TGFβ1、TGFβRⅠ、TGFβRⅡ在妊高征患者胎盘组织中的表达及临床意义

目的　探讨转化生长因子β1(transforming growth factor beta1,TGFβ1)及其受体(TGFbeta receptor, typeⅠand typeⅡ, TGFβRⅠ, TGFβRⅡ)在妊娠高血压综合征(妊高征)患者胎盘组织中的表达及其临床意义。　方法　采用免疫组化 SABC法检测 64 例妊高征患者(轻度 21 例,中度20例,重度23例)胎盘组织中TGFβ1、TGFβRⅠ、TGFβRⅡ的表达,20例正常孕妇为对照组。　结果　妊高征组胎盘绒毛滋养细胞及蜕膜细胞 TGFβ1,TGFβRⅠ,TGFβRⅡ的阳性表达率均明显高于对照组(TGFβ1: 70 31%和 35 00%,P< 0.01; TGFβRⅠ: 76 56%和 50 00%,P< 0.05; TGFβRⅡ:79 69%和45 00%,P<0.01)。妊高征组轻、中、重度患者TGFβ1、TGFβRⅠ和TGFβRⅡ表达的阳性率分别为:TGFβ1:52 38%、75 00%和 82 61%;TGFβRⅠ:57 14%、85 00%和 86 96%;TGFβRⅡ:61 90%、85 00%和91 30%,并随病情程度增加而升高。TGFβ1的表达与胎盘重量及新生儿体重呈负相关。　结论　胎盘TGFβ1及TGFβRⅠ、TGFβRⅡ表达异常引起滋养细胞浸润不足,可能是妊高征的发病因素之一。     

转化生长因子β1与原因不明习惯性流产关系的初步研究

目的:探讨原因不明习惯性流产（UHA）患者主动免疫治疗前后外周血单个核细胞转化生长因子β1（TGF-β1）mRNA水平的变化。方法:用半定量逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）技术,检测正常非孕妇女30例和UHA妇女30例主动免疫治疗前和治疗后3周的外周血单个核细胞内TGF-β1　mRNA 表达水平的相对含量（％）。结果:UHA组外周血单个核细胞TGF-β1　mRNA的相对含量（123.2±62.7）％明显低于正常非孕组妇女（192.7±64.6）％（P<0.01）。主动免疫治疗后,UHA组TGF-β1mRNA的相对含量（172.2±74.9）％较治疗前明显升高（P<0.01）,且和正常非孕组差异无显著性。UHA组经主动免疫治疗后,16例妊娠成功,6例仍发生自然流产。妊娠成功者中TGF-β1　mRNA的相对含量（183.5±90.5）％较治疗前（113.6±68.6）％明显升高（P<0.05）,而妊娠失败者TGF-β1mRNA的相对含量与治疗前无显著差异。结论:亿卜p1表达水平降低可能与UHA的发生相关,主动免疫治疗可能通过上调TGF-β1的表达水平促使UHA患者获得妊娠成功。     

Pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein (SP1) after in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer

Recent reports indicate that SP1, a "pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein", can be used as a biological marker for very early pregnancy and occult abortion. In this investigation, SP1 serum concentrations were measured in the luteal phase of 48 menstrual cycles stimulated for in-vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo transfer (ET). All patients received hMG for ovarian stimulation. Ovulation was induced by beta-hCG and also administered to support the luteal phase. In the 8 pregnancies arising after ET, SP1 (less than 0.5 ng/ml) was not detected before 13 to 19 days after laparoscopy. In contrast, the pregnancy-dependent beta-hCG increase was detectable earlier than SP1 despite the administration of hCG given for luteal support. However, low SP1 readings (0.5-1.1 microgram/ml) as early as 3 days after laparoscopy were observed in 11 cycles without a positive sign of beta-hCG production. Our results suggest that SP1 determinations cannot be used as a marker for occult abortion; also, positive SP1 readings without increase beta-hCG, especially during the early luteal phase after ET, have to be interpreted with caution.     

The serum level of transforming growth factor beta1 and its association with Foxp3 gene polymorphism in Iranian women with recurrent spontaneous abortion

The aim of the study was to determine the role of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) and Foxp3 (rs3761548) promoter polymorphisms in Iranian women with recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA). Eighty women with RSA were compared with eighty in a control group. Serum levels of TGF-β1 were measured using ELISA and Foxp3 (rs3761548) promoter polymorphisms using a PCR-RFLP technique. In addition, serum levels of TGF-β1 were compared in different genotypes in the two groups. The women's ages in the two groups were similar (30.15 ± 4.42 years [RSA] vs. 29.97 ± 4.51 [control]) as were serum TGF-β1 concentrations in case and control groups (53.42 ± 2.08 ng/ml in control and 56.31 ± 2.58 ng/ml in the RSA group; p = 0.4). Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the genotype frequencies of the rs3761548 Foxp3 gene between the two groups (p = 0.3) and the levels of TGF-β1 were similar in different genotypes. In conclusion, the data indicate that serum TGF-β1 levels and Foxp3 (rs3761548) promoter polymorphism is not a risk factor for RSA and that there is no association between the polymorphism and serum TGF-β1 levels.     

Heterotopic pregnancy after in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer

We have presented a second case of heterotopic pregnancy after IVF-ET. The most likely cause is direct extrusion of embryos through the tubal ostia by the hydrostatic pressure associated with ET. The diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy must be suspected clinically and not ruled out on the sonographic demonstration of an intrauterine pregnancy. Early diagnosis is essential for the prevention of significant maternal morbidity and mortality after IVF-ET.     

Ectopic pregnancies after in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer

Objective Our objective was to analyze the risk factors, stimulation characteristics, and future fecundity of patients with ectopic pregnancies after in vitro fertilization (IVF).Methods We retrospectively evaluated all cases of ectopic pregnancy occurring between January 1989 and March 1993 (Cornell series 1 to 17). A case-control group of intrauterine pregnancies was used for comparison of the stimulation and transfer characteristics.Results Twenty-seven of 1123 pregnancies (2.4%) were ectopic, following 2812 fresh IVF embryo transfers, while 8 of 105 pregnancies (7.6%) were ectopic, following 405 frozen-thawed embryo transfers. Tubal factor was the cause of infertility in the majority (85.7%) of ectopic pregnancies. No difference was found between the ectopics and the matched controls in stimulation and transfer characteristics. Thirty ectopic pregnancies were ampullary, two were interstitial, two were cervical, and one was heterotopic. Twenty of the patients subsequently underwent 29 IVF attempts, with a pregnancy rate of 41.4% per transfer.Conclusions Ectopic pregnancy after IVF appears to be related to preexisting tubal pathology; embryo transfer of cryopreserved thawed embryos in a natural cycle may result in a higher ectopic rate in these patients; in subsequent IVF cycles the intrauterine pregnancy rate of these patients is not decreased.     

Cervical pregnancy after in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer

A case of cervical pregnancy after in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer is described. This unusual pregnancy ended at 26 weeks' gestation after hysterotomy and delivery of an 830 gm boy. We suggest that the in vitro fertilization procedure is one of the possible risk factors of cervical pregnancy.     

Treatment with piroxicam before embryo transfer increases the pregnancy rate after in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of beta-cyclodextrin piroxicam treatment for priming of the uterus on the pregnancy outcome of IVF-embryo transfer (ET) programs. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, double-blinded placebo-controlled clinical study. SETTING: Large urban medical center. PATIENT(S): One hundred eighty-eight consecutive cycles of fresh IVF-ET and 78 cycles of frozen-thawed ET. The patients underwent IVF because of tubal, male infertility, unexplained, or endometriosis factors. They were randomly divided into treatment and control groups. INTERVENTION(S): In the treatment group, 94 cycles in fresh ET and 39 cycles in frozen-thawed ET the patients received an oral dose of 10 mg of piroxicam. In the control group, the same number cycles corresponding to the treatment group were treated with placebo. Both groups started piroxicam or placebo treatment 1-2 hours before ET. Patients and staff were blinded to the treatment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Implantation rate (IR) and pregnancy rate (PR). RESULT(S): Piroxicam increased significantly IR (18.7%) and PR (46.8%) compared to the control group (8.6% and 27.6%, respectively) in fresh cycles. With the exception of an unexplained factor, patients with the tubal, male infertility, or endometriosis factor had significantly higher PR in the treatment group compared to the control group. The beneficial effect of piroxicam was found in patients less than 40 years old, but was not found in patients more than 40 years. In frozen-thawed cycles, there were statistically significant differences between the treatment group and the control group in IR (9.4% vs. 2.3%) and PR (25.6% vs. 7.7%), respectively. CONCLUSION(S): Our study showed that piroxicam increases IR and PR after IVF-ET in both fresh and frozen-thawed ET cycles. The beneficial effect seems to be more remarkable in patients less than 40 years old with tubal, male infertility, or endometriosis factors. These results suggest that piroxicam treatment before ET is very effective in the priming of a uterus suitable for embryo implantation. This is the first study to investigate the possible consequence of piroxicam for improving the PR after IVF-ET.     

Clinical study on embryo transfer after human in vitro fertilization

One hundred forty-six embryo transfers were carried out in the In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) Clinic at St. Pierre Hospital, Brussels, between November 1983 and February 1985. In each of these cases a series of characteristics of the replacement procedure was systematically rates indicated that (i) no significant differences appeared among three different operators, (ii) the absence or occurrence of cervical bleeding and subjective evaluation of the procedure were related to the chances of establishing a pregnancy, and (iii) the duration of replacement had no influence on the outcome of trials. A prospeative randomized study of 100 replacements showed that (i) no better pregnancy rate was obtained by placing patients in the knee-to-chest rather than the dorsal position and (ii) the addition of a rigid external sleeve to the catheter did not provide any advantage. A simplified method of replacement is thus advocated.     

Treatment-independent pregnancy after in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer trial

This study indicates that SP occur in a higher percentage than theoretically expected after IVE-ET treatment, but it is not conclusive as to whether the SP is independent or a result of the treatment or operative laparoscopy. Our results are in agreement with those of previous studies that have shown that SP occur with almost all kinds of infertility. We therefore reject the previous suggestion of Steptoe, who argued that to prevent ectopic pregnancy from complicating embryo replacement, preparatory electrocauterization of diseased tube should be performed. We also suggest that as long as the results of treatment are below the normal monthly spontaneous conception rate, there is justification for a prospective random study that includes all diagnoses other than BTB. Such a study might help make any future selection of patients for treatment more appropriate.