从气机升降探叶天士调治便秘六法

[目的]从气机升降角度探讨叶天士治疗便秘的特色。[方法]通过学习《临证指南医案》中便秘的相关论述及医案,总结叶天士医案中便秘的病因病机特点,阐述叶天士辨治便秘的遣方用药独特之处,并附以验案一例以示临床应用。[结果]《临证指南医案》一书中,叶天士将便秘的重要病因病机归于脏腑气机失常:即肺失宣降、肝失疏泄、三焦不畅、气血结痹、阴虚阳亢及胃失和降,与此相对应的治疗方法为开降肺气、疏泄肝气、宣通三焦、双通气血、潜阳固阴及和降胃气六法。所附验案以叶天士脏腑气机升降学说为指导,采用疏利肝胆、宣肺通腑、活血通络之法治疗便秘,临床疗效确切。[结论]通过调畅全身脏腑气机治疗便秘是叶天士治疗便秘的特色,值得深入学习及挖掘。     

基于提壶揭盖法探析肺气郁滞型气秘的针刺治疗

提壶揭盖法是中医援物比类形象思维的具体运用,乃开宣肺气、调畅上焦气机之法。气秘乃临床常见病,古今医家对气秘的证机多概以肝脾气滞,腑气不通,治疗以调肝理脾,通便导滞为主;然而治病必求于本,若气秘因肺气郁滞,肠腑不通所致,则治法当以宣肺理气,通腑降浊为主。针刺治疗便秘疗效可靠,但从提壶揭盖入手,探讨针刺治疗肺气郁闭型气秘的文献甚少。故本文通过对肺气郁闭型气秘病因病机的分析,结合临床医案以提壶揭盖立法,对其针灸治疗进行深度探析,重视以宣肺理气,开窍启闭之穴揭其上焦闭塞之盖,则下焦腑气自通。以期从提壶揭盖法的角度,为针灸治疗肺气郁闭型气秘的实用性和优越性提供可靠证据。     

通阳宣痹在《伤寒杂病论》中的运用

张仲景在《伤寒杂病论》中虽未明言通阳之法,但后代医家多认为其已行通阳之实,在现行的相关教材中也多次提到其关于通阳法则的应用,我们以现行中医专业本科教材为蓝本,探讨中医通阳宣痹治法在《伤寒杂病论》中的应用.1 温通心阳而宣胸痹1.1 对胸痹病因病机的认识《金匮要略·胸痹心痛短气病脉证治第九》一条:"师曰:夫脉当取太过不及,阳微阴弦,即胸痹而痛,所以然者,责其极虚也.今阳虚知在上焦,所以胸痹、心痛者,以其阴弦故也."将胸痹病机概括为"阳微阴弦".一般观点认为,"阳微"即寸口脉沉而细,系指上焦阳气不足,胸阳不振;"阴弦"即尺脉弦紧,指阴邪内盛,水饮停聚,上泛胸中而致胸痹心痛.张仲景把病机归为"阳微阴弦",着重强调上焦阳气不足,下焦阴寒乘之,乃本虚标实之证.目前,多数医家认为胸痹病机为"痰瘀痹阻心脉"."痰瘀痹阻"理论虽然可以解释冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病,却不能很好的解释冠状动脉功能性改变(痉挛)导致的心脏病.我们认为本病的根本病机是"阳气不通",一旦"阳气不通,心之推动无力"必然会导致"痰瘀痹阻心脉或经脉拘急,阳气不能濡养血脉,心失血养",正如《临证指南医案》所言:"阳气窒闭,浊阴凝痞."因此,"阳气不通"是对"胸痹"病机的高度概括.     

仲景理气六法浅述

气机升降出入,是人体生命活动的基本形式之一。人体某一部位或脏腑的气机阻滞,则表现于心气痹阻,肺气不降,脾气不健,肝气郁结等气滞证。近年来各地应用理气法治愈各种痛症,更屡见不鲜。本文拟将仲景著作中的理气法归纳为六法,略陈管见,敬祈指正。一、宽胸理气法胸痹之病,喘息咳唾,胸背痛,短气,栝蒌薤白白酒汤主之;若胸痹不得卧,心痛彻背者,用栝蒌薤白半夏汤。(《金匮·胸痹短气篇》) 胸痹由上焦阳气不振,痰饮停留壅滞不行,以致胸阳虚而下焦阴实,阴实之邪上乘阳虚之胸而引起。栝蒌薤白白酒汤以栝蒌涤痰润     

肺痹病因病机认识的衍化

论述了肺痹病因病机在不同历史时期的发展特点。肺痹病因病机理论以《内经》为源,为五脏痹之一,后世阐发多宗于此;两晋隋唐时期,医家多从气极论述肺痹,并强调脏腑内虚在肺痹发生发展的作用;宋金元时期,发挥了《内经》多种肺痹病因病机的理论,强调其虚劳性特点;明清两代,除了继承前代理论外,温病医家对肺痹病因病机的理论有了新的发展,或以肺痹为肺气痹阻,或以其为病机一环,扩大了肺痹的外延。      

顽固性咳嗽辨证治疗心得

疏和少阳咳嗽是肺部疾病的常见症状,其基本病机是肺气不利。肺主气,主宣发清肃,宜降;肝主少阳升发之气,主疏泄通调,宜升。肺与肝在生理上相互协作,使少阳枢机和顺,人体气机调和,升降畅达。若肝胆气机郁滞,少阳枢机不利,上逆于肺,影响肺之宣降功能的正常发挥,可引起咳嗽频作。治疗当用小柴胡汤宣透疏散,清解郁火,以和解少阳之郁结。咳嗽日久,外邪逐步深入,加上情志久郁不遂,往往病及少阳,郁结不散,气机失畅。此时以小柴胡汤疏和之,半表半里之邪得解,使其气通畅,则“上焦得通”;上焦郁滞得通,则肺气能宣能降,咳嗽自止。例:患者,男,38岁,农民。…     

从肝肺相关论治慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并抑郁

肝与肺的相关性是中医基础理论的重要研究内容和组成部分,二者生理上相辅相成、病理上相互影响.从气机升降、将相和谋、升降协调、五行相制及病因病机等方面探讨肝肺的生理病理联系,并结合临床经验,阐述从肝论治慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并抑郁的主要方法及辨病用药,证明对病人进行适当的心理疏导和心理安慰,对本病的治疗和预后起着非常重要的作用.     

从肝肺气机升降论治脾胃病

气机升降普遍存在自然界中,亦存在于人体中。它体现了各脏腑的生理功能,对人体生命活动有重要作用。脾胃升降失调,疾病由此而生也,而在脾胃气机升降协和中,肝肺气机对其有着重要的作用。故治疗脾胃病时,尤为重视肝肺气机升降。笔者从疏肝达肺、益肝补肺两法中以调肝肺气机为要治脾胃病,协调肝肺气机,恢复脾胃升降,而达到治愈脾胃病的目的。     

从"肺痹"理论谈难治性肺炎支原体肺炎

难治性支原体肺炎临床多表现为病情迁延不愈,病势较剧,可累及其他器官.中医学认为,肺痹属于五脏痹之一,因内虚外袭导致肺失宣降,肺络不通的一种疾病,具有气机升降不利,留浊不去的特征,临床既表现有寒热,咳逆上气,喘息气急的特征,还有传变其他脏腑的特点.难治性支原体肺炎临床症状及病理变化与肺痹相关,病因病机与肺痹相通,从肺痹理论论治难治性支原体肺炎以期能更清晰的认识难治性肺炎支原体肺炎,提高临床疗效.     

胸痹与冠心病

胸痹既是一个病名,又是病位和病机的概括。“痹”是痞塞不通的意思,《金匮要略.胸痹心痛短气病脉证治》关于胸痹病因病机的论述对后世的影响最大,认为胸痹的病机是“阳微阴弦”,即所谓“本虚标实”,说明本病的发生本在于心气或心阳不足,导致寒凝、气滞、痰阻于胸廓而发病。国家     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.