小儿末节压砸断指的临床特点及其血管处理

目的 探讨小儿末节压砸断指的临床特点、血管处理以及临床效果.方法 2005年1月至2009年8月,对28例38指11个月至11.5岁的小儿患者,按照Ishikawa末节断指分区的血管特点,在放大12～15倍手术显微镜视下进行断指再植术.结果 38指断指再植存活35指,坏死3指;成活率为92.1%.术后随访3个月至3年,除3指Ⅳ区断指因骨骺组织碾压伤、发育稍侧偏畸形外,其余患儿再植指指甲、指腹外形良好.按中华医学会手外科学会断指再植功能评定试用标准评定:优18指,良14指,差3指;优良率达91.4%.结论 小儿末节断指常为钝性损伤所致,压砸性断指多见,但只要熟练掌握小儿末节断指不同区域的血管特点,细心地清创和精确地吻合血管,仍可获得理想的成功率,小儿末节压砸断指应争取再植.     

特殊类型的断指再植33例临床分析

目的 分析特殊类型断指再植的临床资料,提高再植的成活率.方法 通过对特殊类型断指再植的33例患者(44指)的临床资料、手术方法、术后处理的分析,提出特殊类型断指再植的特点,以及手术和术后的处理要点.结果 白2006年7月至2008年10月,对33例患者(44指)进行了手术,术后成活41指,成活率达93.18%.术后随访31例患者(41指)3～12个月,外形及功能均较满意.结论 只要掌握特殊类型断指再植的处理要点,就能获得满意的成活率;强调康复理疗、功能锻炼在特殊类型断指再植术后的重要性;只有最大限度地恢复冉植手指的功能才是再植治疗的结束.     

复杂断指再植中的静脉移植选择

目的 探讨在复杂断指再植中,切取不同部位静脉用于移植修复血管缺损的方法和体会.方法 应用游离腕掌侧浅静脉、游离前臂掌侧浅静脉、游离桡动脉伴行静脉、游离近节指背静脉、游离掌背静脉、游离足背网状静脉的方法修复复杂断指的血管缺损98指（动脉83条,静脉22条）.结果 应用静脉移植修复复杂性断指98指,成活93指,成活率95%.术后随访6个月～3年,根据中华医学会手外科分会断指再植功能评定试用标准,优良率为87%.结论 根据复杂断指缺损血管的部位和长度,切取不同供区静脉进行血管移植,扩大了手术适应证,提高了复杂断指再植成活率,而且取得了良好的外观和功能.     

逆行法断指再植临床应用体会

目的 评价逆行法断指再植创新技术临床应用效果,并验证该方法 在临床应用的可行性. 方法 采用逆行法断指再植创新技术共进行断指再植2848指,其中指尖离断668指、其它平面离断2180指;并以阶段抽样方式对再植一指的时间、术后效果、手术方法 进行比较验证. 结果 术后再植手指总成活率为95.3%,经1～20年随访.再植手指血运良好,指腹皮肤感觉恢复,两点辨别觉3～5 mm,指尖再植功能恢复是断指再植病例中最好的一组;采用逆行法断指再植创新技术进行再植手术,操作方便、节时省力、便于吻合指掌侧静脉,能有效预防术后静脉危象. 结论 逆行法断指再植创新技术方法 简便、安全可靠、便于推广应用.     

特殊性断肢断指再植的临床研究

目的 探讨如何提高对特殊性断肢断指再植的成活率及功能恢复.方法 对190例13种特殊类型的断肢断指采用原位、移位及血管、神经、肌腱转位和移植等方法进行再植手术.结果 再植后成活率达93%,按断指再植疗效评定标准优良率达85%.结论 通过上述临床研究,扩大了特殊类型断肢断指再植,并探索出在特殊性断肢断指再植术中各种组织修复方法和术后康复与功能重建等观点.     

手指皮肤脱套伤的再植治疗

目的探讨手指皮肤脱套再植治疗的临床疗效。方法自2013年1月至2015年9月,对收治的17例具有再植条件的手指皮肤脱套伤患者,根据患者伤指情况选取再植手术方案,术后随访3~12个月,观察其临床效果。结果 18指再植指体中存活17指,再植存活率94.4%;患者对再植指体术后外观及功能满意,两点辨别觉6~10 mm;据中华医学会手外科学会断指再植评定试用标准评定优良率为88.9%。结论对于脱套指体软组织完整、挫伤不重患者行再植手术治疗,临床疗效可靠,值得推广应用。     

特殊类型断指再植的治疗

目的探讨特殊类型断指再植的方法和疗效。方法根据末节断指、小儿断指、撕脱性离断断指、多指离断及多段离断断指,采用不同的方法再植。结果共176例再植220指,成活214指,成活率97．27％。术后经2月～6年的随访,按中华医学会手外科学会断指再植功能评定试用标准评定：优125指,良78指,差17指,优良率92．27％。结论特殊类型断指采用合适的方法再植,可获得较高的成活率及较好的外形与功能。     

487例(685指)断指再植体会

目的 探讨断指再植手术的经验与技巧.方法 回顾性分析487例(685指)断指再植的临床资料.结果 685指成活622指,成活率达90.8%.411例(578指)获得1～5年随访:指间关节僵直21指,屈肌腱粘连17指,行松解术,另有13指肌腱粘连由于不影响功能未行松解术,4指指腹萎缩、感觉差;其余外观、功能和感觉均较理想,拇指关节自主活动度＞90°,手指关节自主活动度260°～170°,两点辨别觉为＜6 mm.按中华医学会手外科学会断指再植功能评定试用标准评定:优393指,良130指,差55指;优良率为90.5%.结论 具备丰富的手术经验和技巧才能完成复杂、高难度的再植手术,并适当拓宽断指再植的适应证,获得较高的成功率.     

指尖离断再植方法探讨

目的 探讨提高指尖再植成活率的方法.方法 36例(37指)在显微镜下再植,行动、静脉吻合或仅行动脉吻合,结合放血疗法.结果 坏死4指,成活33指,成活率89%.33指获随访6～12个月,按照中华医学会手外科分会断指再植功能评定标准:优28指,良5指.结论 指尖再植手术方法得当,成活率较高,术后外形、功能均满意.     

掌侧软组织合并血管和（或）神经缺损的断指再植

目的 探讨掌侧软组织合并血管和（或）神经缺损的断指再植方法.方法 2005年1月-2011年12月,应用指动脉侧方皮瓣、掌背皮瓣、废弃指组织瓣、足内侧静脉皮瓣及（拇）趾腓侧瓣或足第2趾胫侧瓣修复再植掌侧软组织合并血管和（或）神经缺损的断指38例46指.结果 术后44指成活2指失败,成活率95.7％.术后随访1～3年,按照中华医学会手外科学会断指再植功能评定试用标准评定：优34指,良8指,差4指;优良率91.3％.结论 选择不同的皮瓣一期修复再植掌侧软组织合并血管和（或）神经缺损的断指,效果良好,能最大限度恢复再植手指的外形及功能.     

The effects of the number and ratio of repaired arteries and veins on the survival rate in digital replantation

From January 1990 to December 1998, 631 consecutive single-digit replantations were reviewed retrospectively to determine the essential number of vascular anastomoses and the artery-to-vein ratio for successful finger replantation. The correlations between the number and the ratio of anastomosed vessels and the survival rate were examined according to the amputated digital levels, and all of the correlated results were compared with each other statistically. In zone I, the survival rate of the digits with a vein repaired was higher than that of digits treated with the external bleeding method. In zone II, repairing more arteries than veins led to venous congestion and resulted in a failure of replantation. Thus, the ratio of an equal or greater number of veins repaired to the arteries repaired was an important factor in successful replantation in zone II, which may be due to the large amount of arterial input relative to the small volume of venous drainage via small veins in the replanted digit. In zone III, the equal number of arteries and veins repaired was also an important factor in successful replantation. However, unlike zone II, even when more arteries were repaired than veins, venous congestion occurred rarely because the vein in this area was larger, providing sufficient venous drainage. In zone IV, repair of two veins was needed to yield good results. Because the volume of the amputated part in zone IV was larger than in other zones, it was desirable to repair both arteries, even though repairing one artery yielded good results. In conclusion, it is desirable to repair as many vessels as possible to increase the possibility of a good result. However, digital amputations and their conditions for replantation differ. Therefore, the number and ratio of vessels that need to be repaired should be modified and adjusted in each case.     

Recovery of sensation in replanted digits— time of recovery and degree of two-point discrimination

Even if good motor function returns in a replanted digit, if no useful sensation returns, the digit cannot be considered fully functional. In such cases sensory reconstruction with nerve grafts may be necessary, but it is difficult to determine the optimal time for such surgery. Therefore, we studied 37 replanted digits in which the palmar digital nerves had been severed bilaterally and anastomosed at the replantation procedure. Our findings indicate a correlation between the time at which sensation returned to the digits and the degree of two-point discrimination (2PD) that returned. In digits in which sensation returned less than four months after replantation, a 2PD of less than 15 mm returned in more than 50% of cases, but when more than four months passed before the return of sensation, a useful degree of 2PD seldom returned. We believe, therefore, that if the recovery of sensation in a replanted digit has not been satisfactory by four months after replantation, reconstructive surgery should be considered.     

Replantation of untidily amputated finger, hand, and arm: experience of 99 replantations in 66 cases

Three problems the authors think important in replantation of untidy amputations are discussed based on our 99 replantations with the success rate of 92.6% over a 4-year period. To restore circulation in this type of amputation, such techniques as transfer of blood vessels, use of a neurovascular island flap with neurovascular anastomoses at its distal margin, vein graft, and free split-skin graft directly on the anastomosed blood vessels are recommended. Recovery of tendon gliding when replanted proximally to the MP joint was reasonably good but not when replanted distally to it. Recovery of intrinsic muscles was generally poor. Protective sensation was usually regained, although occasionally accompanied by paresthesia. Amputation of single digit was found not to be an absolute indication for replantation except for the thumb. In multiple digital amputation, more important digits should be restored by amputated digits in better condition. Replantation for cosmetic improvement may be justified in such cases as unmarried young females. In infants, replantation is especially worthwhile because good functional recovery and good further growth can be expected.     

Digital replantation in children: a long-term follow-up study

This paper reports a series of 14 cases of digital replantation in children who had had a total of 17 digits traumatically amputated. All but two digits survived, for an overall success rate of 88%. The length of follow-up was between 3 and 14 years (average 8 years). Sensory recovery of all digits was satisfactory. The mean growth rate of replanted digits relative to contralateral digits was 86%. Twelve cases had an excellent result, and one case had a good result. Digital replantation in children is recommended when feasible.     

Transpositional microsurgery in multiple digital amputations

In 34 of the 62 patients treated for complete multiple digital amputations, the severed part was not replanted in its anatomical position, but in the place of the most useful stump. This procedure is defined as transpositional digital microsurgery and refers to the transposition and replantation of any digit to another stump which plays a more significant role in the function of the hand. Twenty-eight patients had transposition of a digit, while six patients underwent thumb transposition. All except six of the transposed digits survived, while all of the thumbs survived the surgical procedure. The cosmetic appearance of the hand with a transposed digit or thumb was acceptable to the patients. Two-point discrimination was assessed to be 10–14 mm for the transposed digits, and the functional ability of the transplanted digit was comparable to digits which were replanted in their anatomical position. In conclusion, transpositional digital microsurgery remains a useful alternative for the treatment of multiple digit amputations, particularly in patients with severely damaged non-replantable amputated parts. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

仅吻合动脉的指尖再植30例

目的探讨指尖再植的治疗经验．方法对30指指尖离断进行再植,吻合指端动脉弓以远一条动脉分支21指．吻合两条动脉弓分支6指,指端动脉弓以近吻合一条指动脉3指,均未吻合静脉。缝合神经28指．术后所有再植指均未给予指腹侧方切口放血或甲床放血治疗。结果成活28指,坏死2指．成活率为93．3％。术后随访6～36个月,7指指甲有不同程度畸形,5指指腹轻度萎缩,3指指腹软组织略变硬．1指创口有瘢痕痛。其中16指外形良好,感觉恢复正常,两点辨别觉为3-6mm,运动功能正常、结论对离断指内血管损伤程度的正确评估和高质量的血管吻合是指尖再植成活的关键,指尖再植静脉不易吻合．术后可根据再植指情况给予放血治疗。     

TRANSPOSITIONAL REPLANTATION OF DIGITS: Case reports

Heterotopic or transpositional replantation of digits is technically feasible with results similar to those of conventional replantation procedures. Occasionally in multiple digital amputations not all the digits may be replanted in their correct place as a result of complex injuries proximal to the amputation zone or severe damage to important fingers. In these circumstances the amputated digits that are in the best condition as regards undamaged tissue are used for replantation. The primary priority is an optimal functional outcome and the secondary priority the cosmetic outcome. Amputated long digits will always be used to substitute for a non-replantable thumb rather than to replace a long finger. We present 13 cases of successful transpositional digit or joint replantations in traumatic amputations of more than one digit.     

Transpositional replantation of digits. Case reports.

Heterotopic or transpositional replantation of digits is technically feasible with results similar to those of conventional replantation procedures. Occasionally in multiple digital amputations not all the digits may be replanted in their correct place as a result of complex injuries proximal to the amputation zone or severe damage to important fingers. In these circumstances the amputated digits that are in the best condition as regards undamaged tissue are used for replantation. The primary priority is an optimal functional outcome and the secondary priority the cosmetic outcome. Amputated long digits will always be used to substitute for a non-replantable thumb rather than to replace a long finger. We present 13 cases of successful transpositional digit or joint replantations in traumatic amputations of more than one digit.     

The use of arteriovenous anastomosis for venous drainage during Tamai zone I fingertip replantation

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to evaluate outcomes for patients sustaining a distal fingertip amputation who underwent replantation witharteriovenous anastomosis for venous drainage over a one year period at our institution. This technique has been utilized when insufficient veins are identified in the amputated part for standard veno-venous anastomosis.MethodsA retrospective study was performed on patients presenting from 2013 to 2014. Guillotine, crush, and avulsion/degloving injuries were included if they underwent fingertip (Tamai Zone I) replantation with arterial anastomosis for vascular inflow and arteriovenous anastomosis for venous drainage. The cases were further classified as Ishikawa subzone I and subzone II.ResultsArteriovenous anastomosis for venous drainage during replantation was used in 45 digits in 35 patients. 41 of the 45 digits underwent successful replantation using this technique (91%). The mean active ROM in the DIP joint of the fingers and in the IP joint of thumbs was 65° and 57°, respectively. Sensory evaluation demonstrated a mean of 6.9 mm s2PD in digits where the digital nerves could be repaired. 11 replanted digits without nerve repair regained some sensory recovery with a mean of 9.6 mm s2PD. 91% of patients were highly satisfied with the appearance of the replanted digits based on Tamai criteria.ConclusionsArteriovenous anastomosis for venous outflow should be considered during zone I fingertip replantation if sufficient veins are not identified in the amputated part. This technique may allow for more routine and successful distal replantation.     

多指离断再植的探讨

目的 探讨多指离断再植手术中各阶段处理方法，提高各种断指再植的成功率。方法 手指末节、指尖部的断指再植，吻合1条动脉及静脉或者吻合1条动态加拔指甲、小切口放血处理，手指中节断指再植吻合动，静脉比例为1：1，手指近节的距离断再植吻合动、静脉比列1：2或者2：2。如有血管缺损，行浅静脉移植桥接或者邻指动脉移植修复。临床再植58例，142指。结果 再植58例142指中成活129指，成活率90.8%。术后经3个月-3年随访到46例113指。按断指再植评定标准评定，其中优53指，良44指，可14指，差7指，总优良率85.8%.结论 多指离断再植手术时间长,技术要求高。术中高质量的血管吻合及对血管缺损的正确处理，术后血管危象的防治是提高多手指离断再植成功的关键。加强功能锻炼是再植手指功能恢复的重要环节。