前交叉韧带及其替代物粘弹性性质的实验研究

本研究采用新鲜成人膝关节标本，对前交叉韧带及其转换替代物（髌韧带、髂胫束）进行系统的粘弹性力学性质的实验研究，通过粘弹性力学模型的建立，推导前交叉韧带及髌韧带、髂胫束的本构方程，对韧带的蠕变和松驰现象进行系统的分析。结果表明，韧带的损伤与韧带的生理力学性质有关，髌韧带的粘弹性性质更接近前交叉韧带，关节内髌韧带转换比髂胫束为佳。     

膝关节前交叉韧带的损伤及修复

本文就膝关节前交叉韧带附着部位、运动状态及其损伤后检查等作一综述。 L achmann试验对前交叉韧带损伤诊断有重要临床诊断价值。利用自身材料 (如髌腱、股薄肌腱、半腱肌肌腱 )转移重建前交叉韧带 ,手术时间应在伤后 4～ 8周内进行 ,并提出以这些组织结构修复前交叉韧带出现的弊端 ,以及以髂胫束作为替代物的可能性。     

髂胫束的应用解剖

目的：研究并确定髂胫束的形态和组织结构及体表投影等，为临床用应提供依据。方法：于尸体上观测髂胫束前后区各部的长、宽、厚并做组织切片观察。结果：髂胫束之膜性结构上界约平臀横纹或其上下10mm范围内，前后界分别位于髂前上棘和大转子尖与胫骨外侧髁结节前后缘连线所构成的区域内。左右侧测量值均无明显差异。上述区域以外的阔筋膜均较薄。结论：在髌骨上缘水平以下之髂胫束前后区是阔筋膜最厚处，与胫骨结节附着亦最紧密，该处用于膝交叉韧带等韧性较大的腱性结构损伤的修复材料较理想。     

髂胫束的观察测量与应用讨论

髂胫束又称髂胫韧带,为股外侧强大的腱性结构,临床上常选作修补缺损的缝合材料。本文测量髂胫束的长度及其起止二部的宽度,并对其腱质部作自身比例研究,以消除个体差异,供临床参考。研究的材料为按常规固定的成年尸体27具(男性24具、女3具),计54侧,剔除因标本损坏者,实测52侧。尸体取仰卧位,显露并分离架空髂胫束及阔筋膜张肌后,测量下列项目:1.起自髂嵴外唇(髂前上棘至髂结节)外髂胫束的宽度;2.从髂前上棘至胫骨外侧髁的骼胫束长度,     

前交叉韧带重建新材料—髂前上棘腹股沟韧带阔筋膜复合体

在１５具成人尸体上，对膝关节前交叉韧带和髂前上棘腹股沟阔筋膜复合体进行了生的力是试。复合体的最大拉伸力达到８８．２ｋｇ，已超过慢跑负荷（６３ｋｇ）水平。带髂前上棘有利于血运重建和骨部固定，利用腹股沟带与阔筋膜的不同纤维走向，在形态学上接近于前交叉韧带的两个分束。据上述生物力学评价和解剖学分析，复合体可推荐为前交叉韧带复重建的一种新材料。     

膝关节后交叉韧带纤维束应变的测量研究

探讨国人后交叉韧带的分束情况并测定纤维束应变,为临床双束重建后交叉韧带提供生物力学参考。10例新鲜冰冻膝关节标本,在胫骨无应力及后抽屉试验两种条件下,分别观察后交叉韧带在膝关节屈伸过程中的紧张-松弛模式,并利用数字图像相关法分别测量在后抽屉试验条件下屈膝0°、30°、60°、90°和120°5个角度时纤维束应变。结果后交叉韧带可被分为前外侧束和后内侧束,在膝关节屈曲过程中呈交替紧张。在后抽屉试验条件下,相同角度两纤维束之间应变差异有统计学意义(P0.05);同一纤维束在不同角度之间应变差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。研究揭示了后交叉韧带力学行为特点,为临床双束重建提供生物力学参考。     

双骨道与三骨道前交叉韧带双束重建的生物力学比较

背景：关节镜下前交叉韧带重建可以有效地解决前交叉韧带损伤引起的膝关节不稳症状,而双骨道(胫骨单骨道-股骨单骨道)与三骨道(胫骨单骨道-股骨双骨道)前交叉韧带重建是目前较为常用的重建方式。 目的：探讨双骨道与三骨道前交叉韧带双束重建对膝关节稳定性的影响。 方法：选用8具新鲜正常成人尸体膝关节标本,分别进行双骨道与三骨道前交叉韧带双束重建,然后在MTS-809生物力学测试系统上测试膝关节在胫前加载(134 N)以及胫骨旋转加载(5 N•m内旋)下屈曲0°,15°,30°,60 °,90 °时的膝关节稳定性。 结果与结论：①胫前加载：在所测的5个角度下,两重建组的胫前位移较前交叉韧带完整组均增大,但差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05);双骨道重建组较三骨道重建组胫前位移增大,但差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。②旋转加载：在所测的5个角度下,前交叉韧带完整组的胫前位移最小,双骨道重建组与三骨道重建组比较,在膝关节屈曲0°,15°和90°时,差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05),在膝关节屈曲30°和60°时,三骨道重建组胫前位移小于双骨道重建组,差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05);三骨道重建组与前交叉韧带完整组比较,差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。提示双骨道与三骨道前交叉韧带双束重建均可促进膝关节前后及旋转稳定性的恢复,三骨道前交叉韧带双束重建与双骨道前交叉韧带双束重建相比,显示了更好恢复膝关节旋转稳定性的作用。     

关节镜下自体腘绳肌和异体胫前肌单束重建前交叉韧带的1年随访比较

背景：由于人工韧带存在慢性疲劳,越来越多的人采用异体肌腱重建前后交叉韧带损伤。 目的：比较关节镜下自体腘绳肌和异体胫前肌单束重建前交叉韧带的疗效。 方法：收集关节镜下用自体腘绳肌和异体胫前肌单束重建前交叉韧带随访满1年的病例。自体腘绳肌重建前交叉韧带组28例;异体胫前肌重建前交叉韧带组18例。采用股骨端Endobutten、胫骨端可吸收螺钉固定。采用支具固定并进行功能训练。 结果与结论：前交叉韧带重建后6个月,异体肌腱组lysholm评分高于自体肌腱组(P < 0.05);重建后12个月两组lysholm评分差异无显著性意义。两组重建后6,12个月与重建前比较差异均有显著性意义(P < 0.05),重建后12个月与6个月比较差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05)。结果表明,自体和异体肌腱重建前交叉韧带随访1年疗效相当。     

LARS韧带在前交叉韧带重建中的临床应用与关注热点

文题释义： LARS韧带：于1985 年由法国Dr.Laboureau 应用聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯材料模仿人体韧带的解剖结构和生物力学原理设计而成。近年来因其出色的生物相容性和力学特性,被较多的应用于膝关节前交叉韧带损伤后的重建。 前交叉韧带重建：前交叉韧带是维持膝关节稳定的重要结构,整个韧带的纤维束从股骨向胫骨近似扇形散开,内部纤维束以特定的排列方式从前向后分布。目前大多数学者主张将前交叉韧带分为2束,根据其在胫骨附着的相对位置分为前内侧束及后外侧束。由于膝关节前交叉韧带自身的解剖学特性,其完全断裂后无法自行修复,若不及时进行手术治疗往往造成半月板及关节软骨的损伤,因此如果诊断明确,应及早行前交叉韧带重建,用新的移植物替代损伤的前交叉韧带。 背景：虽然目前重建前交叉韧带的移植物选择包括自体移植物、同种异体移植物和人工合成移植物3种主要类型,但移植物的选择仍是当今的热门研究以及争议点的所在。 目的：综述LARS韧带在关节镜下前交叉韧带重建中的早期、中期以及长期临床疗效的国内外研究现状。 方法：应用计算机检索CNKI数据库、PubMed数据库的2019年4月前发表的相关文献,检索词为“LARS韧带,前交叉韧带,人工韧带,前交叉韧带重建,LARS ligament,anterior cruciate ligament,artificial ligament,anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction”。通过阅读文章标题和摘要进行初步筛选,排除与文章主题不相关的文献,根据纳入和排除标准最终纳入46篇文献进行综述。 结果与结论：①LARS韧带拥有出色的生物相容性和力学特性,它的独特结构使成纤维细胞包裹、穿透似生长,且韧带周围没有炎性反应,巨噬细胞少,由于长入的组织增加了韧带的黏弹性且减少了纤维间的摩擦,可有效防止碎屑引起的生物反应;LARS人工韧带弹性模量好,抗扭转、抗疲劳性强;②LARS韧带重建前交叉韧带具有快速康复、低失败率和低并发症等优点,表明LARS韧带适用于前交叉韧带重建。 ORCID: 0000-0001-7923-9839(陈伟) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

关节镜下前交叉韧带重建移植物的研究进展

膝关节前交叉韧带（Anterior Crueiate LigamentACL）是膝关节重要的静力与动力性稳定结构，与其他韧带一起共同保持胫股关节的正常运动。在解剖学上一般将其分为长而细小的前内侧束（AM束）和大而粗短的后外侧束（PL束），亦有作者将其分为三个束：即前内、中间和后外侧束（AM，IM及PL束）。     

跟腱自体修复材料的生物力学评价

本文在8具防腐固定的成人标本上,切取跟腱和临床上常用来修复断裂跟腱的腹直肌前鞘,(足母)展肌肌腱和髂胫束等材料,进行单向拉伸破坏试验。试验结果表明:跟腱和(足母)展肌肌腱的最大拉伸力分别为210.6±26.5kg 和64.8±6.8kg:宽度为1cm 的髂胫束和横向腹直肌前鞘的最大拉伸力分别为29.5±7.6Kg 和10.1±3.8kg。按人体单足足尖站立时跟腱承受的拉力为1.2倍体重,本文给出了修复材料的应用条件。另外,横向腹直肌前鞘的最大拉伸力为身长方向的5倍多,故采用腹直肌前鞘修复跟腱时应沿横向取材。     

股直肌腱中1/3与前交叉韧带的生物力学比较

背景：股直肌腱已成为重建前交叉韧带的重要替代物。 目的：比较股直肌腱中1/3和前交叉韧带的生物力学特性。 方法：标本于死者死亡后9.0~10.0 h解剖取下股直肌腱和前交叉韧带,取下后立刻用以生理盐水浸湿的纱布包裹,密封后置于-20 ℃冰箱内保存。实验前取出标本,切取试样,股直肌腱和前交叉韧带每组共10个试样。 结果与结论：股直肌腱中1/3的单位模量是前交叉韧带的63%,单位最大载荷为63%,提示股直肌腱中1/3是适合作为交叉韧带重建物的。      

MRI depiction and 3D visualization of three anterior cruciate ligament bundles

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is divided into three fiber bundles (AM‐M: anteromedial‐medial, AM‐L: anteromedial‐lateral, PL: posterolateral). We attempted to depict the three bundles of the human ACL on MRI images and to obtain 3‐dimensional visualization of them. Twenty‐four knees of healthy volunteers (14 males, 10 females) were scanned by 3T‐MRI using the fat suppression 3D coherent oscillatory state acquisition for the manipulation of imaging contrast (FS 3D‐COSMIC). The scanned images were reconstructed after the isotropic voxel data, which allows the images to be reconstructed in any plane, was acquired. We conducted statistical examination on the identification rate of the three ACL bundles by 2D planes. Segmentation and 3D visualization of the fiber bundles using volume rendering were performed. The triple‐bundle ACL was best depicted in the oblique axial plane. While the AM‐M and AM‐L bundles were clearly depicted in all cases, the PL bundle was not clearly visualized in two knees (8%). Therefore, the three ACL bundles were depicted in 22 knees (92%). The results of 3D visualization of the fiber arrangement agreed well with macroscopic findings of previous anatomical studies. 3T‐MRI and the isotropic voxel data from FS 3D‐COSMIC made it possible to demonstrate the identifiable depiction of three ACL bundles in nearly all cases. 3D visualization of the bundles could be a useful tool to understand the ACL fiber arrangement. Clin. Anat. 30:276–283, 2017. 2016 The Authors. Clinical Anatomy published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Association of Clinical Anatomists.     

Structure and vascularization of the cruciate ligaments of the human knee joint

The structure and vascularization of the human anterior and posterior cruciate ligament were investigated by light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, injection techniques and by immunohistochemistry. The major part of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligament is composed of bundles of type I collagen. Type III collagen-positive fibrils separate the bundles. The major cell type is the elongated fibroblast, lying solitarily between the parallel collagen fibrils. The histologic structure of the cruciate ligaments is not homogeneous. In both ligaments there is a zone where the tissue resembles fibrocartilage. In the anterior cruciate ligament the fibrocartilaginous zone is located 5–10 mm proximal of the tibial ligament insertion in the anterior portion of the ligament. In the posterior cruciate ligament the fibrocartilage is located in the central part of the middle third. Within those zones the cells are arranged in columns and the cell shape is round to ovoid. Transmission electron microscopy reveals typical features of chondrocytes. The chondrocytes are surrounded by a felt-like pericellular matrix, a high content of cellular organelles and short processes on the cell surface. The pericellular collagen is positive for type II collagen. The major blood supply of the cruciate ligaments arises from the middle geniculate artery. The distal part of both cruciate ligaments is vascularized by branches of the lateral and medial inferior geniculate artery. Both ligaments are surrounded by a synovial fold where the terminal branches of the middle and inferior arteries form a periligamentous network. From the synovial sheath blood vessels penetrate the ligament in a horizontal direction and anastomose with a longitudinally orientated intraligamentous vascular network. The density of blood vessels within the ligaments is not homogeneous. In the anterior cruciate ligament an avascular zone is located within the fibrocartilage of the anterior part where the ligament faces the anterior rim of the intercondylar fossa. The fibrocartilaginous zone of the middle third of the posterior cruciate ligament is also avascular. According to Pauwel’s theory of the ”causal histogenesis” (1960) the stimulus for the development of fibrocartilage within dense connective tissue is shearing and compressive stress. In the anterior cruciate ligament this biomechanical situation may occur when the ligament impinges on the anterior rim of the intercondylar fossa when the knee is fully extended. Compressive and shearing stress in the center of the middle third of the posterior cruciate ligament may result from twisting of the fiber bundles. Accepted: 12 March 1999     

Experimental evaluation of 3-dimensional kinematic behavior of the cruciate ligaments

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate a low-cost and easily reproducible technique for biomechanical studies in cadavers. In this kind of study, the natural effect of loading of the joint and shear forces are not taken into account. The objective is to describe the plastic deformation of the ligaments into 3-dimensional space. METHOD: For 18 intact human cadaver knees, the cruciate ligaments were divided into 3 fiber bundles, the tibial or femoral fixation points were marked, and 2 perpendicular different x-ray exposures were performed, thus obtaining radiographs of spatial projections of the bundle in 3 anatomic planes (frontal, sagittal, and transversal). From the measurements made on the x-ray films, we obtained the average distance between the 2 fixation points of the cruciate ligaments on the tibia and the femur at 4 different flexion angles. RESULTS: The distance between the fixation points of the medial and lateral fiber bundles of the cruciate ligaments did not change significantly during movement. There were, however, significant variations (P < .05) in the distance between the fixation points of the posterior fiber bundles of the anterior cruciate ligament and the anterior fiber bundles of the posterior cruciate ligament. CONCLUSIONS: This technique was efficient for demonstrating the plastic deformability of the cruciate ligaments. The results proceeding from this type of study can assist in the planning of physical rehabilitation programs.     

Functional anatomy of the human inferior mesenteric vein

The arrangement of muscle, collagenous and elastic fibers in the inferior mesenteric vein was studied in 36 necropsy specimens, using micro- and mesoscopic methods. The muscle fiber bundles are disposed in helicoidal trajectories. The collagenous and elastic fibers also form networks, the latter presenting longitudinal meshes and the former, different angles of intersection, in the vein wall. Functional considerations are made based on these results.     

An in vitro biomechanical comparison of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: single bundle versus anatomical double bundle techniques

INTRODUCTION: Anterior cruciate ligament ruptures are frequent, especially in sports. Surgical reconstruction with autologous grafts is widely employed in the international literature. Controversies remain with respect to technique variations as continuous research for improvement takes place. One of these variations is the anatomical double bundle technique, which is performed instead of the conventional single bundle technique. More recently, there has been a tendency towards positioning the two bundles through double bone tunnels in the femur and tibia (anatomical reconstruction). OBJECTIVES: To compare, through biomechanical tests, the practice of anatomical double bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with a patellar graft to conventional single bundle reconstruction with the same amount of patellar graft in a paired experimental cadaver study. METHODS: Nine pairs of male cadaver knees ranging in age from 44 to 63 years were randomized into two groups: group A (single bundle) and group B (anatomical reconstruction). Each knee was biomechanically tested under three conditions: intact anterior cruciate ligament, reconstructed anterior cruciate ligament, and injured anterior cruciate ligament. Maximum anterior dislocation, rigidity, and passive internal tibia rotation were recorded with knees submitted to a 100 N horizontal anterior dislocation force applied to the tibia with the knees at 30, 60 and 90 degrees of flexion. RESULTS: There were no differences between the two techniques for any of the measurements by ANOVA tests. CONCLUSION: The technique of anatomical double bundle reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament with bone-patellar tendon-bone graft has a similar biomechanical behavior with regard to anterior tibial dislocation, rigidity, and passive internal tibial rotation.     

Anatomy of the cruciate ligaments and their function in extension and flexion of the human knee joint

The areas of the femoral origin of the cruciate ligaments have approximately the shape of sectors of ellipses, the one for the anterior ligament on the lateral condyle posteroproximally and the one for the posterior ligament on the medial condyle distally. By means of a new technique of dissection, combined with the use of X-rays, the change in distance between the origin and insertion and so the change of tension of single bundles of the ligaments could be analyzed. Only a rather thin bundle in each cruciate ligament is in constant tension: “guiding bundles.” The maximal diminution of distance between the origin and insertion for some bundles is 65%. In the anterior cruciate ligament the majority of fibers are taut in extreme extension: “limiting bundles.” The same is true in the posterior cruciate ligament in extreme flexion. There are also some fibers, especially in the posterior cruciate ligament, that are taut only in an intermediate position. The geometric analysis of the function of different groups of fibers was performed by a modification of Menschik's concept of a four-bar link.