中药注射剂开展0期临床试验思路与方法学探讨

中药注射剂临床应用广泛,疗效确切,在我国医药产业目前从“仿制药”向“创新药”转变的重要时期,中药注射剂的研发具有特殊的意义,同时中药注射剂的临床安全性问题也亟待解决.0期临床试验,也称为探索性临床试验对于创新药物的研发,尤其是先导化合物的筛选,具有重要意义.从药物研发/二次开发和上市后再评价两个方面进一步梳理中药注射剂开展0期临床试验的思路和方法,以探讨其应用于中药注射剂研发和评价的可行性.     

抗肿瘤药物的腹膜内给药

腹膜内直接给予抗肿瘤药物治疗癌症,其药代动力学优于目前抗肿瘤药物的全身给药.临床前和临床试验资料表明,腹膜内给药可增加肿瘤部位的抗肿瘤药物浓度,并延长药物作用时间.Ⅰ/Ⅱ期的临床试验进一步证实了这一方法可提高癌症患者的生存率.该方法对于卵巢癌具有较好的疗效.尚需充分的Ⅲ期临床试验研究,以评价该法作为临床治疗标准方法的可行性.     

药物Ⅰ期临床试验中的护理

I期临床试验是指初步的临床药理学及人体安全性评价试验。在人体上进行新药研究的起始期,为制定给药方案提供依据。我院是通过国家药监局批准的药物临床试验机构,目前已完成了5种药物I期临床试验,参与试验的受试者有110例。在试验过程中,需要包括护士在内的多方面研究人员的共同参与才能完成。为了保证药物临床试验的顺利进行,确保试验结果的科学、准确,我科护理人员主要做好以下几方面工作。1试验前准备1.1专业知识的培训:选派护士参加专业机构组织的药物临床试验质量管理规范(GCP)培训,明确临床试验的性质、任务、目的、要求,一切操作按…     

国际大规模多中心临床试验

1 大规模多中心临床试验基本概念 大规模多中心临床试验是指由多个医疗中心参加的大样本(一般为千例以上)临床试验。大规模多中心临床试验常见有以下两种情况:一种是新药临床试验,另一种是大样本随机临床试验。两者相同点是均评估某种治疗措施的临床效果,但有许多不同之处。Ⅱ、Ⅲ期新药临床试验是药品生产厂家为新药注册所进行的为药品法规定的必不可少的临床试验过程,主要目的是评估该药的一般临床疗效及药物不良反应。大样本随机临床试验是医疗科研人员发起的为解决医学领域某些尚待解决的重要问题进行的临床研究,主要目的是评估某种治疗措施对患者生存率及重要临床事件的影响,见表1。     

研究发现PA-457可显著减少HIV载量

美国Pannacos公司研发的首个HIV突变抑制剂PA-457的Ⅱa期临床试验初步数据显示,该药物可将基线的HIV载量减少90％。公司计划于2006年上半年开展Ⅱb期临床试验。PA-457作为突变抑制剂的作用机制与已获准     

治疗阿尔茨海默病药物临床试验技术指导原则

药物临床试验是药物研发中的一个重要环节,是一个目的性和逻辑性极强,并渐次推进的探索循证过程。本文就治疗阿尔茨海默病药物临床试验设计、实施和评价提供指导,供我国新药临床试验评价参考。     

0期临床试验:新药临床研究的新模式

0期临床试验是一种先于传统的Ⅰ期临床试验开展的研究,旨在评价受试药物的药效动力学和药代动力学特征。0期试验的特点是:小剂量、短周期、少量受试者、不以药物疗效评价为目的。0期试验主要用于作用靶点指标和(或)生物标记物的抗肿瘤候选药物的药效学和药动学评价。一般可将0期临床研究的类型分为3类。开展0期临床研究可参考美国食品与药品监督管理局的"探索性研究药物指南"。0期临床试验的局限性可以通过良好的试验设计加以克服。对于分子靶向的抗癌药物,0期临床研究可提高研究效率和后续研究的成功率。     

从研究者角度浅谈药物临床试验电子信息化系统应用体会

本课题组在十二五期间,将"药物临床试验项目管理系统"应用于中药新药临床Ⅱ、Ⅲ期项目,为提高临床试验质量提供了保障,为中药新药临床试验规范化、标准化提供了科学可行的研究模式,加强了我院中药新药临床评价技术平台建设。     

Ⅰ期临床试验中的护理工作要点

我院是通过国家药监局批准的药物临床试验机构,目前已完成1种药物Ⅰ期临床试验,参与试验的受试者有36例。在试验过程中,需要包括护士在内的多方面研究人员的共同参与才能完成。试验前准备专业知识的培训:选派护士参加专业机构组织的药物临床试验质量管理规范(GCP)培训,明确临床试验的性质、任务、目的、要求,一切操作按标准操作规程(SOP),以便消除可能对试验产生的误差。同时,在进行正式临床试验前,参与护士接受相关试验药物方案的培训,充分明确护理人员的工作职责,并熟悉整个试验流程,确保临床试验的准确性、安全性。抢救知识的培训及各…     

双环醇治疗慢性病毒性肝炎41例临床观察

双环醇是我国第一个拥有自主知识产权的国家一类抗肝炎合成新药,为期4a的双环醇Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ期(多中心、双盲、随机、对照)临床试验结果表明,双环醇对慢性肝炎疗效肯定,服用安全、方便。在Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ期临床试验基础上进行了本品治疗慢性病毒性肝炎的Ⅳ期临床试验,进一步评估双环醇的安全性和疗效。本研究为开放性、多中心临床试验,遵照我国药物临床试验管理规范(GCP)准则进行。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.