前臂后外侧穿支皮瓣游离移植修复手指皮肤缺损的应用解剖

目的　介绍前臂后外侧穿支皮瓣游离移植修复手指皮肤缺损的应用解剖。 方法　解剖观测40侧成人尸体上肢标本,在手术显微镜下进行局部解剖。观测前臂后外侧皮肤的营养动脉、回流静脉、神经支配。 结果　自桡骨Lister结节及肱骨外侧髁连线中点附近指伸肌和桡侧伸腕肌肌间隙内有一恒定的皮支动脉营养前臂后外侧皮肤,该动脉有两条伴行静脉,神经支配为前臂后皮神经分支,血管蒂长度为（4.12±0.26）cm,血管起始处外径为（0.91±0.07）mm,管径与指动脉相仿。 结论　前臂后外侧可以形成以桡骨lister结节及肱骨外侧髁连线中点附近的指伸肌和桡侧腕伸肌肌间隙穿支为蒂的穿支皮瓣游离移植修复手指皮肤缺损。     

肱三头肌外侧头神经肌支和血供的应用解剖

目的 :为肱三头肌外侧头的神经肌支移位和游离肌皮瓣移植提供解剖学基础。方法 :在 3 0侧成人上肢标本上对肱三头肌外侧头的神经肌支和血管进行详细解剖观测。结果 :外侧头肌支数 2～ 4支 ,一般为 3支。入肌部位位于大圆肌腱下缘 ( 5 .3 1± 2 .0 1)、( 6.0 6± 1.2 1)、( 5 .96± 1.0 )cm ,横径分别为( 1.4± 0 .5 )、( 1.2± 0 .2 )、( 1.9± 0 .9)mm。肌皮神经肱二头肌平均 2个肌支 ,入肌部位分别在大圆肌下缘以下 ( 4 .2 1± 1.66)和 ( 4 .5 8± 1.3 2 )cm ,横径为 ( 1.4± 0 .6)和 ( 1.2± 0 .8)mm。腋神经入肌部位在大圆肌下缘以上发出。肱三头肌外侧头血供来源于肱深、旋肱后及部分近侧肌支 ,且均与肱深血管有关。结论 :肱三头肌外侧头肌支有足够长度和横径 ,在肌门处可无张力移位至肌皮神经肱二头肌支及部分腋神经肌支。以肱深血管为蒂的肱三头肌外侧头游离肌皮瓣是修复前臂肌肉皮肤缺损的良好供体     

臂外侧皮瓣的显微外科解剖学

对42侧成年人上肢臂外侧皮瓣的动脉来源、皮动脉在皮及皮下组织内的吻合情况及神经分布等进行了观察和测量。1.臂外侧皮瓣的动脉主要来自肱深动脉及桡侧副动脉皮支、肱外侧皮动脉和旋肱后动脉的皮支。皮瓣移植时主要以肱深动脉或桡侧副动脉作为血管蒂。2.分布于臂外侧皮瓣的皮动脉在皮及皮下组织内吻合成微血管网。而由臂内侧、前臀上部来的皮动脉也参与这个动脉网的形成。3.臂外侧皮瓣的静脉包括浅、深两组:浅组是头静脉,外径较粗;深组是肱深静脉或桡侧副静脉,多数有两条与同名动脉伴行。皮瓣移植时,浅、深组静脉可依据受区的条件和需要分别或同时与受区的静脉缝合。4.臂外侧皮神经和前臂后皮神经在不周高度穿出臂外侧肌间隔,分布于臂外侧和前臂背侧皮肤。后者与桡侧副动脉后支的皮支极为密切。5.依据用红墨水灌注肱深动脉所显示的结果,讨论了臂外侧皮瓣的切取范围。臂外侧皮瓣可分为上、中、下臂外侧皮瓣,分别以旋肱后动脉皮支、肱外侧皮动脉和肱深动脉或桡侧副动脉作为血管蒂。     

肘前部皮瓣的显微外科解剖学研究

在40侧红色乳胶液灌注的成人上肢标本上,观察了肘前部皮瓣有关的血管和神经;用铅丹造影法,观察了皮瓣内血管的吻合情况;通过皮动脉内灌注颜料,估计了皮瓣的切取范围。直接皮动脉全部存在,每例平均2.6条;平均外径0.9mm,蒂长11.7mm。皮瓣的静脉为头静脉(3.9mm)和伴行静脉(1.6mm)。神经为前臂外侧皮神经(横径2.1mm)。     

前臂外侧皮神经-头静脉营养血管远端蒂复合瓣的应用解剖

目的为前臂外侧皮神经营养血管远端蒂复合瓣设计提供解剖学基础.方法30侧动脉灌注红色乳胶成人上肢标本,解剖观测前臂外侧皮神经下1/3段营养血管的来源、分支及其与桡骨膜血管的关系.结果前臂外侧皮神经下l/3段的营养血管来自桡动脉皮支6～11支,外径(0.7±0.3)mrn;掌浅支皮支2～6支,外径(0.5±0.3)mm;桡骨茎突返支皮支1～2支,外径(0.8±0.1)mm;鼻烟壶皮支1～2支,外径(0.6±0.2)mm.在桡骨茎突上8.0～15.0 cm之间,桡动脉肌间隙骨皮支1～3支,外径(1.1±0.2)mm,骨膜支分布桡骨体部中下段的裸露区,皮支外径(0.8±0.2)mm.上述穿支血管发皮支、筋膜支、骨膜支、神经--浅静脉营养血管,形成皮神经-头静脉血管链以及深、浅筋膜和骨膜血管网.结论前臂外侧皮神经-头静脉营养血管与肌、骨、皮营养血管同源,以桡动脉皮支为蒂前臂外侧皮神经营养血管远端蒂复合瓣,旋转轴点在腕关节平面,可用于手部远处组织缺损修复.     

前臂桡侧头静脉-皮神经的营养血管的解剖学

目的：为前臂桡侧头静脉-皮神经营养血管远端蒂复合瓣设计提供解剖学基础。方法：动脉灌注红色乳胶成人上肢标本,解剖观测头静脉-前臂外侧皮神经下1/3段营养血管的来源、分支及其与桡骨膜血管的关系。结果：头静脉-前臂外侧皮神经下1/3段的营养血管来自：桡动脉皮支,掌浅支皮支,桡骨茎突返支皮支和桡动脉肌间隙骨皮支。上述诸支血管发皮支、筋膜支、骨膜支、神经-浅静脉营养血管,形成皮神经-头静脉血管链以及深、浅筋膜和骨膜血管网。结论：前臂桡侧缘头静脉-皮神经营养血管与肌、骨、皮营养血管同源,以桡骨茎突返支为蒂的远端蒂复合瓣,旋转轴点在腕关节平面,可用于手部远处组织缺损修复。     

尺动脉近段穿支蒂皮神经营养血管皮瓣的解剖基础

目的　为尺动脉近段穿支蒂前臂内侧皮神经营养血管皮瓣提供解剖学基础。 方法　在30侧动脉内灌注红色乳胶的成人上肢标本上解剖观测：①前臂内侧皮神经的走行与分布;②尺动脉近段穿支与前臂内侧皮神经营养血管间吻合关系。另在1侧新鲜标本上进行摹拟手术设计。 结果　①前臂内侧皮神经前支较粗长,与贵要静脉伴行,在前臂沿尺侧腕屈肌内侧缘或尺侧腕屈肌与掌长肌肌腱之间的浅筋膜中下行,分布于前臂掌面尺侧,远侧可达腕横纹;②营养血管为多节段、多源性,其中尺动脉近段穿支的位置相对恒定,自尺动脉起始后,先经指浅、深屈肌之间,后沿指浅屈肌与尺侧腕屈肌之间下行,在肱骨内上髁下8.7 cm处穿过深筋膜浅出至皮下组织中,并分出众多的细小血管与前臂内侧皮神经的神经旁和神经干血管链的分支密切吻合,在指浅屈肌与尺侧腕屈肌之间形成顺沿肌间隙和前臂内侧皮神经纵轴的血管丛。穿支蒂干长( 2.0±0.2) cm, 外径( 0.9±0.2) mm。 结论　可形成尺动脉近段穿支蒂前臂内侧皮神经营养血管皮瓣转位修复肘部软组织缺损。     

前臂外侧皮神经取代桡神经浅支一例

我们在对一具成人男尸进行解剖时发现,其左侧桡神经仅发出桡神经深支和5支桡侧腕长、短伸肌肌支;桡神经浅支缺如。前臂外侧皮神经增粗,横径为3.2mm。在前臂中部分为两支,内侧支横为径1.3mm,外侧支为1.7mm。两分支最后分布到鱼际肌表面皮肤、腕背桡侧2/5皮肤、拇指背侧及示指背桡半侧     

前臂皮神经的应用解剖学研究

<正> 作者经30侧成人上肢解剖前臂皮神经,解剖了前臂外侧皮神经、前臂内侧皮神经、前臂后侧皮神经、桡神经浅支及尺神经手背支,测量了各神经干、分支、每段起点宽度及前臂外侧皮神经与头静脉的距离。作者认为:1.前臂皮神经的分布与前臂皮瓣选择、感觉功能的恢复有很大关系,     

游离前臂背侧皮瓣的应用解剖

目的:为以骨间后动脉为蒂的游离皮瓣提供解剖基础.方法:用20侧成尸上肢标本,观测骨间后动脉在前臂下1/3区穿支数日、位置、外径以及最粗皮支到尺骨茎突远端的距离;测量支配尺侧腕伸肌神经支与骨间后动脉交叉处血管外径和到最粗穿支发出点的距离.同时观察前臂后皮神经分布.结果:骨间后动脉在前臂下1/3有(3.0±1.1)条穿支,去除外径小于0.2 mm者,还有(2.6±0.8)条.穿深筋膜点穿支外径(0.4±0.2)mm,发出点外径(0.5±0.3)mm(P>0.05).最粗穿支从穿深筋膜点和发出点到尺骨茎突远端的距离分别为(5.5±1.1)cm和(5.6±1.6)cm(P>0.05).神经支和血管交叉处动脉外径(1.5±0.2)mm.最粗穿支发出点到交叉处距离(10.8±3.3)cm.前臂后皮神经在前臂位于脂肪和深筋膜层间,其终末支支配前臂背侧下1/3皮肤感觉.在前臂中、下1/3交界处神经横径(0.4±0.2)mm,距离肱骨外上髁和尺骨茎突远端连线垂直距离(1.2±0.6)cm.结论:以骨间后血管为蒂可在前臂下1/3设计游离皮瓣,携带前臂后皮神经可构成感觉皮瓣.     

Topographical anatomy of superficial veins, cutaneous nerves, and arteries at venipuncture sites in the cubital fossa

We investigated correlations among the superficial veins, cutaneous nerves, arteries, and venous valves in 128 cadaveric arms in order to choose safe venipuncture sites in the cubital fossa. The running patterns of the superficial veins were classified into four types (I–IV) and two subtypes (a and b). In types I and II, the median cubital vein (MCV) was connected obliquely between the cephalic and basilic veins in an N-shape, while the median antebrachial vein (MAV) opened into the MCV in type I and into the basilic vein in type II. In type III, the MCV did not exist. In type IV, additional superficial veins above the cephalic and basilic veins were developed around the cubital fossa. In types Ib–IVb, the accessory cephalic vein was developed under the same conditions as seen in types Ia–IVa, respectively. The lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm descended deeply along the cephalic vein in 124 cases (97 %), while the medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm descended superficially along the basilic vein in 94 (73 %). A superficial brachial artery was found in 27 cases (21 %) and passed deeply under the ulnar side of the MCV. A median superficial antebrachial artery was found in 1 case (1 %), which passed deeply under the ulnar side of the MCV and ran along the MAV. Venous valves were found at 239 points in 28 cases with superficial veins, with a single valve seen at 79 points (33 %) and double valves at 160 points (67 %). At the time of intravenous injection, caution is needed regarding the locations of cutaneous nerves, brachial and superficial brachial arteries, and venous valves. The area ranging from the middle segment of the MCV to the confluence between the MCV and cephalic vein appears to be a relatively safe venipuncture site.     

以前臂内侧皮神经及营养血管为蒂的前臂内侧皮瓣的应用解剖

目的　为带前臂内侧皮神经及其营养血管筋膜皮瓣提供形态学基础。方法　在 32侧成人上肢标本上 ,观测前臂内侧皮神经营养血管及其周围皮肤的血供情况。结果　前臂内侧皮神经近侧的血供来源于尺侧返动脉混合肌皮支 ,起始处外径为 0 .8mm ,穿出深筋膜前长度为 1.1cm ;中部主要来自尺动脉近中段和远中段的粗大皮支 ,起始处外径均为 0 .7mm ,穿出深筋膜前长度均为 1.0cm ;远侧有尺动脉腕上皮支 ,起始处外径为 0 .9mm ,穿出深筋膜前长度均为 1.0cm ;远侧有尺动脉腕上皮支 ,起始处外径为 0 .9mm ,穿出深筋膜前长为 2 .6cm。其神经旁血管网与神经皮穿支及神经内血管广泛吻合组成了皮神经血管轴。结论　可设计成带前臂内侧皮神经及营养血管为蒂筋膜上瓣 ,顺行或逆行转位修复邻近部位的软组织缺损。     

以前臂内侧皮神经及营养血管为蒂筋膜皮瓣的应用解剖

目的:为带前臂内侧皮神经及其营养血管筋膜皮瓣提供形态学基础。方法:在32侧成人上肢标本上,观测前臂内侧皮神经营养血管及其周围皮肤的供血情况。结果:前臂内侧皮神经近侧的血供来源于尺侧返动脉混合肌皮支,起始处外径为0.8mm,穿出筋膜前长度为1.1cm;中段主要来自尺动脉近中段和远中段的粗大皮支,起始处外径均为0.7mm,穿出深筋膜前长度均为1.0cm;远侧有尺动脉腕上皮支,起始处外径为0.9mm,穿出深筋膜前长为2.6cm。其神经旁血管网与神经皮(穿)支及神经内血管广泛吻合组成了皮神经血管轴。结论:可设计成带前臂内侧皮神经及营养血管为蒂筋膜皮瓣,顺行或逆行转位修复邻近部位的软组织缺损。     

Cubital fossa venipuncture sites based on anatomical variations and relationships of cutaneous veins and nerves

Venipuncture is a routine procedure performed at medical institutions for blood collection and blood donation, as well as for health screening and testing. Venipuncture is invasive and usually mildly painful, but it occasionally causes internal bleeding and chronic persistent pain, which is referred to as complex regional pain syndrome. The most common site of venipuncture is the upper arm. The present study macroscopically and anatomically ascertained positional relationships between cutaneous nerves and veins in the cubital (aka antecubital) fossa in many cadaveric dissections to determine the risk of peripheral nerve injury during venipuncture. We identified the most suitable venipuncture site in the upper arm. The medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm (MCNF) passed above the median cubital vein (MCBV) in 27 of 128 cases (21.1%), and was located inferior to the MCBV in 37 of 128 cases (28.9%). The MCBV also passed above the lateral cutaneous nerve forearm (LCNF) in 8 of 128 cases (6.2%). The LCNF was located deeper than the MCBV in 56 of 128 cases (43.8%). The distribution of cutaneous veins and nerves widely varies, and while no single area suitable for all individuals was identified, puncture of the MCBV near the cephalic vein is the least likely to cause nerve damage.     

经贵要静脉行PICC置管的解剖观察

目的为临床上行贵要静脉穿刺术,提高穿刺成功率提供贵要静脉的应用解剖学资料。方法:选取经福尔马林浸泡的成人尸体标本33例共66侧。逐层解剖上肢,暴露贵要静脉。用游标卡尺来测量贵要静脉的长度和外径。并观察贵要静脉的起始情况,贵要静脉与相关神经及动脉之间的关系。结果贵要静脉长度,男性约335.01mm,女性约331.50mm;贵要静脉在前臂中部管径,男性约1.90mm,女性约1.85mm;贵要静脉接肘正中静脉处管径,男性约2.35mm,女性约2.26mm;贵要静脉末端管径,男性约2.90mm,女性约2.60mm。贵要静脉多数起于手背尺侧缘,少数起于第1手背静脉汇合处,后沿前臂尺侧上行,在肘窝下方转向前面,接收肘正中静脉后,经肱二头肌内侧沟上行至臂中部,穿深筋膜汇入肱静脉。贵要静脉深面是肱二头肌腱膜,此腱膜将贵要静脉与肱动脉、正中神经隔开,贵要静脉可跨过前臂内侧皮神经,前臂内侧皮神经亦可跨过贵要静脉。结论在肘部抽血时,如遇肘正中静脉缺如,以穿刺贵要静脉为宜;穿刺置管时如遇头静脉插管困难,以选择贵要静脉为宜。     

贵要静脉的应用解剖

目的为临床上行贵要静脉穿刺术,提高穿刺成功率提供贵要静脉的应用解剖学资料。方法选取经福尔马林浸泡的成人尸体标本33例共66侧。逐层解剖上肢,暴露贵要静脉。用游标卡尺来测量贵要静脉的长度和外径。并观察贵要静脉的起始情况,贵要静脉与相关神经及动脉之间的关系。结果贵要静脉长度,男性约335.01 mm,女性约331.50 mm;贵要静脉在前臂中部管径,男性约1.90 mm,女性约1.85 mm;贵要静脉接肘正中静脉处管径,男性约2.35 mm,女性约2.26 mm;贵要静脉末端管径,男性约2.90 mm,女性约2.60 mm。贵要静脉多数起于手背尺侧缘,少数起于第1手背静脉汇合处,后沿前臂尺侧上行,在肘窝下方转向前面,接收肘正中静脉后,经肱二头肌内侧沟上行至臂中部,穿深筋膜汇入肱静脉。贵要静脉深面是肱二头肌腱膜,此腱膜将贵要静脉与肱动脉、正中神经隔开,贵要静脉可跨过前臂内侧皮神经,前臂内侧皮神经亦可跨过贵要静脉。结论在肘部抽血时,如遇肘正中静脉缺如,以穿刺贵要静脉为宜;穿刺置管时如遇头静脉插管困难,以选择贵要静脉为宜。     

Applied anatomy of the superficial branch of the radial nerve

The superficial branch of the radial nerve (SBRN) is highly vulnerable to trauma and iatrogenic injury. This study aimed to map the course of the SBRN in the context of surgical approaches and identify a safe area of incision for de Quervain's tenosynovitis. Twenty-five forearms were dissected. The SBRN emerged from under brachioradialis by a mean of 8.31 cm proximal to the radial styloid (RS), and remained radial to the dorsal tubercle of the radius by a mean of 1.49 cm. The nerve divided into a median of four branches. The first branch arose a mean of 4.92 cm proximal to the RS, traveling 0.49 cm radial to the first compartment of the extensor retinaculum, while the main nerve remained ulnar to it by 0.64 cm. All specimens had branches underlying the traditional transverse incision for de Quervain's release. A 2.5-cm longitudinal incision proximal from the RS avoided the SBRN in 17/25 cases (68%). In 20/25 specimens (80%), the SBRN underlay the cephalic vein. In 18/25 (72%), the radial artery was closely associated with a sensory nerve branch near the level of the RS (SBRN 12/25, lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm (LCNF) 6/25.) A longitudinal incision in de Quervain's surgery may be preferable. Cannulation of the cephalic vein in the distal third of the forearm is best avoided. The close association between the radial artery and first branch of the SBRN or the LCNF may explain the pain often experienced during arterial puncture. Particular care should be taken during radial artery harvest to avoid nerve injury.     

肘关节前方入路切口“安全区域”的解剖学研究

目的 解剖学观察肱二头肌腱和前臂内、外侧皮神经之间的解剖位置关系,为肘关节前方入路手术切口设计提供理论依据。方法 解剖30例成人肘关节标本,均无外伤、畸形、肿瘤、骨折。其中新鲜冰冻标本8例(性别不详,左5例、右3例),经10%甲醛溶液浸泡的标本22例(男12例、女10例,左11例、右11例)。仔细观察肘关节前方的肱二头肌腱和前臂内、外侧皮神经,并测量前臂内、外侧皮神经穿出深筋膜的位置,及其与肱二头肌肌腱之间的解剖位置关系。结果 前臂外侧皮神经走行于肘关节的前方偏桡侧,与肱二头肌腱相毗邻,在肱骨外上髁平面下方(20.5±2.5)mm处穿出深筋膜,穿出点与肱二头肌腱桡侧缘之间的水平距离为(12.6±0.9)mm;前臂内侧皮神经沿肱动脉下行,在肱骨内上髁上方约5 cm处穿出深筋膜,在肱骨内上髁平面处,后支与肱二头肌腱尺侧缘之间的水平距离为(33.1±2.7)mm。两者之间的安全宽度约为40 mm。结论 距肱二头肌腱两侧缘之间约40 mm的宽度为肘关节前方入路的相对安全区域,以肱二头肌腱为参照设计切口,可以减少医源性前臂内、外侧皮神经损伤的发生。     

Effects produced in human arm and forearm motoneurones after electrical stimulation of ulnar and median nerves at wrist level

Effects of electrical stimulation of ulnar and median nerves at wrist level were investigated in post-stimulus time histograms (PSTHs) of single motor units from both flexors and extensors in human arm and forearm. Stimulation of ulnar nerve produced late (mean extra time—after monosynaptic group Ia excitation—10.7 ± 0.1 ms) high-threshold (>1.2 × motor threshold, MT) excitation, which was not reproduced by purely cutaneous stimulation, in all the investigated motor nuclei except in Extensor Carpi Radialis. Stimulation of median nerve, and of the skin of fingers II and III (at palmar side level), produced short latency inhibition (mean extra time 3.8 ± 0.3 ms), which was most often truncated or followed by late excitation (mean extra time 11.8 ± 0.3 ms); both effects were of low threshold (0.8 × MT). Short latency inhibition was very strong, and late excitation was rare and weak in almost all the investigated motor units except in those supplying flexors in forearm, in which the main effect was the late facilitation (stronger than in other motoneurones). Since extra time was not more than 13 ms, it is suggested that the late effects may be mediated through spinal pathways, at least during their 3–5 first ms. Based on the electrophysiological results and on the anatomical characteristics of ulnar and median nerves, it is assumed that ulnar-induced late high-threshold peak in PSTHs might reflect group II excitation in spinal motoneurones, and median-induced modifications in motor unit discharge, mainly cutaneous control of motoneurone discharge. Since the central delay of median-induced inhibition is longer the more caudal the motoneurone, inhibitory propriospinal-like interneurones are supposed to mediate cutaneous inhibitory control from hand upon muscles in arm and forearm. Potential roles of proprioceptive and cutaneous control from hand to more proximal musculature, provided by ulnar and median nerve, respectively, during precise hand movements are discussed.