加速康复外科与手术相关差异的研究进展

加速康复外科(enhanced recovery after surgery,ERAS)是指使用标准化、多模式的围手术期策略来减少手术引起的生理应激和器官功能障碍.自ERAS理念提出以来,其在外科领域广受推崇.它在外科领域对于绝大部分患者,医务人员和医疗保健系统的益处是显而易见的.然而,对于某些特定的接受手术的人群来说,其益处则并不确定,这就是所谓的手术相关差异.本文将近年来不同外科领域有关不同种族人群出现手术相关差异的研究进行分析,综述了大量有关ERAS的实施对手术相关差异的正面影响,并阐述了其可能的发生机制.最终得出结论,ERAS一种解决手术相关差异的标准化模式,应该成为外科围手术期管理的金标准.     

加速康复外科理念在腹腔镜肝切除术中的应用

目的初步探讨加速康复外科(ERAS)应用于腹腔镜肝切除中的安全性及效果。方法选取2014年1月-2016年12月在南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院肝胆外科接受腹腔镜肝切除的患者55例,随机分为ERAS组(27例)和围手术期常规处理组,即对照组(28例),比较2组患者术后肝功能恢复情况、CRP、术后并发症发生率、术后康复情况、术后康复体力评分及生活状况。计量资料2组间比较采用独立样本t检验,2组间指标变化趋势的比较采用重复测量方差分析,计数资料组间比较采用χ~2检验。结果2组患者术前术中各方面指标差异无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。与对照组相比,ERAS组除术后第5天AST、CRP水平显著低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为2.168、2.291,P值均<0.05),其余肝功能指标差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。ERAS组术后非手术部位并发症发生率显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=4.150,P<0.05),并发症总发生率、手术部位并发症发生率以及Clavien-Dindo并发症分级差异无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。术后康复评分中综合评分、疼痛评分、活动评分ERAS组均显著优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为1.297、2.777、3.009,P值均<0.05),且排气时间、排便时间和术后住院时间均明显短于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为6.291、2.577、4.229,P值均<0.05)。结论 ERAS应用于腹腔镜肝切除可减少手术应激,降低非手术部位并发症发生,加速患者术后康复。     

综合保温措施在肝癌手术患者快速康复外科中的应用

观察综合保温措施对肝癌肝切除患者术中体温变化及术后恢复期的影响。方法将60例行肝切除治疗的原发性肝癌患者随机分为对照组30例,采取常规保温措施;和观察组30例,采取综合保温措施。观察两组患者术中体温变化、苏醒期寒战、躁动发生情况、术后咳嗽、发热发生率及首次下床活动时间、平均住院天数。结果观察组在肝实质离断后和苏醒期体温分别为（36.0±0.43）℃和（36.1±0.37）℃,对照组分别为（35.7±0.33）℃和（35.8±0.20）℃,观察组术中低体温发生率低于对照组（P＜0.01）;观察组苏醒期寒战和躁动的发生率分别为10.0%和13.3%,对照组分别为40.0%和36.7%,观察组术后咳嗽和发热的发生率分别为13.3%和10.0%,对照组分别为36.7%和33.3%,两组比较差异有显著的统计学意义（P＜0.05）;观察组术后首次下床活动时间为（26.8±3.6） h,对照组是（41.2±4.4） h,观察组术后平均住院（8.1±1.8） d,对照组是（10.2±1.6）d,两组比较差异有显著意义（P＜0.05）。结论综合保温措施能有效维持肝癌患者术中正常体温,减少苏醒期寒战、躁动及术后并发症的发生,在肝癌患者快速康复外科治疗中发挥了积极的作用。     

加速康复外科管理对膝关节置换老年患者手术效果的影响

目的探究加速康复外科管理对膝关节置换老年患者手术效果影响。方法选取168例膝关节置换老年患者为研究对象,将其依据随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,各84例。两组均行全膝关节置换手术治疗,对照组围术期管理采用常规方式,观察组给予加速康复外科模式围术期管理。比较两组围术期情况、视觉模拟量表(VAS)评分、美国特种外科医院(HSS)评分、关节活动度(ROM)和并发症情况。结果观察组手术时间、术后引流量、肛门排气时间和住院天数均明显低于对照组,24 h血红蛋白水平明显高于对照组(均P<0.05)。术前观察组与对照组VAS评分、HSS评分和ROM比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后两组VAS评分均明显降低,HSS评分均明显升高,且观察组VAS评分和ROM明显低于对照组,HSS评分明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组与对照组并发症总发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论膝关节置换老年患者经加速康复外科模式治疗能够有效改善围术期情况,缓解疼痛,改善膝关节功能,且无严重并发症。     

加速康复外科理念在肝切除术围手术期应用的Meta分析

目的系统评价加速康复外科理念在肝切除术围手术期的应用价值。方法检索Pub Med、EMBase、Cochrane图书馆、Sinomed,万方、维普、中国知网等数据库,文献检索起止时间均从建库至2017年7月。对纳入文献进行质量评价和数据提取,应用Revman 5.3软件进行Meta分析。结果共纳入17篇文献,其中随机对照试验14篇,半随机对照试验3篇。共收集2220例患者,其中加速康复组1002例,对照组1218例。相比于对照组,加速康复组术后住院时间[加权均数差(WMD)=-2.58,95%置信区间(95%CI):-3.47^-1.70,P<0.05]、功能康复时间(WMD=-3.39,95%CI:-4.32^-2.45,P<0.05)、首次排气时间[标准化均数差(SMD)=-1.56,95%CI:-2.15^-0.97,P<0.05]均缩短;并发症发生率降低[比值比(OR)=0.64,95%CI:0.52~0.78,P<0.05];住院费用明显减少(SMD=-0.85,95%CI:-1.23^-0.47,P<0.05)。而再入院率(OR=1.28,95%CI:0.69~2.69,P>0.05)、手术时间(WMD=-11.36,95%CI:-23.25~0.53,P>0.05)和术中出血(WMD=-22.62,95%CI:-38.89^-6.34,P>0.05)并没有明显差异。结论加速康复外科理念应用于肝切除术围手术期是安全有效的,值得推广。     

加速康复外科在甲状腺手术围手术期护理中的应用体会

目的 探讨在甲状腺手术围手术期护理中加用加速康复外科(ERAS)理念的临床效果。方法 2019年7月至2021年6月在某院甲乳外科接受甲状腺手术的病人120例,根据随机化原则分为ERAS组68例(给予ERAS理念和方法进行围手术期护理)和常规护理组52例(给予常规外科理念和方法进行围手术期护理)。采用视觉模拟量表(VAS)评估术后疼痛,术后患者出现恶心、呕吐、头晕、头痛及颈、腰背部肌肉酸痛等症状界定其为术后体位综合征,并记录住院时间和住院总费用。结果 ERAS组和常规护理组两组间性别比例、平均年龄和良恶性肿瘤比例比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。在甲状腺手术围手术期护理中加用ERAS理念后,ERAS组术后疼痛程度明显轻于常规护理组(t=2.184,P=0.032),体位综合征发生率明显低于常规护理组(χ²=6.930,P=0.007),住院时间明显少于常规护理组(t=2.283,P=0.026),住院总费用明显少于常规护理组(t=2.052,P=0.037)。结论 在甲状腺手术围手术期护理中加用ERAS理念,安全可靠有效,可明显提升患者舒适度,促进早期...     

加速康复外科理念在胰腺外科中的应用与思考

近年来,加速康复外科(ERAS)理念及路径在我国临床实践被广泛认同与开展,在胰腺外科领域中也逐步开展。由于胰腺外科手术具有疾病复杂、手术难度大、术后并发症发生率高等客观因素,导致ERAS理念在胰腺外科的临床应用在不同胰腺中心差异较大,其相关路径的开展与应用显著滞后于其他学科。目前,ERAS理念在胰腺外科中应用效果的的高级别循证医学证据仍较为缺乏,需要开展高质量临床研究证实其安全性和有效性。评述了目前胰腺外科开展ERAS的可行性及相关热点问题,供同道参考。     

加速康复外科护理在减重代谢手术患者中的效果观察

目的分析在减重代谢手术患者中应用加速康复外科护理理念的临床效果。 方法选择从2015年1月至2018年1月在中山市小榄人民医院减重代谢外科接受手术的91例患者,随机分组研究,42例纳入对照组,采取常规护理,49例纳入观察组,基于快速康复外科护理理念护理,对照分析两组临床效果。 结果从术后观察指标来看,观察组术后肛门排气时间比对照组早,术后下床活动时间比对照组早,进食时间比对照组早,住院时间比对照组短,住院费用比对照组少,P<0.05;从护理满意度来看,观察组高于对照组,P<0.05;从术后并发症发生率来看,观察组低于对照组,P<0.05。 结论加速康复外科护理的应用可以促进减重代谢手术患者术后恢复,减少并发症发生,增加患者对临床护理服务的满意度。     

加速康复外科在老年结直肠癌手术中的临床应用

加速康复外科(FTS)是指采用一系列有循证医学证据的围术期处理优化措施,减少手术病人生理和心理的创伤应激以达到病人快速康复的目的,从而可缩短住院时间,降低医疗费用〔1,2〕。FTS可能彻底改变许多疾病的治疗模式,本文通过探讨FTS理念在结直肠手术中应用的可行性、有效性、安全性。     

加速康复外科在胰十二指肠切除术围手术期应用有效性和安全性的系统评价与Meta分析

目的 系统评价加速康复外科(ERAS)在胰十二指肠切除术(PD)围手术期应用的有效性和安全性。方法 检索中、英文数据库中有关ERAS应用于PD的临床对照研究,检索时间限定为2000年—2021年。对文献进行筛选、质量评价和数据提取,最后采用RevMan5.3软件进行Meta分析。本研究已在PROSPERO注册,注册号为:CRD42021287931。结果 共纳入22项临床对照研究,包含3511例患者。结果显示,在PD围手术期实施ERAS,与传统术后管理相较,可减少患者总并发症(OR=0.63,95%CI:0.48～0.83,P=0.001)、腹腔感染(OR=0.65,95%CI:0.47～0.88,P=0.005)、肺部并发症(OR=0.57,95%CI:0.42～0.78,P=0.000 5)、胰漏(OR=0.80,95%CI:0.67～0.97,P=0.02)、胃排空障碍(OR=0.58,95%CI:0.48～0.71,P<0.001)的发生率,并可有效减少术后住院时间(MD=-2.76,95%CI:-3.36～-2.16,P<0.001),差异均有统计学意义。但在病死...     

肺切除术围手术期加速康复效果分析

目的探讨快速康复外科（FTS）护理措施在肺切除术围手术期应用的可行性和有效性。方法对2008年8～12月40例肺切除患者（对照组）和2009年1～5月41例肺切除患者（FTS组）分别采用常规护理和FTS护理（加强宣教、术前2h禁食、术后4h进食和早期活动）,比较两组舒适度、引流量、拔管时间、排便时间、术后住院日和并发症发生率。结果FTS护理措施显著降低了患者术前的口渴、饥饿感,FTS组术后首次排便时间、术后住院日短于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论FTS护理措施应用于肺切除术患者是安全可行的,促进了患者的康复,提高患者舒适度。     

快速康复外科对胃癌手术患者临床指标及术后并发症的影响

目的:探讨快速康复外科(fast track surgery,FTS)对胃癌手术患者的临床指标及术后并发症的影响.方法:回顾性分析2008/02-2011/05广州军区广州总医院普外科收治的168例胃癌手术患者资料,其中2009/12-2011/05连续收治的82例采用快速康复外科治疗(FTS组),2008/02-2009/11连续收治的86例按传统围术期处理(传统组),两组行非随机对照研究.比较两组术后首次排气、排便时间、住院时间、住院费用及术后并发症情况.结果:FTS组同传统组相比,术后首次排气时间(2.6dvs4.6d)、排便时间(3.3dvs5.2d)显著提前,住院时间(4.6dvs8.1d)明显缩短,住院费用显著降低(2.3万元vs2.9万元),且差异均有显著统计学意义(P<0.05).FTS组肺部并发症(5/82,6.1%)显著低于传统组(14/86,16.3%),差异显著(P<0.01);FTS组术后消化系瘘发生率(4/82,4.9%)稍高于传统组(3/86,3.5%),但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).FTS组4例消化系瘘中2例再手术,其中1例死亡,而传统组中3例均通过非手术治疗治愈.其余单个并发症两组无明显差异.FTS组总体并发症(22/82,26.8%)略低于传统组(28/86,32.6%),但无统计学差异(P>0.05).两组各有1例死亡.FTS组再入院率(4/82,4.9%)稍高于传统组(3/86,3.5%),但无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论:FTS应用于胃癌手术安全有效,可促进术后胃肠功能恢复,缩短住院时间,降低住院费用.FTS并不增加术后并发症率,但可能增加消化系瘘、出血等严重并发症的诊断和治疗难度.     

快速康复外科在结直肠肿瘤围手术期中的应用

目的探讨腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术联合快速康复外科技术对患者术后免疫功能和炎症反应的影响。 方法回顾性分析湖北省肿瘤医院150例结直肠癌患者的临床资料,其中行腹腔镜联合快速康复外科治疗60例（实验组）,传统开腹手术治疗90例（对照组）。比较分析两组患者术前和术后l d、4 d、7 d静脉血C反应蛋白（C reactive protein,CRP）、CD4＋T细胞（%）、CD8＋T细胞（%）、CD4＋／CD8＋水平。 结果所有患者手术均顺利完成,术后恢复良好。两组患者术后CRP较术前均有升高,且对照组较实验组升高程度更大（P<0.01）;CD4＋T细胞（%）、CD8＋T细胞（%）、CD4＋／CD8＋水平术后1 d均较术前下降,对照组下降程度高于实验组（P<0.01）,且对照组在术后4 d、7 d仍处于较低状态。 结论与常规开腹手术相比,腹腔镜手术联合快速康复外科治疗对患者免疫功能的影响更小,患者恢复更快。     

Referral patterns of patients with liver metastases due to colorectal cancer for resection

Introduction  Colorectal carcinoma accounts for 10% of cancer deaths in the Western World, with the liver being the most common site of distant metastases. Resection of liver metastases is the treatment of choice, with a 5-year survival rate of 35%. However, only 5–10% of patients are suitable for resection at presentation. Aims  To examine the referral pattern of patients with liver metastases to a specialist hepatic unit for resection. Methodology  Retrospective review of patient’s charts diagnosed with colorectal liver metastases over a 10-year period. Results  One hundred nine (38 women, 71 men) patients with liver metastases were included, mean age 61 years; 79 and 30 patients had synchronous and metachronus metastases, respectively. Ten criteria for referral were identified; the referral rate was 8.25%, with a resection rate of 0.9%. Forty two percent of the patients had palliative chemotherapy; 42% had symptomatic treatment. Conclusion  This study highlights the advanced stage of colorectal cancer at presentation; in light of modern evidence-based, centre-oriented therapy of liver metastasis, we conclude that criteria of referral for resection should be based on the availability of treatment modalities.     

结直肠癌同时性肝转移患者原发灶切除的预后分析

目的 原发灶切除能否使结直肠癌肝转移患者生存获益,目前仍有争议.本研究探讨接受原发灶切除结直肠癌肝转移患者的生存状况及预后的影响因素.方法 回顾性分析2010年1月～2018年2月在国家癌症中心/中国医学科学院肿瘤医院治疗的371例结直肠癌同时性肝转移患者的病例资料.根据治疗方式分为单纯化疗组和原发灶切除组,分析两组患...     

Prealbumin is predictive for postoperative liver insufficiency in patients undergoing liver resection

AIM: To investigate the risk factors for postoperative liver insufficiency in patients with Child-Pugh class A liver function undergoing liver resection.METHODS: A total of 427 consecutive patients undergoing partial hepatectomy from October 2007 to April 2011 at a single center (Department of Hepatic SurgeryI, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai, China) were included in the study. All the patients had preoperative liver function of Child-Pugh class A and were diagnosed as having primary liver cancer by postoperative histopathology. Surgery was performed by the same team and hepatic resection was carried out by a clamp crushing method. A clamp/unclamp time of 15 min/5 min was adopted for hepatic inflow occlusion. Patients’ records of demographic variables, intraoperative parameters, pathological findings and laboratory test results were reviewed. Postoperative liver insufficiency and failure were defined as prolonged hyperbilirubinemia unrelated to biliary obstruction or leak, clinically apparent ascites, prolonged coagulopathy requiring frozen fresh plasma, and/or hepatic encephalopathy. The incidence of postoperative liver insufficiency or liver failure was observed and the attributing risk factors were analyzed. A multivariate analysis was conducted to determine the independent predictive factors.RESULTS: Among the 427 patients, there were 362 males and 65 females, with a mean age of 51.1 ± 10.4 years. Most patients (86.4%) had a background of viral hepatitis and 234 (54.8%) patients had liver cirrhosis. Indications for partial hepatectomy included hepatocellular carcinoma (391 patients), intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (31 patients) and a combination of both (5 patients). Hepatic resections of ≤ 3 and ≥ 4 liver segments were performed in 358 (83.8%) and 69 (16.2%) patients, respectively. Seventeen (4.0%) patients developed liver insufficiency after hepatectomy, of whom 10 patients manifested as prolonged hyperbilirubinemia unrelated to biliary obstruction or leak, 6 patients had clinically apparent ascites and prolonged coagulopathy, 1 patient had hepatic encephalopathy and died on day 21 after surgery. On univariate analysis, age ≥ 60 years and prealbumin < 170 mg/dL were found to be significantly correlated with postoperative liver insufficiency (P = 0.045 and P = 0.009, respectively). There was no statistical difference in postoperative liver insufficiency between patients with or without hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and esophagogastric varices. Intraoperative parameters (type of resection, inflow blood occlusion time, blood loss and blood transfusion) and laboratory test results were not associated with postoperative liver insufficiency either. Age ≥ 60 years and prealbumin < 170 mg/dL were selected on multivariate analysis, and only prealbumin < 170 mg/dL remained predictive (hazard ratio, 3.192; 95%CI: 1.185-8.601, P = 0.022).CONCLUSION: Prealbumin serum level is a predictive factor for postoperative liver insufficiency in patients with liver function of Child-Pugh class A undergoing hepatectomy. Since prealbumin is a good marker of nutritional status, the improved nutritional status may decrease the incidence of liver insufficiency.     

Aggressive liver resection including major-vessel resection for colorectal liver metastases

AIM: To clarify short- and long-term outcomes of combined resection of liver with major vessels in treating colorectal liver metastases.METHODS: Clinicopathologic data were evaluated for 312 patients who underwent 371 liver resections for metastases from colorectal cancer. Twenty-five patients who underwent resection and reconstruction of retrohepatic vena cava, major hepatic veins, or hepatic venous confluence during hepatectomies were compared with other patients, who underwent conventional liver resections.RESULTS: Morbidity was 20% (75/371) and mortality was 0.3% (1/312) in all patients after hepatectomy. Hepatic resection combined with major-vessel resection/reconstruction could be performed with acceptable morbidity (16%) and no mortality. By multivariate analysis, repeat liver resection (relative risk or RR, 5.690; P = 0.0008) was independently associated with resection/reconstruction of major vessels during hepatectomy, as were tumor size exceeding 30 mm (RR, 3.338; P = 0.0292) and prehepatectomy chemotherapy (RR, 3.485; P = 0.0083). When 312 patients who underwent a first liver resection for initial liver metastases were divided into those with conventional resection (n = 296) and those with combined resection of liver and major vessels (n = 16), overall survival and disease-free rates were significantly poorer in the combined resection group than in the conventional resection group (P = 0.02 and P < 0.01, respectively). A similar tendency concerning overall survival was observed for conventional resection (n = 37) vs major-vessel resection combined with liver resection (n = 7) performed as a second resection following liver recurrences (P = 0.09). Combined major-vessel resection at first hepatectomy (not performed; 0.512; P = 0.0394) and histologic major-vessel invasion at a second hepatectomy (negative; 0.057; P = 0.0005) were identified as independent factors affecting survival by multivariate analysis.CONCLUSION: Hepatic resection including major-vessel resection/reconstruction for colorectal liver metastases can be performed with acceptable operative risk. However, such aggressive approaches are beneficial mainly in patients responding to effective prehepatectomy chemotherapy.     

Outcomes in patients with indeterminate pulmonary nodules undergoing resection for colorectal liver metastases

Objectives

This study aimed to assess outcomes in patients who underwent hepatic resection for colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) with subcentimetre indeterminate pulmonary nodules (IPN) and to devise a management pathway for these patients.

Methods

Patients undergoing CRLM resection from January 2006 to December 2010 were included. Survival differences following liver resection in patients with and without IPN were determined.

Results

A total of 184 patients were included, 30 of whom had IPN. There were no significant differences between the IPN and non-IPN groups in terms of demographics, surgery and pathological factors. There were no significant differences between patients with and without IPN with respect to disease-free (P = 0.190) and overall (P = 0.710) survival. Fifteen patients with IPN progressed to metastatic lung disease over a median period of 10 months (range: 3–18 months); six of these patients underwent lung resection. Of the remaining 15 patients with IPN, eight showed no IPN progression and subsequent CT scans did not identify IPN in the remaining seven.

Conclusions

Colorectal liver metastases patients with IPN who have resectable disease should be treated with liver resection and should be subject to intensive surveillance post-resection. Although 50% of these patients will progress to develop lung metastases, this does not appear to influence survival following liver resection.     

加速康复外科应用于结直肠癌根治术围手术期管理的效果研究

目的探讨加速康复外科应用于结直肠癌根治术患者围手术期管理的临床效果。 方法回顾性研究2011年1月至2015年12月某综合性三级甲等公立医院1 390例结直肠癌根治术患者的临床病例资料,按照患者围手术期管理流程是否具备加速康复外科模式五大基本要素分为加速康复外科模式组和传统模式组,分析比较结肠癌及直肠癌患者两种模式下的康复质量、康复效率及医疗费用之间的差异。 结果术后康复质量方面,结肠癌及直肠癌患者的加速康复外科模式组与传统模式组术后30 d非计划再入院率（Χ²=2.102,P=0.147;Χ²=0.279,P=0.662）、术后30 d非计划再手术率（Χ²=0.013,P=0.908;Χ²=0.606,P=0.527）、差异无统计学意义,直肠癌术后并发症发生率加速康复外科模式组低于传统模式组（Χ²=4.772,P=0.031）。术后康复效率方面,结肠癌及直肠癌患者加速康复外科模式组与传统模式组在平均住院日（Χ²=2.19,P=0.031;Χ²=2.03,P=0.045）、术后住院日方面（Χ²=2.15,P=0.034;Χ²=2.11,P=0.036）差异有统计学意义;结、直肠癌根治术患者ERAS模式组住院费用（t=-4.61,Z=-7.85）、药品费（Z=-3.42,Z=-6.85）、服务费（Z=-3.87,Z=-5.50）、检查费（Z=-3.54,Z=-6.46）、材料费（Z=-3.33,Z=-5.57）、床位费（Z=-4.28,Z=-14.84）低于传统模式组,差异具有统计学意义（均P<0.01）,结、直肠癌患者加速康复外科模式组单病种日均住院费用（t=2.01,P=0.046;Z=-8.14,P<0.01）高于传统模式组,差异具有统计学意义。 结论加速康复外科模式应用于结直肠癌患者围手术期管理降低患者并发症的总发生率;缩短患者术后住院时间,降低住院费、药品费、服务费、检查费、材料费、床位费等费用,因此,加速康复外科提升了临床医疗质效,降低了住院费用,有利于提升三级综合性公立医院的服务能力。     

脂肪性肝病与原发性肝癌

脂肪性肝病是隐原性肝硬化的主要原因之一,其经过肝硬化进展至原发性肝癌的过程已被认可,但是近年来越来越多的研究证实脂肪性肝病本身存在有促肿瘤形成的机制,它可以不经过肝硬化而直接进展成原发性肝癌,两者之间的具体机制还未明确.此文就脂肪性肝病向原发性肝癌进展的可能机制作一综述.