炎症的-个标示物用来监测哮喘。     

肺功能检查在支气管哮喘急性发作期、缓解期的变化及意义

目的观察肺功能检查在支气管哮喘急性发作期、缓解期的变化特点,并掌握其意义。方法对50例哮喘患者分别于急性发作期、缓解期进行肺通气功能、肺容量、脉冲震荡法检测,比较参数,包括用力肺活量（FVC）、第1秒用力呼气容积（FEV1）、第1秒用力呼气容积与用力肺活量比值（FEV1/FVC）、最大用力呼气峰流量（PEF）及25%、50%、75%肺活量时最大用力呼气流量（FEF25、FEF50、FEF75）、深吸气量（IC）、残气量（RV）、残气和肺总量比（RV/TLC）、共振频率（Fres）、呼吸总阻抗（Z5）、总气道阻力（R5）、中心气道阻力（R20）、外周气道阻力（R5-R20）、震荡频率为5Hz时电抗值（X5）等的变化。结果 FVC、FEV1/FVC、FVC/pre、FEV1、FEV1/pre、PEF、PEF/pre、FEF25、FEF50、FEF75、FEF25/pre、FEF50/pre、FEF75/pre、X5在急性发作期显著低于缓解期,RV、RV/TLC、Fres、Z5、R5、R20在急性发作期显著高于缓解期,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。FEV1缓解期较急性发作期的改善值和改善率均显著高于FVC,PEF的改善率最高,FEV1/FVC的改善率最低。另外,RV也有较高的改善率。Z5、R5缓解期较急性发作期的改善值增大,R20改善值〉R5-R20,X5改善率最高,Fres也有较高的改善率。结论哮喘气道阻力的增加以中心气道阻力为主,其治疗反应以流速改善型为主。IOS在区分气道阻塞的部位和治疗反应类型有较高的临床价值。     

普通肺炎支原体肺炎患儿肺功能检测的临床意义

目的：探讨儿童普通肺炎支原体肺炎（MPP）急性期及恢复期肺通气功能的变化及其检测意义。方法：选取2014年6月至2015年6月在我院住院的5~14岁普通MPP急性期（发病1周内）患儿74例,行常规肺功能检测,随访至恢复期（发病后第3周）,66例再次行常规肺功能检测;另选取同期健康儿童60例作为对照组。结果：普通MPP急性期各项肺功能指标（FVC、FEV1、PEF、FEF25、FEF50、FEF75、MMEF）与FEV1/FCV较恢复期均下降（P均<0.01）;恢复期FVC、FEV1、PEF基本恢复正常,而FEF25、FEF50、FEF75、MMEF较对照组仍有减低（P均<0.01）;急性期与恢复期FEV1/FVC均保持在正常范围。结论：儿童普通MPP急性期存在限制性、阻塞性通气功能障碍及小气道损害,限制性通气功能障碍相对较轻,小气道损害相对较重,而在恢复期限制性及阻塞性肺通气功能障碍明显改善,但仍有小气道损害,故普通MPP小气道损害时间明显较大气道长。肺通气功能检测可以较为客观地反映肺损害的情况,可以判断病情轻重、评估疗效及判断预后。     

肺结核患者螺旋CT动态扫描与肺功能指数相关性研究

目的评价空气贮留、肺结核与肺功能指数的相关性。方法通过对53例病理或临床证实的肺结核患者,使用螺旋CT分别进行了不同呼吸时相的连续容积数据模式扫描,对肺结核和空气贮留分别进行评分。全部患者作了肺功能检查。结果肺结核和空气贮留分别在234／318和176／318个肺叶中见到,两者平均积分高度相关（r=0．74,P〈0．01）。空气贮留积分与肺功能指数相关性：第1秒最大呼气量占用力肺活量百分比（FEV1／FVC）（r=-0．40,P〈0．05）、25％肺活量时最大用力呼气流率（FEF25％）（r=-0．50,P〈0．05）相关,第1秒最大呼气量（FEV1）（r=-0．47,P〈0．01）、用力肺活量（FVC）（r=-0．45,P〈0．01）、50％肺活量时最大呼气流率（FEF50％）（r=-0．76,P〈0．01）、残气量（RV）（r=0．78,P〈0．01）高度相关。结论在肺结核患者中空气贮留与小气道功能指数具有密切相关性。     

小气道功能指标在儿童哮喘病情严重程度评估及临床诊断中的应用

目的 探讨小气道功能指标在儿童哮喘病情严重程度评估及临床诊断中的应用价值。方法 选取2013年5月至2016年4月于郑州市第二人民医院56例哮喘急性发作期病儿作为哮喘组,并根据哮喘急性发作严重程度分为轻度(21例)、中度(20例)和重度(15例)三个亚组,同时选取同期、年龄相仿及性别相匹配的30例因其他原因引起喘息咳嗽的慢性炎症病儿和32例入院检查健康儿童分别作为非哮喘组和对照组,收集各组儿童一般资料,采用肺功能测定系统检测各组儿童用力肺活量(FVC)、最大呼气流量(PEF)、第1秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)和FEV1/FVC比值、呼出25%肺活量时呼气流速(FEF25%)、呼出50%肺活量时呼气流速(FEF50%)、呼出75%肺活量时呼气流速(FEF75%)、最大中期呼气流速(MMEF)等指标。结果 与对照组比较,非哮喘组和哮喘组病儿FVC、FEV1、PEF、FEF25%、FEF50%、FEF75%和MMEF等指标均显著降低(P<0.05),且哮喘组病儿上述指标显著低于非哮喘组[(1.42±0.36)L比(1.85±0.47)L、(1.25±0.32)L比(1.42±0.41)L、(2.68±0.64)L比(3.25±0.77)L/s、(2.54±0.65)L/s比(3.74±0.68)L/s、(1.58±0.36)L/s比(2.24±0.71)L/s、(0.61±0.37)L/s比(1.02±0.41)L/s、(1.42±0.49)L/s比(1.89±0.68)L/s)](均P<0.05),而三组病儿FEV1/FVC指标差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。哮喘急性发作期不同程度病儿用力呼出25%肺活量的呼气流量占预计值百分比(FEF25pred%)、用力呼出50%肺活量的呼气流量占预计值百分比(FEF50pred%)、用力呼出75%肺活量的呼气流量占预计值百分比(FEF75pred%)、最大呼气中期流量占预计值的百分比(MMEFpred%)等指标比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),且随着病情程度增加,病儿FEF25pred%、FEF50pred%、FEF75pred%、MMEFpred%等指标呈现明显降低趋势(P<0.05),FEF25%和FEF75%指标在不同严重程度哮喘病儿中异常率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),FEF50%和MMEF指标比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),其中FEF25%主要表现为轻度异常,而FEF75%主要表现为重度异常。结论 小气道功能指标在儿童哮喘病情严重程度评估及临床诊断具有重要意义,随着病情加剧,小气道功能指标明显降低,且异常率显著增加。     

沙美特罗/丙酸氟替卡松对哮喘儿童肺功能的改善及临床意义

目的:观察沙美特罗/丙酸氟替卡松对哮喘儿童肺功能改善情况。方法:采用德国Jaeger公司的MasterscreenIOS测定仪,对61例支气管哮喘患儿在沙美特罗/丙酸氟替卡松治疗前后进行通气肺功能(F-V)和脉冲振荡(IOS)检测。观察用力肺活量(FVC)、第一秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)、最大呼气流速(PEF)、呼出25%肺活量时最大呼气流量(FEF25)、呼出50%肺活量时最大呼气流量(FEF50)、呼出75%肺活量时最大呼气流量(FEF75);呼吸阻抗(Zrs)、气道总阻力(R5)、中心气道阻力(R20)、响应频率(Fres)。结果:沙美特罗/丙酸氟替卡松治疗后FVC、FEV1、PEF均明显升高(P<0.001),而Zrs、R5、R20、Fres均明显降低(P<0.05),两者检查结果均有显著统计学意义。结论:吸入沙美特罗/丙酸氟替卡松能改善哮喘儿童的肺通气功能,降低气道阻力,是治疗儿童哮喘的理想药物之一。     

半乳糖凝集素 -3、白细胞介素 35、白细胞介素 17在支气管哮喘病儿血清中的水平及与肺功能的相关性

目的探究半乳糖凝集素 -3(Galectin-3)、白细胞介素 35(IL-35)及白细胞介素 17(IL-17)在支气管哮喘病儿血清中的水平及临床意义。方法选取 2021年 8月至 2022年 8月徐州医科大学附属医院诊治的哮喘病儿 77例,分为轻中度哮喘急性发作组( 40例)及哮喘缓解组( 37例)选择同期徐州医科大学附属医院健康体检儿童 26例为对照组。采用酶联免疫法测定血清 Galectin-3、IL-35、IL-17水平。应用,肺功能仪进行肺功能检查,记录第 1秒用力呼气容积 /1 s用力呼气量预计值百分比(FEV1%)、 1s用力呼气量占用力肺活量比值( FEV1/ FVC)、最大呼气 50%瞬间流量( FEF50%),最大呼气 75%瞬间流量(FEF75%)指标。结果轻中度急性发作组 Gal-3、IL-17水平分别为( 50.89±7.90)ng/L、(60.95±8.14)ng/L,明显高于缓解组的(33.93±9.49)ng/L、(42.94±6.67)ng/L及对照组的( 24.8±5.84)ng/L、(35.45±8.68)ng/L,差异有统计学意义( P<0.05)。轻中度急性发作组 IL-35水平为( 101.28±9.44)ng/L明显低于缓解组(125.91±7.79)ng/L及对照组(148.83±8.09)ng/L,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。轻中度急性发作组 FEV1%、FEV1/FVC水平分别为( 67.22±12.11)%、(67.56±12.60)%明显低于缓解组的( 95.4±10.63)%、(95.58±10.95)%和对照组的( 108.21±10.49)%、(108.9±10.03)%,均差异有统计学意义( P<0.05)FEF50%、FEF75%在轻中度急性发作组分别为( 46.22±11.80)%、(38.42±9.94)%,与缓解组的( 50.11±11.53)%、(42.76±12.39)%比,较,差异无统计学意义( P>0.05),与对照组( 91.75±12.43)%、(93.84±12.07)%比较差异有统计学意义( P<0.05)。 Gal-3与 IL-17呈正相关( P<0.05), IL-35与 IL-17呈负相关( P<0.05), Gal-3、IL-17与 FEV1%、FEV1/FVC、FEF50%、FEF75%呈负相关( P<0.05), IL-35与 FEV1%、FEV1/FVC、FEF50%、FEF75%呈正相关( P<0. 05)。结论哮喘病儿 Gal-3表达上调, IL-35表达下调,引起 IL-17促表达增强、表达抑制作用减弱, IL-17水平升高从而导致气道炎症加重,可能是轻中度哮喘急性发作的发病机制之一;亦可能是哮喘缓解期部分病儿小气道炎症持续存在的可能机制之一。 Gal-3、IL-35、IL-17水平测定有助于预测轻中度哮喘急性发作风险及指导调整吸入糖皮质激素(ICS)用药。     

Large and small airway responses to procaterol hydrochloride administered through different extension devices in asthmatic patients.

The effects of spacer devices on the magnitude and velocity of large and small airway bronchodilator responses in asthmatic patients who can correctly operate a metered dose inhaler (MDI) remain unclear. According to a double-blinded, randomized, crossover protocol, 14 asthmatic patients were studied on seven separate occasions. On each occasion, patients inhaled doubling methacholine concentrations until forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) had fallen by 20% of baseline. Changes in forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of vital capacity (FEF25-75) were also evaluated. Subsequently, patients were administered 20 or 50 micrograms of procaterol from an MDI either alone or in conjunction with a small- or large-volume spacer device. Changes in FEV1 and FEF25-75 corrected for baseline forced vital capacity (isoFEF25-75) were assessed at 3-minute intervals for 15 minutes and at 30 minutes. Spontaneous recovery was similarly evaluated. The time required to attain significant increases in both FEV1 and isoFEF25-75 was calculated in bronchodilator trials. With 20 micrograms of procaterol, both spacers allowed larger and faster FEV1 increases than the MDI alone (P < 0.01); with 50 micrograms, the velocity and magnitude of FEV1 increases were further enhanced in trials with the MDI alone. The lower procaterol dose via the large-volume spacer determined larger and faster isoFEF25-75 increases than the higher dose via both the small-volume spacer and the MDI alone (P < 0.01). Spacers enhance bronchodilation even in patients using MDIs optimally. Compared with both the small-volume device and the MDI alone, the large-volume spacer allows faster and larger small airway dilation with less than half of the procaterol dose.     

Cardiorespiratory responses to submaximal incremental exercise are not affected by one night's sleep deprivation during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of one night's sleep deprivation on the cardiorespiratory responses to exercise during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. We have studied nine, healthy females aged 24-35 years with regular menstrual cycles. Each subject performed spirometric tests at rest and then an incremental exercise testing during 11-13 days of follicular phase and 22-24 days of luteal phase following one normal night's sleep or one night's sleep loss. Compared with resting values exercise produced significant increases in cardiorespiratory variables including oxygen uptake (VO2), carbon dioxide production (VCO2), tidal volume (VT), respiratory rate (RR), minute ventilation (VE), systolic blood pressure, heart rate (HR) and respiratory quotient (R). However, it did not alter significantly diastolic blood pressure, end-tidal PO2 (PETO2), end-tidal PCO2 (PETCO2) and arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2). Spirometric variables which include forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one s (FEV1), FEV1/FVC%, forced expiratory volume in three s (FEV3), forced expired flow from 25-75% of FVC (FEF 25-75%), forced expired flow at 25% of FVC (FEF 25%), forced expired flow at 50% of FVC (FEF 50%), forced expired flow at 75% of FVC (FEF 75%), forced expired flow from 75-85% of FVC (FEF 75-85%), peak expiratory flow (PEF), expiratory reserve volume (ERV), inspiratory capacity (IC) and maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) and cardiorespiratory variables were not different between the cycle phases after one normal night's sleep or one night's sleep deprivation. Neither menstrual cycle phase nor sleep deprivation affected spirometric and cardiorespiratory parameters. We suggest that one night's sleep deprivation does not produce alterations in spirometric parameters and cardiorespiratory responses to submaximal incremental exercise during the follicular and luteal phases.     

Lung function development in Indian men and women during late adolescence and early adulthood--a longitudinal study

Lung function development was studied in a cohort of Indian men (n = 31) and women (n = 36), over a period of four years during late adolescence and early adulthood. Forced expiratory spirograms and peak expiratory flow rates were recorded at intervals of approximately two years. All volumes and flow rates were higher in men, but volume adjusted flow rates were higher in women. Forced vital capacity (FVC) forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and peak expiratory flow (PEF) were significantly higher in men even after standardizing for age, height and weight. Height and PEF increased significantly in men and women over the four years. Volumes showed a greater increase whereas flow rates and volume adjusted flow rates showed a greater decrease in men. The decline in the forced expiratory flow in the middle half of the FVC (FEF 25-75%) was significantly less in women. These results suggest that although lung size is greater in men, small airway dynamics may be better in young women.     

The effect of tiotropium on the pulmonary diffusing capacity

To our knowledge, there is no data on the effect of tiotropium on pulmonary gas exchange in healthy subjects. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of tiotropium on pulmonary diffusing capacity. Twenty-one healthy volunteers were enrolled for a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Spirometric measurements, including pulmonary-diffusing capacity, were obtained before and after inhalation of drug or placebo. There was a significant decrease in forced vital capacity (FVC) and, consequently, an increase in the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) to FVC ratio after placebo inhalation (p < 0.05), but no changes were found for percent-predicted FVC, FEV1, percent-predicted FEV1, percent-predicted forced expiratory flow (FEF25%-75%), percent-predicted peak expiratory flow (PEF), diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO), single-breath alveolar volume (VA) and DLCO/VA ratio when compared with the baseline. Tiotropium inhalation caused a significant increase in FVC, percent-predicted FEV1, FEV1/FVC and percent-predicted FEF25%-75%, although the decrease in DLCO was insignificant (12.4 +/- 0.9 to 11.4 +/- 0.9). In conclusion, tiotropium does not change the pulmonary-diffusing capacity in healthy volunteers.     

Comparison of fenoterol, isoproterenol, and isoetharine with phenylephrine aerosol in asthma

The bronchodilator effect of fenoterol hydrobromide (0.5, 1.25, and 2.5 mg) was compared with either isoproterenol (2.8 mg) or isoetharine (5 mg) with phenylephrine (1.25 mg) in a double-blind placebo-controlled study. When delivered by an intermittent positive-pressure breathing device to 24 nonsmoking young adult asthmatic subjects, fenoterol produced significant improvement in forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FEV1), in maximum midexpiratory flow (FEF25-75%), and in forced expiratory flow at 25 per cent of vital capacity (FEF25%) for 6 to 8 hours, whereas isoproterenol and isoetharine with phenylephrine produced improvement for 1 and 2 hours, respectively. The lowest dosage of fenoterol was as effective as the highest but had fewer adverse effects.     

Evaluation of the onset and duration of response to cold air inhalation challenge in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)

Cold air inhalation challenge (CAIC) for the evaluation of bronchial reactivity has been proposed as a physical agent alternative to chemical agent challenges (methacholine or histamine), especially suitable for the occupational environment. The present investigation describes and evaluates a method for performing cold air inhalation challenge in Cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis), a species shown to be useful in animal modeling studies of occupational asthma. Six adult male anesthetized monkeys were ventilated by changes in external pressure while breathing cold air (-25 degrees C to -30 degrees C). Pulmonary function testing was performed at 10, 25, 40 and 55 min post-challenge. Significant increases (P less than 0.05) in average pulmonary flow resistance (RL) and decreases in dynamic compliance (CL dyn) were observed, with maximum impairment occurring at 25 min post-challenge, with a trend towards a return to baseline values at 55 min post-challenge. Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), forced expiratory volume in 0.5 s/forced vital capacity (FEV0.5/FVC) and forced expiratory flow at 50% forced vital capacity (FEF50) showed the same general pattern of reduction as seen with RL; however, these results were not statistically significant, most probably owing to individual monkey variability and the small number of monkeys (N = 6) used. A repeat challenge at 25 min after a primary challenge yielded increased RL in one monkey, suggesting that no absolute refractory period is present from CAIC. Results of these studies demonstrate that CAIC causes bronchoconstriction in monkeys and may be useful in further animal modeling studies designed to determine the asthmogenic/airway irritant potential of occupational toxicants.     

Effect of oral contraceptives on respiratory function

The present study was carried out to assess the lung functions in oral contraceptive administered women. Lung function tests were carried out with Spirometer (Vitallograph Compact II). A significant increase in vital capacity (VC) was observed in these women as compared to normal control. There was also a significant decrease in forced expiratory volume in 1 sec./vital capacity (FEV1/VC%) and forced expiratory volume in 1 sec./forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC%) among oral contraceptive administered women as compared to controls. Further, a significant increase in peak expiratory flow rate (PEF), reduction in forced expiratory flow rate (FEF75-85%) and FEF75% were observed among oral contraceptive administered women as compared to controls. The increase in VC and PEF might be due to the synthetic form of progesterone (progestins) present in oral contraceptive pills which causes hyperventilatory changes. Synthetic progesterone during luteal phase of menstrual cycle might increase the static and dynamic volumes of lung i.e. VC and PEF. But FEF75% showed a decrease which might be due to the lower neuromuscular coordination during breathing.