辣椒素经大鼠肠黏膜的区段透过特性

目的研究辣椒素经大鼠空肠、回肠和结肠黏膜的区段透过特性。方法应用体外Ussing Chamber法,评价100μg.mL^-1辣椒素经空肠、回肠和结肠黏膜的经时吸收方向的累计透过量,并计算表观渗透系数,辣椒素在接收池中的浓度用HPLC法测定。结果辣椒素经结肠和回肠的透过性显著高于空肠,在结肠的透过性也显著高于回肠。结论辣椒素在大鼠肠黏膜中的透过性存在区段性差异,在空肠部位吸收最差,结肠部位吸收最好,可考虑将其制成结肠定位肠溶片。     

体外垂直型扩散池技术评价原花青素对大鼠不同区段肠黏膜药物透过特性的影响

目的 评价原花青素对P-糖蛋白(P-gp)底物罗丹明123(R123)和荧光素钠(FS)在大鼠不同区段肠黏膜透过特性的影响.方法 采用体外垂直型扩散池(Ussing Chamber)技术,分别计算原花青素20 mg/L时R123和FS经空肠、回肠和结肠黏膜吸收与分泌方向的累计透过率和表观渗透系数(Papp),R123和FS在接收池的样品浓度用荧光分光光度计法测定.结果 原花青素具有增加R123经空肠、回肠与结肠吸收方向透过性的趋势,同时具有降低R123经空肠、回肠与结肠分泌方向透过性的趋势,与正常对照组相比,原花青素使结肠R123分泌方向透过性明显降低(P<0.01).结论 原花青素具有抑制R123经肠黏膜外排的作用,该作用可能与原花青素抑制肠黏膜上皮P-gp功能有关.     

三七总皂苷中人参皂苷Rg1对完整皮肤透皮吸收研究

目的研究三七总皂苷中人参皂苷Rg1体外完整大鼠和豚鼠皮肤的透过性。方法采用Franz扩散池进行体外透皮实验,选择完整大鼠腹皮和完整豚鼠腹皮为渗透屏障,以HPLC法测定人参皂苷Rg1的透过量。结果三七总皂苷中的人参皂苷Rg1可以透过大鼠腹皮,前12 h其累计透过量与给药时间呈线性关系,24 h总透过率为53.73%;人参皂苷Rg1对豚鼠皮穿透力极弱,接受液中未能测出。结论三七总皂苷中的人参皂苷Rg1对大鼠皮肤透过性较好,但对豚鼠皮肤的透过性则不佳。     

低浓度聚氧乙烯蓖麻油对p-gp底物罗丹明123经肠黏膜透过性的影响

目的观察低浓度聚氧乙烯蓖麻油对肠黏膜p-gp的调控作用。方法使用体外扩散池法评价罗丹明123（R123）经空肠、回肠和结肠黏膜的经时经吸收方向和分泌方向的透过量和透过系数（Papp）,并测定不同浓度表面活性剂对R123和荧光素钠（CF）经肠黏膜透过性的影响。R123和CF在接受室中的浓度用荧光分光光度法测定。结果R123经肠道黏膜的透过性存在部位差,空肠、回肠和结肠的次序透过性依次减少;R123经肠道分泌方向的透过性显著高于其吸收方向的透过性。低浓度的聚氧乙烯蓖麻油具有增加R123经吸收方向的透过性,减少经分泌方向的透过性。但试验浓度的表面活性剂对CF的肠道转运没有影响。结论低浓度的聚氧乙烯蓖麻油可通过对p-gp功能的抑制而用于改善受p-gp介导药物的吸收,有望提高此类药物的口服生物利用度。     

养心通脉方有效成分部位的最佳剂量配伍抗急性心肌缺血的研究

目的 确定养心通脉方的"有效成分部位方"的最佳剂量.方法 对已确定的人参皂苷、人参多糖、丹参酮ⅡA、总生物碱和总挥发油5个有效成分部位同剂量水平组成方剂进行L9(34)正交试验,观察分析各方剂对对心肌缺血大鼠模型心电图J点位移及血液流变学指标的影响.结果 人参皂苷、丹参酮ⅡA、人参多糖3水平、总生物碱和总挥发油在1水平时能够有效改善心肌缺血大鼠的心电图;而人参皂苷3水平、丹参酮ⅡA3水平、人参多糖2水平、总生物碱及总挥发油在1水平时能够改善心肌缺血大鼠血液流变学的指标.结论 以人参皂苷3水平(34.33 g生药/kg体质量),丹参酮ⅡA3水平(1.27 g生药/kg体质量)、人参多耱2水平(4.77 g生药/kg体质量)、总生物碱1水平(0.67g生药/kg体质量)、总挥发油1水平(62.2 mL生药/kg体质量)为养心通脉有效成分部位方的最佳配伍剂量.     

缬沙坦大鼠在体肠吸收动力学

通过大鼠在体单向肠灌流模型(SPIP),采用反相高效液相色谱法测定大鼠肠液中缬沙坦的浓度,研究缬沙坦的肠吸收动力学与P-糖蛋白(P-gp)和有机阴离子转运多肽(OATP)对缬沙坦肠吸收的影响。结果表明,缬沙坦为全肠段吸收,吸收速率与灌流液的pH和肠段部位有关,吸收速率按十二指肠、空肠、结肠和回肠顺序下降。缬沙坦在十二指肠的非线性吸收动力学参数为Ka=0.328 h-1;Vm=72.652μmol/(L.h);Km=10.968μmol/L;Vms=69.115μmol/(L.h);Kms=0μmol/L。空肠、结肠和回肠的吸收速率常数分别为(0.595±0.091),(0.586±0.153)和(0.551±0.030)h-1。与原药组相比,含P-gp抑制剂药物组Papp显著增加,含OATP抑制剂药物组Papp显著减少(P<0.05)。缬沙坦的肠吸收机制为主动转运-被动扩散混合吸收,符合非线性动力学过程。     

辣椒素对P-糖蛋白和细胞旁途经转运透过的作用

目的：通过研究P-糖蛋白（P-gp）底物罗丹明123（R123）在空肠、回肠和结肠转运时辣椒素的作用,探究辣椒素对肠粘膜上P-gp功能的影响。方法使用体外扩散池法技术,分别取SD雄性大鼠的空肠、回肠和结肠肠段标本,计算各肠段中吸收方向（mucosa to serosa, M-S）和分泌方向（serosa to mucosa, S-M）R123的表观渗透速率（Papp）。用荧光分光光度计测定R123和荧光素钠（CF）在接收室中的浓度。结果在辣椒素作用下,R123经空肠粘膜透过时,吸收方向与空白组相比显著增高,分泌方向显著降低,但其在回肠及结肠M-S组及S-M组表观渗透系数Papp与空白组相比均没有显著性差异。CF经空肠粘膜透过时,M-S组及S-M组Papp与空白组相比均显著增高;经回肠和结肠粘膜透过与空白组相比没有显著性差异。结论辣椒素影响P-gp底物R123和细胞旁转运药物CF经肠粘膜透过的作用具有肠段差异性,对R123和CF的影响仅存在于空肠,表明辣椒素是一种较弱的P-gp抑制剂和粘膜通道改善剂。可能与P-gp和紧密连接在肠粘膜上的逐渐变化的分布有关。     

食物过敏对大鼠小肠形态学及肠黏膜淋巴细胞的影响

目的观察卵蛋白经口致敏的大鼠小肠(十二指肠、空肠、回肠)形态学及肠道黏膜内淋巴细胞(CD4+、CD8+T淋巴细胞、CD20+B淋巴细胞)变化的情况。方法将27只大鼠按随机数字表法分为2组:实验组(17只)和对照组(10只)。对照组大鼠以无菌PBS液灌胃。实验组大鼠以卵蛋白灌胃,建立肠道食物过敏的动物模型。HE染色观察食物过敏大鼠十二指肠、空肠、回肠病理学变化的情况,免疫组织化学法和体视学方法检测大鼠十二指肠、空肠、回肠肠黏膜CD4+、CD8+T淋巴细胞、CD20+B淋巴细胞免疫反应阳性细胞的分布和数量变化的情况。结果实验组大鼠十二指肠、空肠、回肠均可见肠绒毛出现不同程度的糜烂、肿胀、脱落现象,固有层见嗜酸性粒细胞、浆细胞等炎症细胞浸润。与对照组比较,实验组大鼠十二指肠、空肠、回肠肠绒毛均变短、萎缩(P<0.05或P<0.01);十二指肠、空肠肠腺均增长(P<0.05或P<0.01)。实验组大鼠十二指肠、空肠、回肠肠黏膜固有层CD4+T淋巴细胞数密度略低于对照组,但差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05);实验组大鼠十二指肠、空肠、回肠肠黏膜固有层、上皮内CD8+T淋巴细胞数密度均明显低于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01),实验组大鼠十二指肠、空肠、回肠肠黏膜固有层CD20+B淋巴细胞数密度均明显高于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论卵蛋白致敏大鼠小肠肠黏膜损伤明显,肠黏膜淋巴细胞的变化导致肠黏膜局部免疫失调,在食物过敏变态反应性炎症发病过程中可能发挥重要的作用。     

复方黄芪肠宁灌肠剂中三七提取工艺的优选

目的优选复方黄芪肠宁灌肠剂中三七的最佳提取工艺。方法采用正交试验设计,用高效液相色谱法测定提取液中人参皂苷Rg1、人参皂苷Rb1、三七皂苷R1的含量,优选三七药材的提取工艺条件。结果优选的工艺为70%的乙醇6倍量,提取3次,每次1.0 h。结论优选的提取工艺三七总皂苷提取率高,适用于生产。     

参附注射液预先给药对内毒素血症大鼠肠黏膜上皮的影响

目的：观察参附注射液预先给药对内毒素血症大鼠肠黏膜上皮的影响。方法：48只大鼠随机分为模型组（M组,n=24）和参附注射液预先给药组（S组,n=24）,采用脂多糖（10 mg/kg）单次尾静脉注射建立内毒素血症模型。M组和S组大鼠分别于建模前30 min腹腔注射生理盐水和参附注射液5 ml/kg,分别在建模后2、6、12 h随机取8只收集标本。另取8只大鼠作为空白对照组（C组,n=8）。取腹主动脉血,ELISA检测血浆肠脂肪酸结合蛋白（intestinal fatty acid binding protein,i-FABP）和二胺氧化酶（diamine oxidase,DAO）水平变化;取远端回肠,ELISA检测肠黏膜肿瘤坏死因子－α（tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α）和白细胞介素-6（interleukin-6,IL-6）水平,HE染色观察肠黏膜形态学改变并行Chiu氏评分。结果：与C组比较,M组各时相点大鼠血浆i-FABP、DAO水平、肠黏膜TNF-?琢、IL-6水平升高,肠黏膜Chiu氏评分增加（P<0.05）。与M组比较,S组2 h时相点大鼠血浆i-FABP、DAO水平、肠黏膜TNF-?琢、IL-6水平降低,肠黏膜Chiu氏评分降低（P<0.05）;S组6 h时相点大鼠肠黏膜TNF-?琢、IL-6水平降低（P<0.05）。结论：参附注射液预先给药在内毒素血症早期可在一定程度上抑制炎症反应,降低大鼠血浆i-FABP和DAO水平,减少肠黏膜Chiu氏评分,减轻肠黏膜上皮损伤。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.