Predicting Age Groups of Reddit Users Based on Posting Behavior and Metadata: Classification Model Development and Validation

BackgroundSocial media are important for monitoring perceptions of public health issues and for educating target audiences about health; however, limited information about the demographics of social media users makes it challenging to identify conversations among target audiences and limits how well social media can be used for public health surveillance and education outreach efforts. Certain social media platforms provide demographic information on followers of a user account, if given, but they are not always disclosed, and researchers have developed machine learning algorithms to predict social media users’ demographic characteristics, mainly for Twitter. To date, there has been limited research on predicting the demographic characteristics of Reddit users.ObjectiveWe aimed to develop a machine learning algorithm that predicts the age segment of Reddit users, as either adolescents or adults, based on publicly available data.MethodsThis study was conducted between January and September 2020 using publicly available Reddit posts as input data. We manually labeled Reddit users’ age by identifying and reviewing public posts in which Reddit users self-reported their age. We then collected sample posts, comments, and metadata for the labeled user accounts and created variables to capture linguistic patterns, posting behavior, and account details that would distinguish the adolescent age group (aged 13 to 20 years) from the adult age group (aged 21 to 54 years). We split the data into training (n=1660) and test sets (n=415) and performed 5-fold cross validation on the training set to select hyperparameters and perform feature selection. We ran multiple classification algorithms and tested the performance of the models (precision, recall, F1 score) in predicting the age segments of the users in the labeled data. To evaluate associations between each feature and the outcome, we calculated means and confidence intervals and compared the two age groups, with 2-sample t tests, for each transformed model feature.ResultsThe gradient boosted trees classifier performed the best, with an F1 score of 0.78. The test set precision and recall scores were 0.79 and 0.89, respectively, for the adolescent group (n=254) and 0.78 and 0.63, respectively, for the adult group (n=161). The most important feature in the model was the number of sentences per comment (permutation score: mean 0.100, SD 0.004). Members of the adolescent age group tended to have created accounts more recently, have higher proportions of submissions and comments in the r/teenagers subreddit, and post more in subreddits with higher subscriber counts than those in the adult group.ConclusionsWe created a Reddit age prediction algorithm with competitive accuracy using publicly available data, suggesting machine learning methods can help public health agencies identify age-related target audiences on Reddit. Our results also suggest that there are characteristics of Reddit users’ posting behavior, linguistic patterns, and account features that distinguish adolescents from adults.     

Development and Validation of the Military Eating Behavior Survey

ObjectiveTo describe the Military Eating Behavior Survey (MEBS), developed, and validated for use in military populations.DesignQuestionnaire development using a 6-phase approach that included item generation, subject matter expert review, cognitive interviewing, factor analysis, test-retest reliability testing, and parallel forms testing.SettingUS Army soldiers were surveyed at 8 military bases from 2016 to 2019 (n = 1,561).Main Outcome MeasureContent, face, and construct validity and reliability of the MEBS.AnalysisItem variability, internal consistency, and exploratory factor analysis using principal coordinates analysis, orthogonal varimax rotation, and scree test (correlation coefficient and Cronbach alpha), as well as consistency and agreement (intraclass correlation coefficient) of test-retest reliability and parallel forms reliability.ResultsOver 6 phases of testing, a comprehensive tool to examine military eating habits and mediators of eating behavior was developed. Questionnaire length was reduced from 277 items to 133 items (43 eating habits; 90 mediating behaviors). Factor analysis identified 14 eating habit scales (hunger, satiety, food craving, meal pattern, restraint, diet rigidity, emotional eating, fast/slow eating rate, environmental triggers, situational eating, supplement use, and food choice) and 8 mediating factor scales (body composition strategy, perceived stress, food access, sleep habits, military fitness, physical activity, military body image, and nutrition knowledge).Conclusions and ImplicationsThe MEBS provides a new approach for assessing eating behavior in military personnel and may be used to inform and evaluate health promotion interventions related to weight management, performance optimization, and military readiness and resiliency.     

Development and Validation of a Nomogram for Predicting Sarcopenia in Community-Dwelling Older Adults

ObjectiveTo establish and validate a nomogram that predicts the risk of sarcopenia for community-dwelling older residents.DesignRetrospective study.Setting and ParticipantsA total of 1050 community-dwelling older adults.MethodsData from a survey of community-dwelling older residents (≥60 years old) in Hunan, China, from June to September 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. The survey included general demographic information, diet, and exercise habits. Sarcopenia diagnosis was according to 2019 Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia criteria. Participants were randomly divided into the development group and validation groups. Independent risk factors were screened by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Based on the independent risk factors, a nomogram model was developed to predict the risk of sarcopenia for community-dwelling older adults. Both in the development and validation sets, the discrimination, calibration, and clinical practicability of the nomogram were verified using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, Hosmer-Lemeshow test, and decision curve analysis, respectively.ResultsSarcopenia was identified in 263 (25.0%) participants. Age, body mass index, marital status, regular physical activity habit, uninterrupted sedentary time, and dietary diversity score were significant contributors to sarcopenia risk. A nomogram for predicting sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adults was developed using these factors. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that the area under the curve was 0.827 (95% CI 0.792-0.860) and 0.755 (95% CI 0.680-0.837) in the development and validation sets, respectively. The Hosmer-Lemeshow test yielded P values of .609 and .565, respectively, for the 2 sets. The nomogram demonstrated a high net benefit in the clinical decision curve in both sets.Conclusions and ImplicationsThis study developed and validated a risk prediction nomogram for sarcopenia among community-dwelling older adults. Sarcopenia risk was classified as low (<11%), moderate (11%-70%), and high (>70%). This nomogram provides an accurate visual tool to medical staff, caregivers, and older adults for prediction, early intervention, and graded management of sarcopenia.     

北京市实施国家基本药物制度现状研究

为了全面了解北京市实施国家基本药物制度现状.从而进一步完善国家基本药物制度.使国家基本药物制度惠及更多的居民,从国家基本药物制度政策效应、国家基本药物使用结构、国家基本药物使用可负担性以及基本药物可及性方面对北京市实施国家基本药物制度现状进行分析.得出基本结论：北京市实施国家基本药物制度在相应的制度、机制建设方面,正呈现逐渐完善、不断规范的特点;城乡基本药物使用结构趋同;基本药物使用可负担性和可及性较好,品种维护工作需要进一步加强.     

Validation of a Spanish-Language Questionnaire on Adolescent Eating Behavior Based on Social Cognitive Theory

ObjectiveTo validate a Spanish-language questionnaire on adolescent eating behavior based on Social Cognitive Theory.DesignThe validity (reliability and construct validity) of a self-administered questionnaire containing 28 questions with Likert scale–type response options was evaluated.SettingSchool located in Tonala, Jalisco, Mexico (a peri-urban area) with approximately 1,400 students enrolled.ParticipantsOne hundred fifty-two adolescents enrolled in the second year of a middle school in Tonalá, Jalisco, Mexico (mean age, 13.7 years; SD, 0.5 years; 64% female). The retest was completed by 70 adolescents chosen at random.Outcome Measures and AnalysisThe questionnaire's reliability was measured through internal consistency (Cronbach α) and reproducibility (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]). Construct validity was assessed using exploratory factor analysis.ResultsFive questions were eliminated from the questionnaire because of a lack of temporal stability (ICC ≤0.4). The exploratory factor analysis was satisfactory for 3 factors (41.89% of variance): environmental facilitators and social support, self-efficacy and self-regulation, and outcome expectations and outcome expectations value. The questionnaire had good internal consistency (α = 0.824) and excellent temporal stability (ICC = 0.849).Conclusions and ImplicationsThe results substantiate the reliability and construct validity of this questionnaire. The questionnaire has the potential to use the assessment of Social Cognitive Theory constructs in clinical practice or in nutrition interventions aimed at modifying the eating habits of Spanish-speaking adolescents.     

Development and Validation of an Index Based on EAT-Lancet Recommendations: The Planetary Health Diet Index

The EAT-Lancet Commission has proposed a planetary health diet. We propose the development of the Planetary Health Diet Index (PHDI) based on this proposed reference diet. We used baseline dietary data obtained through a 114-item FFQ from 14,779 participants of the Longitudinal Study on Adult Health, a multicenter cohort study conducted in Brazil. The PHDI has 16 components and a score from 0 to 150 points. Validation and reliability analyses were performed, including principal component analyses, association with selected nutrients, differences in means between groups (for example, smokers vs. non-smokers), correlations between components and total energy intake, Cronbach’s alpha, item-item correlations, and linear regression analysis between PHDI with carbon footprint and overall dietary quality. The mean PHDI was 60.4 (95% CI 60.2:60.5). The PHDI had six dimensions, was associated in an expected direction with the selected nutrients and was significantly (p < 0.001) lower in smokers (59.0) than in non-smokers (60.6). Cronbach’s alpha value was 0.51. All correlations between components were low, as well as between components and PHDI with total energy intake. After adjustment for age and sex, the PHDI score remained associated (p < 0.001) with a higher overall dietary quality and lower carbon footprint. Thus, we confirmed the PHDI validity and reliability.     

大学生群体在购买化妆品过程中的健康导向行为研究--基于ISMAS行为模型

目的 了解大学生群体在购买化妆品消费过程中的健康导向行为,并进一步提高大学生群体对产品健康性的识别能力和消费趋势.方法 对哈尔滨地区高校大学生化妆品的消费行为进行调查,并将相关数据进行统计分析.结果 大学生在购买化妆品时,对产品健康性的识别能力较弱.结论 建议企业以ISMAS为指导模型,促进和引导大学生群体形成对化妆品健康消费及使用的健康闭环.     

Model Development and Validation of Personal Exposure to Volatile Organic Compound Concentrations

Background

Direct measurement of exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) via personal monitoring is the most accurate exposure assessment method available. However, its wide-scale application to evaluating exposures at the population level is prohibitive in terms of both cost and time. Consequently, indirect measurements via a combination of microenvironment concentrations and personal activity diaries represent a potentially useful alternative.

Objective

The aim of this study was to optimize a model of personal exposures (PEs) based on microenvironment concentrations and time/activity diaries and to compare modeled with measured exposures in an independent data set.

Materials

VOC PEs and a range of microenvironment concentrations were collected with active samplers and sorbent tubes. Data were supplemented with information collected through questionnaires. Seven models were tested to predict PE to VOCs in 75% (n = 370) of the measured PE data set, whereas the other 25% (n = 120) was used for validation purposes.

Results

The best model able to predict PE with independence of measurements was based upon stratified microenvironment concentrations, lifestyle factors, and individual-level activities. The proposed model accounts for 40–85% of the variance for individual VOCs and was validated for almost all VOCs, showing normalized mean bias and mean fractional bias below 25% and predicting 60% of the values within a factor of 2.

Conclusions

The models proposed identify the most important non-weather-related variables for VOC exposures; highlight the effect of personal activities, use of solvents, and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke on PE levels; and may assist in the development of specific models for other locations.     

基于Kano模型的泌尿系结石手术服务要素分类研究

目的关注泌尿系结石手术患者住院历程,调研医生视角下的医疗服务认知现状,用科学方法推进医疗服务品质提升。方法运用Kano模型设计泌尿系结石手术服务调查问卷,采用方便抽样法调查重庆市11家医院泌尿系结石手术医生,运用Kano模型对泌尿系结石手术服务质量要素进行分类,根据满意度影响力矩阵分析提出改进策略。结果29项质量要素中,15项为期望属性,14项为魅力属性,无必备属性、无差异属性、反向属性;象限图分析显示,位于提升服务质量区9项,位于提升服务标准区6项,位于创新服务项目区10项。结论Kano模型是一种简单易行地识别服务属性并能提供改进技术支持的科学分析方法,满意度影响力矩阵可帮助医院有针对性地提升服务水平。     

Development and Validation of a Pain Behavior Assessment in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain

Purpose High levels of pain behavior adversely affect the success of multidisciplinary rehabilitation of patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain (CNSLBP). Functional capacity evaluation (FCE) assessment should detect high levels of pain behavior to prevent the inclusion of unsuitable patients to functional rehabilitation programs. The aim of this study was to develop a Pain Behavior Assessment (PBA) and to evaluate its construct validity. Methods The PBA was developed by experts in the field and is literature-based. Inclusion criteria for participants of the validation study were: CNSLBP, age 20–60 years, referral for fitness-for-work evaluation. The PBA was applied by physiotherapists during FCE. Rasch analysis was performed to evaluate the construct validity of the PBA. Internal consistency was indicated by the person separation index (PSI), which corresponds to Cronbach’s alpha. Results 145 male (72.5 %) and 55 female patients were included. Rasch analysis removed 11 items due to misfit and redundancy, resulting in a final PBA of 41 items. Item mean fit residual was ?0.33 (SD 1.06) and total item Chi square 100.39 (df = 82, p = 0.08). The PSI value was 0.83. DIF analysis for age and gender revealed no bias. Conclusions The PBA is a valid assessment tool to describe pain behavior in CNSLBP patients. The high PSI-value justifies the use of the PBA in individuals. The PBA may help to screen patients for high levels of pain behavior.     

应用系统动力学仿真方法预测卫生费用的发展趋势

目的:探索运用系统动力学方法分析卫生总费用影响因素,预测卫生总费用发展趋势,并提出相应对策。方法:根据文献查阅和专家咨询,得出人口数量、老年人口数量、GDP、政府卫生支出、药品费用和每千人口卫生技术人员数量是影响卫生总费用的重要因素,将这些影响因素纳入卫生总费用系统动力学模型,并进行仿真模拟。结果:经检验,模型预测值与历史数据(2002—2014)和官方预测值(2015—2020)吻合度较高,表明模型具有较好的稳定性与可靠性。仿真结果显示卫生总费用会平稳增长,预计在2025年将达到74 571.2亿元。结论:运用系统动力学模型预测卫生费用的发展具有可行性与可靠性,优于其他预测方法。为了控制卫生费用不合理增长,提出如下建议:增加预防投入,降低慢性病发病率;继续推动公立医院改革,完善基本药物制度;改变医院绩效考核导向,体现医务人员劳动价值。     

基于SWOT-DANP的河南省远程医疗发展影响因素研究

在对河南省远程医疗发展现状及内外环境分析的基础上,运用SWOT对河南省远程医疗的发展影响因素进行分析研究,再用决策实验分析法和网络层次分析法相结合的新型综合决策方法DANP法识别出关键因素。研究结果表明,机会(O)是最重要的维度,医疗资源重组(S_1)、技术的发展(O_1)、政府支持(O_2)、国民健康意识(O_3)、社会对远程医疗的认识(T_1)、产业政策(S-3)是影响河南省远程医疗发展的6个关键因素。最后根据研究结果提出相关建议。     

Development and Validation of a Nomogram for Predicting the 6-Year Risk of Cognitive Impairment Among Chinese Older Adults

ObjectiveAlthough some people with mild cognitive impairment may not suffer from dementia lifelong, about 5% of them will progress to dementia within 1 year in community settings. However, a general tool for predicting the risk of cognitive impairment was not adequately studied among older adults.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingCommunity-living, older adults from 22 provinces in China.ParticipantsWe included 10,066 older adults aged 65 years and above (mean age, 83.2 ± 11.1 years), with normal cognition at baseline in the 2002–2008 cohort and 9354 older adults (mean age, 83.5 ± 10.8 years) in the 2008–2014 cohort of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey.MethodsWe measured cognitive function using the Chinese version of the Mini-Mental State Examination. Demographic, medical, and lifestyle information was used to develop the nomogram via a Lasso selection procedure using a Cox proportional hazards regression model. We validated the nomogram internally with 2000 bootstrap resamples and externally in a later cohort. The predictive accuracy and discriminative ability of the nomogram were measured by area-under-the-curves and calibration curves, respectively.ResultsEight factors were identified with which to construct the nomogram: age, baseline of the Mini-Mental State Examination, activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living score, chewing ability, visual function, history of stroke, watching TV or listening to the radio, and growing flowers or raising pets. The area-under-the-curves for internal and external validation were 0.891 and 0.867, respectively, for predicting incident cognitive impairment. The calibration curves showed good consistency between nomogram-based predictions and observations.Conclusions and ImplicationsThe nomogram-based prediction yielded consistent results in 2 separate large cohorts. This feasible prognostic nomogram constructed using readily ascertained information may assist public health practitioners or physicians to provide preventive interventions of cognitive impairment.     

A Theory of Planned Behavior Research Model for Predicting the Sleep Intentions and Behaviors of Undergraduate College Students

The purpose of this study was to operationalize the constructs of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to predict the sleep intentions and behaviors of undergraduate college students attending a Midwestern University. Data collection spanned three phases. The first phase included a semi-structured qualitative interview (n = 11), readability by Flesch-Kincaid, face and content validity by a panel of six experts. The second phase included stability reliability by test–retest (n = 37). The final phase included construct validation applying confirmatory factor analysis, internal consistency by Cronbach’s alpha, and predictive validity (n = 197) employing multiple regression analysis. The majority of the participants reported receiving insufficient sleep (M = 407.3 min, SD = 100.75). Multiple regression modeled perceived behavioral control, subjective norm, and attitude toward adequate sleep behavior on behavioral intention. Collectively, the significant predictors produced an R _adjusted² value of .362. Further specification of the model identified behavioral intention as a significant predictor of sleep behavior (R _adjusted² = .185). As a population, undergraduate college students are not achieving adequate sleep. The TPB was found to be a useful framework for predicting the sleep intentions and behaviors of undergraduate students. Practical implications and recommendations for future research are discussed.     

沧州市不同年龄居民艾滋病相关知识和态度调查

目的 了解沧州市不同年龄居民艾滋病相关知识、态度现状. 方法 问卷调查15～60岁居民3 491人.结果 回收有效问卷3 456份,其中95%以上的居民都听说过艾滋病,对三条主要传播途径知晓率较高,对非传播途径、政策法规等知晓率较低,对艾滋病病人有歧视倾向,不同年龄之间存在差异. 结论针对不同年龄人群有重点、有针对性的开展艾滋病知识宣传和行为干预,是艾滋病预防工作的重要内容.     

北京市吸毒人群艾滋病相关行为特征及血清学监测研究

目的研究北京市吸毒人群HIV感染流行趋势和艾滋病相关行为特征,为制定北京市艾滋病预防控制规划提供依据.方法2000-2002年在北京市吸毒人群HIV监测哨点参照<艾滋病性病综合监测指南及方案>对吸毒人群进行行为监测和血清学监测.结果2000-2002年共发现HIV感染者108例,其中78例有与他人共用针具史,HIV抗体阳性率为5.18%,属低流行,但有逐年上升趋势;吸毒者中44.90%有注射吸毒史,其中31.51%曾共用过针具;31.76%的吸毒者曾因毒品交易而发生高危性行为,发生高危性行为时7.0%的吸毒者从不使用安全套,只有0.8%的人每次都用,其余99.2%有时使用.结论北京市吸毒人群存在HIV感染流行加快的潜在因素,必须加强健康教育和实施行为干预.     

Modelling the Impact of Reducing Ultra-Processed Foods Based on the NOVA Classification in Australian Women of Reproductive Age

Women of reproductive age have a high proportion of overweight/obesity and an overall poor nutritional intake and diet quality. Nutritional modelling is a method to forecast potential changes in nutrition composition that may offer feasible and realistic changes to dietary intake. This study uses simulation modelling to estimate feasible population improvements in dietary profile by reducing ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption in Australian women of reproductive age. The simulation used weighted data from the most recent 2011–2012 National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey. A total of 2749 women aged 19–50 years was included, and 5740 foods were examined. The highest daily energy, saturated fat, and added sugar and sodium came from UPF. Reducing UPF by 50% decreased energy intake by 22%, and saturated fat, added sugar, sodium, and alcohol by 10–39%. Reducing UPF by 50% and increasing unprocessed or minimally processed foods by 25% led to a lower estimated reduction in energy and greater estimated reductions in saturated fat and sodium. Replacement of 50% UPF with 75% of unprocessed or minimally processed foods led to smaller estimated reductions in energy and nutrients. Our results provide insight as to the potential impact of population reductions in UPF, but also increasing intake of unprocessed or minimally processed foods, which may be the most feasible strategy for improved nutritional intake.