介入治疗联合膀胱灌注预防膀胱癌术后复发的临床价值

目的　探讨介入治疗联合膀胱灌注丝裂霉素C(MMC)预防浅表性膀胱癌术后复发的临床价值。　方法　 2 8例浅表性膀胱癌患者局部手术后随机分为二组 ,每组 14例。分别采用介入治疗加膀胱灌注MMC和MMC单纯膀胱灌注治疗。　结果　 2 8例随访 12～ 2 6个月 ,平均 2 1个月。介入加灌注组肿瘤复发 1例 ,单纯MMC灌注组肿瘤复发 4例 ,两组肿瘤复发率差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 5 )。　结论　介入治疗联合膀胱灌注MMC预防浅表性膀胱癌术后复发疗效较好 ,副反应少 ,临床应用安全可靠     

非肌层浸润性膀胱癌TURBT术后黏膜下注射吡柔比星联合丝裂霉素灌注的疗效观察

目的:评价经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术(TURBT)后即刻黏膜下注射吡柔比星(THP)联合丝裂霉素(MMC)灌注治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者的疗效和安全性。方法:63例膀胱尿路上皮细胞癌患者TURBT术中行THP注射后1年内规律MMC膀胱灌注,每周1次连续8周,每2周1次连续8次,每个月1次连续6次,术后每3个月复查膀胱镜。结果:术后随访2个月~3年,复发率15.9%;灌注期间6例出现不同程度副反应,1例术后8个月发生全身性骨转移,1例术后3年死亡。结论:THP膀胱内注射联合MMC定期灌注用于膀胱癌术后预防肿瘤复发效果明显、安全、可靠。     

膀胱灌注黏膜黏附化疗药物HPC-MMC预防肿瘤复发的疗效观察(附46例报告)

目的探讨黏膜黏附化疗药物HPC—MMC预防肿瘤复发的效果。方法对46例表浅膀胱癌患者于TURBt术后随机分两组行膀胱灌注化疗,黏膜黏附化疗药物组20例,以20mg／20ml％HPC—MMC膀胱灌注;MMC组26例,以20mg／20ml MMC膀胱灌注。疗程1年。HPCMMC组总灌注次数少于MMC组4次。随访6～36个月。结果HPC-MMC组未发现出血性膀胱炎,无明显尿路刺激症状。平均随访27．4个月,7例复发,1年复发率为16．7％,3年总复发率38．9％。MMC组平均随访26．8个月,9例复发,1年复发率为22,7％．3年总复发率40．9％。结论黏膜黏附化疗药物HPC-MMC膀胱灌注防止肿瘤复发优于单用MMC,同时可降低副作用,减轻患者痛苦及经济负担。     

交替灌注预防膀胱癌术后复发的疗效观察

目的　观察丝裂霉素C(MMC)和白介素 2 (IL 2 )联合BCG交替膀胱灌注预防膀胱癌术后复发的疗效。　方法　采用交替灌注法治疗膀胱癌患者 41例 ,随访 38～ 6 6个月 ,平均 5 0个月 ,动态观察灌注后血TNFa变化。　结果　 33例Ta、T1、T2 患者无一例复发 ,7例T3 患者行TURBt 3例 ,2例复发 ,1例合并鳞癌者于术后 4个月复发鳞癌 ,总有效率达 93 %。灌注后血TNFa水平较灌注前显著增加 ,差别有显著性意义。　结论　MMC和IL 2 BCG交替膀胱灌注预防膀胱癌术后复发效果良好 ,动态观察血TNFa水平对监测肿瘤复发具有一定意义     

吡柔比星膀胱灌注预防膀胱肿瘤术后复发的研究

目的：了解吡柔比星（THP）与丝裂霉素C（MMC）膀胱灌注预防膀胱肿瘤术后复发的疗效。方法：将50例膀胱肿瘤术后患者分为两组,分别接受THP、MMC治疗,随访12－18个月。结果：THP组31例,复发2例,复发率为6．5％;MMC组19例,复发8例,复发率42．1％,两组相比差异有显著性意义（P＜0．05）。结论：THP膀胱灌注预防膀胱肿瘤术后复发效果满意,优于MMC膀胱灌注。     

腔内灌注丝裂霉素预防表线性膀胱癌复发

TUR是表浅性膀胱肿瘤的首选治疗,但2～5年内复发率高达50～70％,而且20％的复发者将有肿瘤分级和/或分期增高。有原位癌的患者复发率更高。近年已采用预防性腔内化疗防止肿瘤复发。丝裂霉素C(MMC)是最有效的药物之一,但灌药剂量、时间、次数尚不统一。作者采用随机前瞻试验评价灌注MMC半小时和1小时对复发率、复发间隔、肿瘤恶化的影响。方法及结果 TUR 2周后开始膀胱灌注MMC,每次40mg/40mlNS,每周1次,连续8用后改为每月1次,连续4次。治疗70例患者,其中14例因严重毒性反应退出治疗,其余56例分为2组。灌注半小时组28例,随访15.7月,10例复发,复发率为2.7例/100例月,平均复发间隔为36.7月。复发肿瘤无分级增高,但2例分期增高至T_2期。     

艾迪注射液膀胱灌注预防非肌层浸润性膀胱尿路上皮癌术后复发的临床观察

目的 探讨用中药制剂--艾迪注射液膀胱灌注预防非肌层浸润性膀胱尿路上皮癌术后复发的临床效果及不良反应.方法 95例非肌层浸润性膀胱尿路上皮癌保留膀胱手术后随机分为3组,分别采用丝裂霉素(MMC)、沙培林、艾迪注射液进行膀胱灌注,定期随访,观察治疗效果及毒副反应.结果 95例患者随访14～57个月(平均37.1个月),共有30例出现肿瘤复发(Ta 9例,T1 21例;G1 14例,G2 9例,G3 7例),肿瘤复发率为31.6%.MMC组、沙培林组和艾迪注射液组的肿瘤复发率分别为48.5%、28.1%和16.7%.MMC组及艾迪注射液组与沙培林组的肿瘤复发率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);艾迪注射液组肿瘤复发率明显低于MMC组(P<0.05).MMC组、沙培林组和艾迪注射液组出现明显不良反应者分别为7例(21.2%)、3例(9.4%)和0例.结论 中药制剂--艾迪注射液膀胱灌注预防非肌层浸润性膀胱尿路上皮癌术后复发疗效较好,无明显不良反应,临床使用安全、可靠.     

低剂量丝裂霉素C术中肿瘤基底部注射加即刻灌注预防膀胱肿瘤复发

目的探讨低剂量丝裂霉素C（MMC）术中肿瘤基底部注射加即刻膀胱灌注对预防术后复发和进展的有效性及可行性。方法51例膀胱移行细胞癌初发病例，均接受保留膀胱手术；术中随机分成两组：A组（治疗组）27例，采用低剂量MMC（0．1g／L）术中肿瘤基底部注射，联合膀胱即刻灌注；B组（对照组）24例仅术后采取MMC（0．4g／L）定期膀胱内灌注治疗。术后随访12—60个月，比较两组复发率（RR）及进展率（PR），并分析其与初发肿瘤分期、分级的关系。结果A组复发3例，平均复发时间15．67个月，RR11．11％（3／27），B组复发9例，平均复发时间11个月，RR为37．50％（9／24），两组间复发率比较差异有显著性（P〈0．05）；两组复发肿瘤细胞病理分级升高共4例，其中A组病理由Gz升高至G2 1例；B组G1升高至G2 1例，由G2升高至G3 2例，相互比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；两组中共有9例发生肌层浸润进展，其中B组3例，浸润至膀胱浅肌层的T2期；A组1例，B组5例，浸润至深肌层的T3期，两组间分期PR比较差异有显著性（P〈0．05）；治疗期间，共有26例发生局部反应，未见膀胱黏膜坏死、骨髓抑制等严重并发症。结论低剂量MMC（0．10g／L）术中肿瘤基底部注射联合即刻膀胱灌注，对预防膀胱肿瘤术后复发及抑制肿瘤分期进展疗效均明显优于单纯MMC术后定期膀胱灌注治疗，且安全、可靠，尤其适用于低中风险的Ta或T1期的膀胱肿瘤患者，为T2或T3期的膀胱肿瘤患者增加了保留膀胱的治疗机会，可作为治疗膀胱肿瘤的较为理想的方法。     

二次电切加术中黏膜下注射吡柔比星治疗表浅性膀胱癌疗效分析

目的对比二次电切加术中黏膜下膀胱注射吡柔比星与单次电切术后即刻灌注吡柔比星预防浅表膀胱癌复发的疗效。方法 47例表浅性膀胱癌患者随机分为观察组、对照组。观察组25例行2次电切手术,第二次在术中给予30mg吡柔比星膀胱黏膜下注射;对照组22例单次电切术后6h内给予30mg吡柔比星膀胱灌注。出院后3、6、12个月检查1次膀胱镜,1年后半年检查1次,观察两组间肿瘤复发率差异。结果随访17～35个月（平均24个月）,观察组有4例（16.0%）肿瘤复发;对照组有7例（31.8%）肿瘤复发。所有患者未见明显全身药物不良反应。结论二次电切加术中黏膜下膀胱注射吡柔比星能显著降低膀胱癌患者术后复发率,其效果优于单次电切后即刻膀胱灌注。     

术后早期膀胱灌注吡柔比星预防膀胱癌术后复发的疗效观察

目的比较吡柔比星两种膀胱内灌注方法预防表浅性膀胱癌术后复发的有效性和安全性。方法将60例经尿道电切术后表浅性膀胱癌患者随机分为2组各30例。膀胱灌注吡柔比星20 mg/次,治疗组术后24 h内膀胱灌注1次,随后灌注1次/周,连续8周,再改为1次/月,至术后1 a。对照组术后2周开始灌注,随后灌注1次/周,连续8周,再改为1次/月,至术后1 a。结果全部病例均获随访,时间为12～24个月,平均15.6个月。其中治疗组随访期内2例复发,复发率6.7%;对照组随访期内4例复发,复发率13.3%,2组复发率比较差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05),不良反应主要为尿路刺激症状。结论本研究显示,吡柔比星膀胱灌注预防表浅性膀胱癌术后复发的疗效满意,用药方便,患者耐受性好;术后即刻膀胱灌注联合常规灌注较常规灌注可以降低肿瘤复发率,值得推荐。     

Evaluation of P53 protein overexpression, Ki67 proliferative activity and mitotic index as markers of tumour recurrence in superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder

OBJECTIVES: To confirm the interrelationship between p53, ki67, mitotic index with others known prognostic factors such us stage, grade, multifocality, tumour size, history of recurrence in transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder and to determine the prognostic impact of p53, Ki67 and mitotic index in predicting recurrence in superficial bladder cancer. METHODS: Two hundred and fourteen patients with apparently superficial TCC of the bladder underwent TURBT and the 192 histologically Ta-T1 were divided into 104 primary lesions (group 1, mean follow-up 26 months) and 88 recurrent tumours (group 2, mean follow-up 28 months). Data concerning focality, tumour size, number of recurrences and recurrence-free survival were considered in each patients. All samples were immunohistochemically stained with p53 and Ki67 monoclonal antibodies. Mitotic index (MI) was calculated on haematoxylin and eosin stained sections. RESULTS: Recurrence-free survival was significantly lower in superficial recurrent tumours (group 2) compared with primary tumours (group 1). P53 staining was correlated with grade and stage for both 5 and 20% positivity thresholds. Ki67 and MI were significantly different over strata defined by stage, grade and focality in both patients groups but only Ki67 showed a correlation with p53 status. Recurrence-free survival could not be predicted either by p53 status or MI. A 20% cut-off level of Ki67 staining resulted a good predictor of recurrence in group 1 Ta-T1/G1-G2 tumours (p = 0.03). Only Ki67 and multifocality were found to be independent prognostic factors of recurrence in multivariate analysis. Stratifying Ta-T1/G1-G2 patients according to these variables, Ki67 provided a useful tool to predict early recurrence in monofocal lesions from both groups. CONCLUSIONS: P53 and MI despite a fairly good correlation with traditional prognostic factors in bladder TCC seem to play no role in the prediction of tumoural recurrence. A Ki67 index over 20% predicts those single well-differentiated (Ta-T1/G1-G2) tumours which are likely to recur within one year of treatment.     

TURBT结合表柔比星治疗浅表性膀胱癌的预后分析

目的 探讨经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术（TURBT）结合表柔比星对浅表性膀胱癌患者生存预后的影响。方法 选取2011年6月至2014年6月在本院行TURBT术的浅表性膀胱癌患者100例，依据随机分配原则分为霉素组和比星组，各50例。霉素组术后给予40 mg丝裂霉素治疗，比星组术后给予30 mg表柔比星治疗。结果 霉素组和比星组治疗后3、6个月血清血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）水平低于治疗前，比星组治疗后3、6个月VEGF水平明显高于霉素组，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。霉素组和比星组不良反应发生率基本相同，差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。比星组在第1、2、3年累积生存率明显高于霉素组，比星组在第1、2、3年累积复发率明显低于霉素组，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 TURBT术结合表柔比星可有效减少浅表性膀胱癌患者术后复发和改善生存预后，其可能与降低患者血清VEGF水平有关，且具有良好的安全性，值得临床推广。     

Immunotherapy in bladder cancer with keyhole-limpet hemocyanin: a randomized study

A randomized, controlled study was begun in 1982 on the effect of keyhole-limpet hemocyanin and mitomycin C in the prevention of recurrent superficial bladder cancer (stages pTa to pT1, grades 0 to 3) in 44 patients. All tumors were resected and all patients were presumed to be free of tumor at initiation of the prophylactic instillations. Before the bladder instillation program was begun all patients in the keyhole-limpet hemocyanin group Ia were immunized with 1 mg. keyhole-limpet hemocyanin intracutaneously and then monthly bladder instillations of 10 mg. were given. The control group Ib received 20 mg. mitomycin C monthly. Of the 21 patients in the keyhole-limpet hemocyanin group Ia (mean followup 20.7 months) 3 (14.2 per cent) had recurrences, compared to 9 of 23 (39.1 per cent) in the mitomycin C group Ib (mean followup 18.3 months). The over-all preventive effect was significantly better (p less than 0.05, chi-square) in keyhole-limpet hemocyanin-treated patients than in those given mitomycin C. In 1984 a new single drug study (group II) was started with keyhole-limpet hemocyanin alone, administered as in group Ia. Of 81 patients in group II (nonrandomized, mean followup 22.8 months) 17 (20.9 per cent) had recurrences. Of the patients given keyhole-limpet hemocyanin 20 of 21 (95.2 per cent) in group Ia and 70 of 81 (86.4 per cent) in group II had complete and partial prevention (downgrading), compared to 16 of 23 (69.5 per cent) in group Ib. Our study was established to analyze the effect of a new method of immunotherapy; no adverse local or systemic side effects were noted.     

The use of valrubicin for the chemoresection of superficial bladder cancer -- a marker lesion study.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the effect and tolerance of a 6-week course of intravesical valrubicin on a tumour intentionally left in the bladder (marker lesion) following incomplete transurethral resection of the bladder (TURBT). PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a prospective phase II study, 40 patients with refractory superficial transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), with or without carcinoma in situ, underwent TURBT at which a tumour <1 cm in diameter was deliberately left in the bladder. They were then treated with six instillations of 800 mg valrubicin at weekly intervals. Patients were assessed three months after the initial TURBT by cystoscopy and biopsy. Patients remaining clear of disease underwent repeat cystoscopies at 3-monthly intervals until recurrence or for up 2 years. RESULTS: 21/39 (54%) of patients were found to be clinically clear of disease upon cystoscopic examination at 3 months. 18/39 (46%) of patients were considered histologically clear of bladder disease. The current estimate of the mean time to recurrence is 248 days. CONCLUSIONS:A 6-week course of intravesical valrubicin has proved effective in ablating a marker tumour left in the bladder after incomplete TURBT and in preventing or delaying recurrence of further tumours in a group of patients with previously treated superficial TCC.     

Superficial bladder cancer with lung metastasis without local invasion: a case report

A 66-year-old woman presented with a coin-size lesion in the right lung. Bronchoalveolar lavage cytology showed class V. Thoracoscopic partial pneumonectomy of right upper lobe was performed and pathologic finding was metastatic transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). She had a history of superficial bladder tumors which were treated with transurethral resection (TURBT). All pathologic findings demonstrated low grade superficial TCC. After the pneumonectomy, recurrent tumors were detected in the bladder after three months' follow up. Intravesical instillations and TURBT were performed and the pathologic finding showed superficial TCC. There have been no signs of recurrence during the six-year follow up. The case reported here is of superficial cancer with a metastatic lesion in the lung without local invasion in the urinary bladder.     

组织培养药敏测试法在表浅膀胱肿瘤化疗药敏测试中的应用价值

目的：探讨Hoffman式组织培养药敏测试法在表浅膀胱癌腔内化疗药敏测试中的应用价值。方法：对31例表浅膀胱癌分别进行Hoffman式组织培养，对丝裂霉素C(MMC)进行改良MTT法药敏测试，检测MMC在浓度为1g/L、作用时间为2h情况下对表浅膀胱癌的生长抑制率。采用MMC 40mg加生理盐水40m1对表浅膀胱癌进行术后标准腔内化疗，并随访20个月。结果：18例培养成功，15例进入药敏测试，其中9例对MMC敏感，6例不敏感。术后腔内化疗随访结果显示敏感者有2例复发，不敏感者有5例复发；单因素Kaplan—Meier生存分析显示敏感者无复发生存率明显高于不敏感者。与临床实际疗效比较，该药敏测试法的特异性为75．0％，敏感性为85．7％，准确率达80．0％。结论：组织培养药敏测试法不仅可以检测表浅膀胱癌对化疗药物的敏感性，还能预测利用敏感药物进行腔内化疗的预后。     

Tumor recurrence in the remnant urothelium of females undergoing radical cystectomy for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: long-term results from a single center

PURPOSE: We analyzed the risk factors and incidence of secondary TCC of the remnant urothelium in women following radical cystectomy for TCC of the bladder. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 85 women with a mean age of 64.5 years with clinically localized TCC of the bladder underwent radical cystectomy between 1992 and 2004. Orthotopic bladder substitution was performed in 46 females, while 39 underwent nonorthotopic urinary diversion. Of the entire cohort 22 (26%) patients underwent cystectomy for multifocal or recurrent TCC. Followup examinations were performed at 6-month intervals. RESULTS: Mean followup in the entire cohort was 49.8 months (median 42). Intraoperative frozen sections obtained from the urethra and distal ureters were negative for TCC and CIS in all patients. Four women (4.7%) had TCC in the remnant urothelium at a mean of 56 months postoperatively. These patients had undergone cystectomy for multifocal or recurrent TCC (4 of 22 or 18%). No secondary TCC was seen in the 63 patients with solitary invasive or nonrecurrent bladder cancer (p <0.05). Urethral recurrence was found in 2 patients (4.3%) 65 and 36 months after orthotopic neobladder surgery, respectively. In the orthotopic group 1 patient (2.1%) had an upper urinary tract tumor 76 months after surgery, while in the nonorthotopic group 1 (2.5%) was found to have an upper urinary tract tumor 48 months postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: Recurrent or multifocal TCC may represent a risk factor for secondary TCC of the remnant urothelium after cystectomy. In our series all recurrent tumors were late recurrences (more than 36 months postoperatively). Because the rate of urethral recurrence in the current series corresponds to that reported in men (2% to 6%), urethra sparing cystectomy with orthotopic bladder replacement does not appear to compromise the oncological outcome in women.     

Incidental inverted papilloma during the clinical follow-up of superficial transitional cell carcinoma in the urinary bladder

A 76-year-old woman presented with gross hematuria. She had received transurethral resections (TURBT) twice for superficial bladder tumors near the right orifice. All pathologic findings demonstrated low grade superficial transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). Cystoscopy showed the tumor lesions during the follow-up. Bladder tumors were completely harvested and pathologic examination revealed inverted papilloma. However, recurrent tumors were detected at the same location after 4 months' follow up. Although she came to our hospital for the purpose of TURBT, she complained of severe neck pain and was suddenly dead. Autopsy findings showed that dissecting aortic aneurism was the cause of death and the bladder tumor was low grade superficial TCC. The case reported here had a very rare pathologic finding with a history of superficial tumors located in the same areas in the urinary bladder.     

A case report: small cell carcinoma transformed from transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder

A 72-year-old man presented with gross hematuria. Cystoscopy showed a non-papillary tumor at the right side of the posterior wall. Transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TURBT) was performed. Pathologic findings demonstrated superficial transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). However, recurrent tumors were detected at the same location after 69 months' follow up. TURBT was done for the biopsy and pathologic examination showed muscle-invasive TCC. After two courses of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (MVAC), we performed radical cystectomy with Hautmann's continent reservoir. Pathologic findings revealed small cell carcinoma without any TCC features. Immunohistochemical staining using chromogranin A and synaptophysin was positive in the latest TURBT and the radical cystectomy specimens. We report a case of primary small cell carcinoma transformed from TCC of the urinary bladder.     

The Effect of Intravesical Mitomycin C on the Recurrence of Superficial (Ta–T1) Bladder Cancer. A Hungarian Multicenter Study

We evaluated the prophylactic efficacy of instillations of intravesical mitomycin C in 57 patients with primary superficial bladder cancer in a multicenter clinical trial. After complete transurethral resection of Ta–T1 G1–G2 transitional cell bladder carcinomas, patients were treated with mitomycin 40 mg/50 ml saline of 15 instillations for 12 months. Most of the complications were mild and transient but two patients dropped out of the trial because of moderate side effects. Fifty-one patients were evaluable. We observed tumour recurrences in six patients (11.8%) during a median follow-up of 44.5 months. The recurrences were treated by transurethral resection. There was no muscle invasive progression in the recurrences. Our investigations confirm the effectiveness of mitomycin C in the treatment of patients with superficial bladder cancer.