带血管蒂趾短伸肌瓣的应用解剖

通过动脉灌注，对１４２侧成人下肢标本（新鲜５０侧，已固定９２侧）趾短伸肌的血液供应进行了研究。趾短伸肌的血供主要来自跗外侧动、静脉，其次来自腓动脉穿支的降支和外踝前动脉的吻合干──外侧动脉弓，此外来自足背动脉网的吻合支。带血管蒂趾短伸肌瓣血管丰富，活动度大，可移位修复外踝、踝部和小腿软组织缺损。     

趾屈肌腱微血管的应用解剖

通过血管注射，对成人新鲜尸体下肢２２侧趾屈肌腱的微血管进行了研究。肌腱的血供主要来自肌支、腱旁组织、腱系膜与腱纽的血管和骨－腱接合处来自骨和骨膜的血管。肌腱鞘外段的腱内血管以束间吻合管为主，分布均匀，与腱外膜血管丛的横支互相连接。肌腱鞘内段的血管呈节段性分布于系膜侧，而对系膜侧为无血管区。拇长、趾长屈肌腱在跖趾关节和近侧趾间关节平面分别为无血管段或相对无血管段。对肌腱血供的临床意义进行了讨论。     

伸指肌腱的血液供应特点及临床意义

选用新鲜成尸上肢12例,其中10例注射碳素墨汁后制成透明标本;另2例将指伸肌腱按不同部分做组织学切片,观察其血供特点。结果表明:通行于腱滑液鞘内的肌腱部分,无腱旁组织,血管配布不均,腱内血管分布较少,无吻合。而在腱滑液鞘以外的肌腱部分,血管配布较丰富,并有吻合。本研究为临床修复伸指真肌腱的手术提供可靠的形态学参考。     

足背短肌的应用解剖

本文用手术显微镜及测微器在50侧(男30、女20)成人尸体的标本上对伸(足母)短肌和伸趾短肌的形态.血供和神经支配进行解剖与测量.伸(足母)短肌的长54.8±0.90mm,宽15.90±0.44mm厚3.46±0.18mm;伸趾短肌的长65.65±1.58mm,宽19,46±0.51mm,厚3.43±0.19mm.血供主要来自跗外侧动脉,其起点处的外径1.72±0.09mm,入肌处的外径0.82±0.06mm,可游离的长度24.85±1.41mm;肌肉由腓深神经分支支配.本文还讨论了该肌瓣的临床应用及作为供体时应注意的问题.     

趾短伸肌以扁形肌腱与第三趾长伸肌腱融合

<正>在制作1例成人男性右下肢肌标本中,发现趾短伸肌以扁形肌腱与第3趾长伸肌腱融合,为积累国人解剖学资料,现报道如下。修去足背浅筋膜,清理肌腱时,见趾短伸肌外侧中下1/3的肌表面发出一扁形肌腱,与第3趾长伸肌腱呈57°融合(图1)。该扁形肌腱的后2/3有肌纤维附着,其外侧缘与趾短伸肌外侧缘融合,长29.78 mm,平均宽6.03 mm,平均厚1.32 mm;前     

长伸肌腱移位治疗外翻的应用解剖学

目的:探讨长伸肌腱移位治疗外翻的解剖学入路及手术的要点。方法:(1)100例正常足及100例外翻足,测量长伸屈肌腱的位置;(2)对20具尸体40足解剖,观察长伸肌腱、长屈肌腱、短伸肌腱、腓浅神经、腓深神经、隐神经及周围血管走行特点,并测量上述结构与解剖标志的相对位置。结果:正常长伸肌腱的位置在踝横纹处位于胫骨前肌外侧(9.44±4.26)m m,在跖附关节中点外侧(2.00±2.22)m m,跖趾关节中点外侧(1.32±1.46)m m,止点位于末节趾骨基底中点(2.22±2.42)m m范围内,长屈肌腱在跖趾关节中点外侧(0.44±2.42)m m。在外翻的患者中,长伸肌腱在踝横纹处位于胫骨前肌外侧(9.32±3.46)m m,在跗跖关节中点外侧(3.00±2.22)m m,跖趾关节中点外侧(4.22±2.26)m m,止点位于末节趾骨基底中点(2.02±2.32)m m范围内,长屈肌腱在跖趾关节中点外侧(3.24±2.32)m m。趾背侧皮肤由隐神经、腓浅及腓深神经支配。结论:(1)正常与外翻足的比较中,伸肌腱的位置在足横纹及止点处无明显的差异,在跖附关节及跖趾关节处,外翻足的伸肌腱明显外移(P<0.05)。长屈肌腱也明显外移(P<0.05)。(2)手术中隐神经终末支易受损伤。(3)伸肌腱内移并止点重建可矫正外翻。     

(足母)长伸肌腱移位治疗(足母)外翻的应用解剖学

目的:探讨(足母)长伸肌腱移位治疗(足母)外翻的解剖学入路及手术的要点.方法:(1)100例正常足及100例(足母)外翻足,测量(足母)长伸屈肌腱的位置;(2)对20具尸体40足解剖,观察(足母)长伸肌腱、(足母)长屈肌腱、(足母)短伸肌腱、腓浅神经、腓深神经、隐神经及周围血管走行特点,并测量上述结构与解剖标志的相对位置.结果:正常(足母)长伸肌腱的位置在踝横纹处位于胫骨前肌外侧(9.44±4.26)mm,在跖附关节中点外侧(2.00±2.22)mm,跖趾关节中点外侧(1.32±1.46)mm,止点位于末节趾骨基底中点(2.22±2.42)mm范围内,(足母)长屈肌腱在跖趾关节中点外侧(0.44±2.42)mm.在(足母)外翻的患(足母)者中,(足母)长伸肌腱在踝横纹处位于胫骨前肌外侧(9.32±3.46)mm,在跗跖关节中点外侧(3.00±2.22)mm,跖趾关节中点外侧(4.22±2.26)mm,止点位于末节趾骨基底中点(2.02±2.32)mm范围内,(足母)长屈肌腱在跖趾关节中点外侧(3.24±2.32)mm.(足母)趾背侧皮肤由隐神经、腓浅及腓深神经支配.结论:(1)正常与(足母)外翻足的比较中,伸肌腱的位置在足横纹及止点处无明显的差异,在跖附关节及跖趾关节处,外翻足的伸肌腱明显外移(P＜0.05).(足母)长屈肌腱也明显外移(P＜0.05).(2)手术中隐神经终末支易受损伤.(3)伸肌腱内移并止点重建可矫正(足母)外翻.     

腱旁组织有关的应用解剖学

通过血管注射,对17只新鲜成年男性尸体上肢的屈指肌腱的腱旁组织,及其血管来源和血液供应进行了研究。腱旁组织是无滑膜腱的血供来源,在肌腱通过关节部位,腱旁组织特化为滑液囊,指腱鞘、腱系膜等结构。腱旁组织的血管网与滑液囊壁、指腱鞘外面及腱外膜的血管网延续,构成了一个相对独立的血供系统。     

腓骨长肌腱转位修复膝关节不稳的应用

目的：为带血供腓骨长肌腱转位修复膝关节不稳提供应用解剖学基础。方法：在１２０侧成人下肢标本对腓骨长肌外踝以上段的形态，血供及神经支配进行解剖观测。并在标本上进行模拟术式设计。结果：腓骨长肌腱平均长男６．９±１．３ｃｍ，女６．５±１．６ｃｍ，宽度男０．９±０．３ｃｍ，女０．８±０．３１ｃｍ；营养血管来自胫动脉的占５７．８％，来自腓动脉的占３６．４％；腓浅神经分支入肌处距腓骨头下方，男１．５±０．５ｃｍ，女１．５±０．４ｃｍ。结论：可以上述血管之一为蒂设计腓骨长肌腱转位修复膝关节交叉韧带及侧副韧带损伤的术式，术式具有可行性。     

吻合血管拇趾趾足底神经移植的应用解剖

在４０侧成人足底标本、５侧足动脉透明标本和５侧足动脉铸型标本上，用肉眼和５倍放大镜下观察足底内侧神经分支拇趾趾足底神经及动脉供应。拇趾趾足底神经平均长１４．９ｃｍ、横径１．７。神经血供主要来源于足底内侧动脉浅支和拇趾趾胫侧趾底固有动脉。足底内侧动脉浅支外径为１．２ｍｍ。拇趾胫侧趾底固有动脉外径１．３ｃｍ。拇趾趾足底神经和供应动脉切取容易，该神经血管外径均能满足显微外科吻接要求，切取此神经血管后对足     

国人足背动脉解剖与临床研究进展

目的：了解国人足背动脉的解剖学与临床研究进展,为临床应用提供参考。方法：通过检索和查阅相关文献,总结分析有关足背动脉与长伸肌腱及腓深神经的位置关系及形态学的资料。结果：①足背动脉的体表投影在内、外髁连线前方中点至第1跖骨间隙近侧端的连线。②主要根据其走行与外径足背动脉可分为4、5、63种类型;③足背动脉位腓深神经内侧者占36．1％;位腓深神经内侧终末支内侧者占50％;位腓深神经外侧者占23．5％。结论：了解国人足背动脉的解剖学特点,可为临床应用提供足背动脉相关的解剖学资料。     

The arterial supply of the patellar tendon: Anatomical study with clinical implications for knee surgery

The middle‐third of the patellar tendon (PT) is well‐established as a potential graft for cruciate ligament reconstruction, but there is little anatomical basis for its use. Although studies on PT vascular anatomy have focused on the risk to tendon pedicles from surgical approaches and knee pathophysiology, the significance of its blood supply to grafting has not been adequately explored previously. This investigation explores both the intrinsic and extrinsic arterial anatomy of the PT, as relevant to the PT graft. Ten fresh cadaveric lower limbs underwent angiographic injection of the common femoral artery with radio‐opaque lead oxide. Each tendon was carefully dissected, underwent plain radiography and subsequently schematically reconstructed. The PT demonstrated a well‐developed and consistent vascularity from three main sources: antero‐proximally, mainly by the inferior‐lateral genicular artery; antero‐distally via a choke‐anastomotic arch between the anterior tibial recurrent and inferior medial genicular arteries; and posteriorly via the retro‐patellar anastomotic arch in Hoffa's fat pad. Two patterns of pedicles formed this arch: inferior‐lateral and descending genicular arteries (Type‐I); superior‐lateral, inferior‐lateral, and superior‐medial genicular arteries (Type‐II). Both types supplied the posterior PT, with the majority of vessels descending to its middle‐third. The middle‐third PT has a richer intrinsic vascularity, which may enhance its ingrowth as a graft, and supports its conventional use in cruciate ligament reconstruction. The pedicles supplying the PT are endangered during procedures where Hoffa's fat pad is removed including certain techniques of PT harvest and total knee arthroplasty. Clin. Anat. 22:371–376, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

带血供大收肌腱转位修复膝关节韧带的应用解剖及临床 …

目的：报道以膝上内侧血管为蒂大收肌腱转位重建膝关节韧带断裂缺损的应用解剖及术式设计。方法：４０侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶成人标本,解剖观测大收肌腱的形态及其血供,２侧新鲜下肢标本模拟手术设计。以膝上内侧血管为蒂大收肌腱转位修复膝关节韧带断裂缺损。结果：应用带血供大收肌腱转位修复胫侧副韧带３０例,胫侧副韧带和前交叉韧带８例,胫侧副韧带和后交叉韧带４例,多韧带损伤１例,经随访疗效为满意。结论：大收肌腱与膝关     

距骨的动脉供应及临床意义

在58侧不同年龄的新鲜下肢解剖,观察了距骨的血供,其中分布到距骨颈上面的滋养动脉主要来自跗内侧动脉和内踝前动脉。分布到距骨体的远端跗骨窦动脉来自跗外侧动脉,近端跗骨窦动脉主要来自外踝前动脉,三角支来自胫后动脉下段,并向前下方分出跗骨管动脉。     

跟外侧动脉的显微外科解剖

目的探讨跟外侧动脉的起始、行程、分支和分布等情况,为临床实践提供解剖学资料。方法在12侧经股动脉灌注红色乳胶溶液的成人下肢标本上,对跟外侧动脉进行显微外科解剖,观察其出现率并测量其起始位置、起始处及穿深筋膜处的口径。以外踝尖为基点,对外踝尖上6 cm范围内每2 cm间隔内跟外侧动脉分支的蒂长和口径进行测量并作统计学分析。另取小腿动脉血管造影标本5例,进一步观察跟外侧动脉行程及其与跟腱表面皮瓣血供的关系。结果跟外侧动脉于外踝尖上4.9～9.4(6.56±1.30)]cm处源自腓动脉,起始处口径为1.0～3.3(1.78±0.60)mm,穿深筋膜处口径为0.44～2.0(0.81±0.40)mm。其全程呈"L"型,垂直段共有2～5(2.50±0.80)支分支。在外踝尖上0.00～2.00、2.01～4.00、4.01～6.00 cm间隔内,分支的蒂长和口径分别是:(0.81±0.31)、(1.68±0.55)、(1.59±0.41)cm和(0.80±0.31)、(0.80±0.11)、(0.85±0.23)mm。垂直段分支分支纵、橫穿行,纵者吻合成链状与腓肠神经及小隐静脉伴行,参与腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣供血系统的组成,橫行者越过跟腱浅面与来自胫后动脉的分支吻合,供养跟腱区皮瓣;水平段分支3～5支,分布于足外侧面后侧约1/3皮肤软组织。结论跟外侧动脉是腓动脉的直接延续,尸体标本和活体标本中跟外侧动脉出现率分别为100%和80%;跟外侧动脉既参与腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣供血系统的组成,又营养跟腱表面的皮瓣。     

On the A. malaris of the common squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus)

Detailed observations were made of the a. malaris in 11 adult common squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) utilizing the plastic injection method. The malar artery was well-developed in all 21 examples observed and arose medially from the infraorbital artery proximal to the entrance of the infraorbital canal and lateral to the obliquus inferior muscle. The a. malaris passed superomedially outside the periorbita on the orbital surface of the maxilla and curved medially in front of the muscle, where it gave rise to the infraorbital nerve, the periosteal, the inferior oblique muscular and the infraorbital marginal branches. However, these branches arose directly from the infraorbital artery in many cases. The malar artery ascended in the lower eyelid up to the bottom of the lacrimal sac, where it gave rise to the third palpebral branch and the medial inferior palpebral artery. This artery did not anastomose with peripheral branches of the supraorbital artery. The malar artery continued to pass superomedially behind the lacrimal sac and gave off the nasolacrimal canal and the lacrimal sac branches. However, the former arose in common with the latter in many cases. The malar artery finally ascended behind the medial palpebral ligament after giving off the dorsal nasal branch and the medial superior palpebral artery at the superior end of the lacrimal sac. Its main stream formed a strong communication with the dorsal nasal artery of the supraorbital artery. This communication in an arc was characteristic in the common squirrel monkey. The medial inferior and superior palpebral arteries were well-developed in all examples and formed distinct, inferior and superior palpebral arterial arches by anastomosing with the lateral fellows of the lacrimal, respectively. A large arterial ring surrounding the upper tarsus was constructed from the superior palpebral arterial arch, branches of the lateral superior palpebral artery and the palpebral branch of the supraorbital artery.     

髌韧带血供及其在重建膝交叉韧带中的意义

目的：探讨髌韧带血供的特点,为临床交叉韧带移植重建提供应用解剖学资料。方法：通过对成人和胎儿下肢标本经股动脉红色乳胶灌注并解剖观察,以及胎儿墨汁灌注组织透明和组织切片等方法,观察髌韧带的动脉来源、分布特点,并测量胎儿韧带内微血管密度。结果：髌韧带的动脉来自膝下外动脉、胫前返动脉、膝降动脉和膝下内侧动脉的分支;胎儿髌韧带不同区域微血管密度不同,以韧带中心部位密度最低。结论：髌韧带中心部为相对乏血管区,对以髌韧带为替代物行交叉韧带重建有重要的临床意义。     

Descriptive anatomy of the femoral portion of the iliopsoas muscle. Anatomical basis of anterior snapping of the hip

Abstract: Anterior hip snapping is a rare clinical observation. The physiopathological hypothesis currently held is a sudden slip of the iliopsoas tendon over the iliopectineal eminence. For symptomatic cases, a surgical technique is proposed. The aim of this work is to describe the anatomy of the femoral portion of the iliopsoas, which is the target of surgery. We have studied, through dissection of embalmed cadavers, the different components of the musculotendinous complex forming the femoral portion of the muscle and the gliding apparatus associated with it. The psoas major tendon exhibited a characteristic rotation. The iliacus tendon, more lateral, received the most medial iliacus muscular fibers, then fused with the main tendon. The most lateral fibers, starting in particular from the ventral portion of the iliac crest, ended up without any tendon on the anterior surface of the lesser trochanter and in the infratrochanteric region. The most inferior muscular fibers of the iliacus, starting from the arcuate line, joined the principal tendon of the psoas major passing around it by its ventromedial surface. An ilio-infratrochanteric muscular bundle was observed, in a deeper position, under the iliopsoas tendon; it arose from the interspinous incisure and on the anterior inferior iliac spine, ran along the anterolateral edge of the iliacus and inserted without any tendon onto the anterior surface of the lesser trochanter of the femur and in the infratrochanteric area. The iliopectineal bursa was studied on horizontal cross sections of a frozen pelvis and on 5 of the non-frozen preparations after dividing the iliopsoas tendon. The iliopectineal bursa had the shape of a 5 to 6-cm high and 3-cm wide cavity; in its upper part, it was divided into 2 compartments a medial compartment for the main tendon and a lateral compartment for the accessory tendon.     

Y-V血管蒂延长技术在甲瓣供区修复中的应用解剖

目的为甲瓣供区移植提供解剖学基础。方法在25侧经动脉内灌注红色乳胶成人下肢标本上重点观察跗外侧、内侧动脉、第一跖背动脉起始、走行、分支及管径,另在1侧新鲜标本上进行摹拟手术设计。结果跗外侧动脉发出点至足底深支发出点距离(7.5±0.8)cm,起始部管径为(0.8±0.1)mm;跗内侧动脉发出点至足底深支发出点距离(7.7±1.2)cm,起始部外径为(0.8±0.2)mm。结论以Y-V血管蒂延长技术设计的足底深支为蒂跗动脉皮瓣可以转移修复踇甲瓣供区缺损及远足部缺损。