A comparative study of faecal occult blood kits in a colorectal cancer screening program in a cohort of healthy construction workers

Background

The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) has been increasing. We evaluated uptake rates and outcomes of faecal immunochemical test (FIT) and Guaiac test (gFOBT) kits as part of a two-step CRC screening.

Methods

A 3-year CRC screening program for a defined population of construction workers was conducted. Those satisfying the inclusion criteria were provided with gFOBT or FIT kits. Individuals testing positive were invited for a colonoscopy.

Results

A total of 909 faecal testing kits were distributed. Age range was 53–60 years. Compliance rate was higher for FIT (58.3%) as compared to gFOBT (46.7%) (p = 0.0006). FIT detected adenomatous polyps and CRC in 37.5 and 25%, respectively, whereas; gFOBT detected 23.5 and 18%. Colonoscopies were normal in 53 and 25% tested positive by gFOBT and FIT, respectively (p = 0.016).

Conclusion

The FIT was more cost-effective when compared with gFOBT with higher return rate, sensitivity and specificity. A comparative study of faecal occult blood kits in a CRC screening program in a healthy cohort of construction workers.     

Faecal occult blood screening: knowledge, attitudes, and practice in four Hong Kong primary care clinics

OBJECTIVES. To assess primary care patients for their awareness, knowledge, and attitude towards colorectal cancer and screening, to report on the uptake of faecal occult blood test screening and the results of screening, and explore predictors of screening uptake. DESIGN. Cross-sectional study. SETTING. Four primary care clinics in Hong Kong. PATIENTS. A total of 1664 patients aged 50 to 74 years attending the clinics in the period July 2006 to July 2007. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES. Percentage of subjects who were aware that colorectal cancer is common and curable at an early stage, and who knew that faecal occult blood test or colonoscopy is useful for screening; relevant knowledge score; uptake rate of faecal occult blood testing; rate of testing positive; and factors predicting uptake. RESULTS. A total of 1645 questionnaires were collected. In all, 89% (95% confidence interval, 88-91%) were aware that colorectal cancer is common, 95% (94-96%) believed faecal occult blood test and colonoscopy are useful for screening, and 58% (56-61%) achieved a knowledge score of 50% or above. The uptake rate of the faecal occult blood test was 35%. Uptake was higher among those with a positive family history (odds ratio=1.57; 95% confidence interval, 1.08-2.27; P=0.02), those who were more aware that colorectal cancer is common (1.86; 1.29-2.69; P=0.001), and that colorectal cancer is potentially curable at an early stage (1.76; 1.32-2.36; P=0.0001). Rate of testing positive was 2.1% (95% confidence interval, 0.9-3.3%); no colorectal cancer was detected and the neoplasia detection rate (for cancers and adenomas) was 5.1 per 1000 subjects screened. CONCLUSIONS. Patients were aware that colorectal cancer is common in our community, and faecal occult blood test or colonoscopy is useful for screening. The uptake of screening was low, though relatively higher for those with a positive family history and greater awareness of the high frequency and potential for cure of colorectal cancer. Faecal occult blood test positivity rate was 2.1%, and neoplasia detection rate 5.1 per 1000 screened.     

北京云岗地区体检人群结直肠癌机会性筛查结果分析

目的 探索与单位年度体检相结合的结直肠癌筛查的有效性及可行性。方法 选择2013年4月至2013年7月北京云岗地区某集团40~74岁的于中国航天科工集团七三一医院体检的5 270人进行危险因素问卷调查和便潜血实验(faecal occult blood test,FOBT)相结合的初筛,高危人群进行结肠镜检查为复筛。结果 初筛的参与率100%,完成率62.87%。复筛完成率为30.33%。腺瘤性息肉检出率为22.28%。非腺瘤性息肉检出率为24.75%。结论 与单位体检相结合的结直肠癌筛查具有较高的初筛及复筛完成率,可以有效检出结直肠癌的癌前病变。     

Randomised trial of compliance with screening for colorectal cancer

A randomised trial of compliance with screening for colorectal cancer by means of the haemoccult test was conducted in Farnborough and Basingstoke districts. In each of the 14 participating practices (41 general practitioners) 25 852 men and women aged between 40 and 70 years were randomly allocated by household to one of six groups. The group determined the method of invitation to screening: a letter and the test were sent to the patient, or a letter with an appointment to attend the surgery was sent, or during a routine consultation the general practitioner invited patients to participate, and some patients received an educational booklet about bowel disorders and screening. Of the 17 824 people who were offered screening, 7545 (42%) complied. Compliance was significantly affected by the method of invitation, but not by whether an educational booklet was received, and was highest (57%) in the group that was offered the haemoccult test during a routine consultation (the "opportunistic" approach). In this group the compliance rate achieved by individual general practitioners ranged from 26% to 82%. Compliance was significantly higher in Farnborough, in the older (55-70) age group, in women, and in households in which two or more people were offered screening. The higher compliance in Farnborough may be explained by the higher proportion of older people and by the higher proportion of people living in households of two or more in the population that was offered screening. The fact that the screening programme in Farnborough was offered to the whole community and that the researcher may have acted as a facilitator were probably also important. One per cent of the patients screened had a positive test, and 24 (38%) of the 63 patients who were positive and were investigated in hospital had neoplastic disease. The yield was 1.2 cancers and 1.2 benign adenomas (1 cm or larger in size) per 1000 people screened. This low yield is likely to be a consequence of the relatively young age group screened.     

Influence of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the outcome of faecal occult blood tests in screening for colorectal cancer

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have been accused of causing false positive results in faecal occult blood tests for colorectal cancer. A study was therefore performed in 10,931 people undergoing faecal occult blood screening tests to assess the effect of these drugs on the predictive value of a positive test result. Those with a positive result were interviewed and a full drug history was taken before they underwent a full colorectal examination. Of the 455 people with a positive result, 50 were taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: 10 (20%) had colonic neoplasia. Of the 405 who were not taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, 129 (32%) had colonic neoplasia. These detection rates were not significantly different, and the predictive value of a positive result for an adenoma larger than 1 cm was 14% in the group not taking anti-inflammatory drugs and 26% in the group taking them (not significant). These results suggest that a finding of occult faecal blood cannot be attributed to upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding caused by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and should be followed by a thorough colorectal examination.     

1 948名职工健康体检的流行病学分析

目的：了解本院职工健康状况。方法：对1948名职工询问病史和健康体检。结果：1948人中高血压的患病率为26．91％,其中男性患病率为31．23％、女性患病率为32．47％,两组间比较无显著差异（P〉0．05）;≥45岁组和≥60岁组与〈45岁组相比较差异有极显著性意义（P〈0．01）。血脂异常的患病率随着年龄的增长有逐渐增高的趋势,并检出了糖尿病等疾病。结论：我院职工体检发现很多疾病情况,提示职工定期健康检查的重要性。     

南宁市食品及公共场所从业人员HBsAg和HBeAg检测结果分析

目的了解南宁市从事食品生产、饮食和公共场所从业人员乙型肝炎病毒携带情况。方法采用酶联免疫吸附试验对1248例从业人员进行血清HBsAg和HBeAg检测。结果 HBeAg构成比的年龄分布最多是18～27岁(37.22%),其次是28～37岁(27.92%)。各年龄组间HBeAg构成比的差异有统计学意义(χ2=40.1,P<0.05)。28～37岁年龄组男女间HBeAg构成比的差异有统计学意义(χ2=6.25,P<0.05)。结论南宁市食品及公共场所从业人员HBsAg阳性率和HBeAg构成比比较高,应加强对HBsAg阳性人群的监管力度和乙肝疫苗的接种,同时做好乙肝防治知识的宣传。     

Carriage rate of hepatitis-B surface antigen (HBsAg) in an urban community in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria

The carriage rate of Hepatitis-B surface antigen (HBsAg) in an urban community in Jos, the Plateau State capital, was studied to obtain the pattern of Hepatitis-beta virus (HBV) spread within the community. HBsAg screening was performed on a consecutive sample of 524 apparently healthy individuals (293 males and 231 females) aged 15-65 years who voluntarily turned up for the survey. Fifty-four (10.3%) were HBsAg positive by ELISA. The carriage rate in females 30/231 (13.0%) was significantly higher than in the males 24/293 (8.2%) (p<0.05). In relation to age, 14/144 (9.7%) were aged <20 years, 11/121 (9.1%) were 21-30 years, 7/115 (6.1%) were 31-40 years, 14/89 (15.7%) were 41-50 years, 2/27 (7.4%) were 51-60 years and 6/28 (21.4%) were >61 years. In relation to marital status, carriage rate was highest among the divorced/widowed group (12.5%) followed by the married group (10.6%). Carriage rates in relation to occupation showed that infection was highest among traders (13.7%) and students (13.2%). The survey therefore confirms the endemicity of HBV infection in Jos and describes the groups that are at risk. This calls for health education of the general population on preventive measures to check the spread of the virus in the community.     

The relationship between 'job strain,' workplace diastolic blood pressure, and left ventricular mass index. Results of a case-control study

To determine whether "job strain" (defined as high psychological demands and low decision latitude on the job) is associated with increased workplace diastolic blood pressure and the left ventricular mass index, we conducted a case-control study at seven urban work sites of 215 employed men aged 30 to 60 years without evidence of coronary heart disease. After comprehensive blood pressure screening of male employees (N = 2556) at the work site, 87 cases of hypertension and a random sample of 128 controls were studied. In a multiple logistic regression model, job strain was significantly related to hypertension, with an estimated odds ratio of 3.1, after adjusting for age, race, body-mass index, type A behavior, alcohol intake, smoking, work site, 24-hour urine sodium excretion, education, and physical demand level of the job. Controlling for the above variables in subjects aged 30 to 40 years with job strain, we found that the echocardiographically determined left ventricular mass index was, on average, 10.8 g/m2 greater than in subjects without job strain. We conclude that job strain may be a risk factor for both hypertension and structural changes of the heart in working men.     

Effect of dietary restriction on participation in faecal occult blood test screening for colorectal cancer

OBJECTIVES: To determine if participation in colorectal cancer screening using faecal occult blood testing (FOBT) is affected by a restrictive diet and if it is associated with certain demographic variables. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: 1,203 residents of South Australia aged 50-69 years, with no "currently active bowel disease", randomly selected from a database of people willing to be contacted about unspecified health issues. DESIGN: Randomised controlled trial: participants were offered screening by immunochemical FOBT by mail in 1998. Half were randomly allocated to a group instructed to follow a low-peroxidase diet, as required for guaiac FOBT, while the other group was not so restricted. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Effect of diet restriction on participation (return of correctly completed FOBT sample cards within 15 weeks); time taken to return cards; relationships between participation and demographic variables. RESULTS: Participation rates were 65.9% (no-diet group) and 53.3% (diet group) (difference, 12.6%; 95% CI, 7.1%-18.1%). In the first week, rates of return as a proportion of all tests returned were 13.1% (no-diet) and 1.6% (diet) (difference, 11.5%; 95% CI, 8.6%-14.4%), increasing to 54.3% and 44.5%, respectively, after five weeks (difference, 9.8%; 95% CI, 4.2%-15.4%). Participation was significantly associated with older age (odds ratio, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.10-1.78), but not sex, Index of Social Disadvantage or rural versus urban address. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary restrictions create a barrier to FOBT-based screening for colorectal cancer. The use of immunochemical rather than guaiac FOBT removes this barrier.     

Cancer screening in Queensland men

OBJECTIVES: To describe the self-reported use of prostate specific antigen (PSA) tests, faecal occult blood tests (FOBTs), and whole-body skin examinations among Queensland men, reasons for use, and the personal characteristics of men undergoing the tests for cancer screening. SETTING AND DESIGN: Data were obtained from the Queensland Cancer Risk Study (QCRS), a population-based telephone survey conducted in 2004, which used random sampling stratified by age, sex, and geographic location. PARTICIPANTS: All men aged 50-75 years who participated in the QCRS (n = 2336). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Use of PSA test, FOBT, or whole-body skin examination, specifically as a screening procedure; the probability of being screened; and associations with sociodemographic factors, risk behaviour, and cancer experience. RESULTS: More than a third of men reported never having been screened for prostate, colorectal, or skin cancer. Of those who had been screened, the odds of PSA testing being reported were more than two times greater than the odds of whole-body skin examination (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 2.54; 95% CI, 1.49-4.32), and the odds of reporting an FOBT were less (adjusted OR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.22-1.04). Men who participated in cancer screening tended to be older, white, living with a partner, and to have private health insurance. Smokers were less likely to be screened with any of the three screening tests. CONCLUSIONS: Of these three cancer screening tests, the FOBT has the best evidence for reducing mortality and yet is the least frequently used by Queensland men. There are disparities in reported screening prevalence between the specific tests and across certain population subgroups.     

上海市北新泾街道老年人年龄相关性黄斑变性的患病率调查

目的 调查上海市北新泾街道≥60岁人群中年龄相关性黄斑变性(AMD) 的患病情况。方法 于2007年11月—2008年4月,采用整群抽样的方法对上海市北新泾街道≥60岁的居民进行AMD患病率和相关因素的调查。调查内容包括一般资料、既往眼病诊断和治疗史、日常生活视力和针孔矫正视力;进行眼科基本检查,并采用眼底照相机拍摄后极部45°范围内2个不同区域内的照片。由2名以上医师独立读片确立AMD的诊断;AMD的分类采用全国眼底病学组指定的标准。结果 本调查共纳入4 153人,实际受检3 571人,受检率85.99%。确诊AMD患者477例(778眼),占受检人群的13.36%。确诊湿性AMD患者64例(85眼),占受检人群的1.79%。在60～69、70～79、80岁以上各年龄段人群中,AMD的检出率分别为6.23%、14.98%和29.91%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=169.40,P<0.01);在文盲、小学、中学及中学以上不同受教育程度人群中,AMD的检出率分别为15.2%、18.75%、9.36%和8.22%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=59.56,P<0.01);AMD在男性与女性人群中的患病率比较差异无统计学意义（χ2=0.03,P>0.05）。AMD眼中,盲和低视力的比例分别为3.08%和18.51%。湿性AMD眼中,盲和低视力的比例为15.29%和32.95%,分别高于干性AMD眼的1.59%和16.73%。结论 AMD的患病率随着年龄增长而显著升高,随着受教育程度的提高而显著下降,严重影响患者视力。     

基于马尔可夫模型的社区人群糖尿病筛查预防心血管病的效果评价

目的: 在中国鄞州电子健康档案研究(Chinese electronic health records research in Yinzhou, CHERRY)的队列人群中，评估国内外不同指南最新推荐的2型糖尿病筛查策略在我国发达地区人群中预防心血管病的效果。方法: 采用马尔可夫(Markov)模型模拟并比较的系统性筛查策略包括：(1) 根据《中国2型糖尿病防治指南(2020年版)》的推荐，在40~70岁人群中筛查(策略1);(2) 根据2022年美国糖尿病学会《糖尿病医学诊疗标准》的推荐，在35~70岁人群中筛查(策略2);(3)根据美国预防服务工作组2021年更新的《2型糖尿病的筛查建议声明》的推荐，在35~70岁且超重或肥胖(体重指数24 kg/m²及以上)的人群中进行筛查(策略3)。根据指南推荐，对筛查阳性(空腹血糖7.0 mmol/L及以上)的人群强化控制血糖以达到目标值(糖化血红蛋白控制在7.0%以下)。马尔可夫模型循环周期设为1年，研究期限设为10年，模拟10个周期，计算的结局指标包括心血管病事件发病数和全因死亡数等结局事件数，以及每预防一例心血管病事件或全因死亡需筛查人数等效果评价指标。马尔可夫模型的参数主要来源于CHERRY队列人群和公开发表的文献。采用单因素敏感性分析探讨筛查方法的灵敏度变化对结果的影响，采用概率敏感性分析探讨糖尿病发病率、筛查方法的灵敏度、强化干预措施的效应强度等参数的不确定性。结果: 研究纳入的289 245名基线无心血管病且未诊断糖尿病的35~70岁人群中，与机会性筛查相比，在40~70岁人群中进行系统性筛查的策略1可预防的心血管病发病数为222[95%不确定性区间(uncertainty interval, UI)：180~264]例，在35~70岁人群中筛查的策略2为227(95%UI: 185~271)例，在35~70岁且超重或肥胖人群中筛查的策略3为131(95%UI: 98~164)例。每预防一例心血管病发病数的需筛查人数在策略1、2和3分别为1 184(95%UI: 994~1 456)人、1 274(95%UI: 1 067~1 564)人和814(95%UI: 649~1 091)人。策略2相比策略1每预防一例心血管病的需筛查人数增加90(95%UI: -197~381)人，但心血管病预防效果相似; 策略3相比策略2的需筛查人数减少460(95%UI: 185~724)人，筛查效率更高。单因素敏感性分析和概率敏感性分析的结果与主分析结果一致。结论: 在我国发达地区人群中，根据现有的最新指南开展糖尿病系统性筛查能够减少心血管病发病和全因死亡，但仅降低筛查起始年龄从40岁到35岁对预防心血管病效果的增益并不明显，如果降低筛查的起始年龄到35岁需要同时考虑超重或肥胖的危险因素以便提高筛查效率。     

Cervical cancer in Australia and the United Kingdom: comparison of screening policy and uptake, and cancer incidence and mortality

OBJECTIVE: To compare cervical screening policy, screening uptake, and changes in cervical cancer incidence and mortality between Australia and the United Kingdom. DESIGN: Analysis of screening registry data and national cancer statistics. SETTING: In Australia, organised cervical screening was initiated in 1991 for sexually active women aged 18-69 years, with a recommended 2-yearly interval. In the UK, organised screening began in 1988 for women aged 20-64 years, with a recommended 3-yearly interval in most regions. RESULTS: Estimated lifetime screening participation rates in 2001 were similar in the two countries, at 88% in Australia and 90% in the UK. For women who were screened and had a negative result, the median time to the next screen was 27 months in Australia and 38 months in the UK. At 39 months, equivalent proportions (74%) had been re-screened in the two countries, and by 60 months the re-screened proportions were 81% in Australia and 94% in the UK. From 1991-1993 to 1998-2000, the incidence of cervical cancer in women aged 20-69 years fell by 33% in Australia and 33% in the UK, and mortality from cervical cancer fell by 36% in both countries. CONCLUSIONS: After the introduction of organised screening, similar reductions in cervical cancer incidence and mortality were achieved in Australia and the UK. Therefore, the 2-yearly screening policy in Australia and the predominantly 3-yearly screening policy in the UK appear to have been of broadly similar effectiveness.     

Clinical profile and prevalence of fetal alcohol syndrome in an isolated community in British Columbia.

The authors were invited by the band council to carry out a study to determine the prevalence of alcohol embryopathy among children in a native Indian community in British Columbia. The mothers of the 123 children aged 18 years or less who lived in the community were interviewed. In addition, educational screening was carried out for children in grades 1 through 12, and 116 of the children underwent medical examination. A diagnosis of fetal alcohol syndrome or fetal alcohol effects (FAS/FAE) was made in 22 children aged 3 to 18 years. Each of these children was matched for age and sex with an unaffected child in the same community, and both groups underwent psychoeducational testing. The children with FAS/FAE showed a generalized depressed level of functioning compared with the unaffected children. The finding that two thirds of the children with FAS/FAE were mentally retarded points to a major health and education problem.     

Effectiveness of a call/recall system in improving compliance with cervical cancer screening: a randomized controlled trial

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of a simple call/recall system in improving compliance with cervical cancer screening among women not screened in the previous 3 years. DESIGN: Prospective randomized controlled study. SETTING: Two family medicine clinics (1 urban, 1 rural) affiliated with Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's. PARTICIPANTS: A sample of women aged 18-69 years who were listed as patients of the clinics but who had not had a Papanicolaou test (Pap test) within the 3 years before the start of the study. Of 9071 women listed as patients 1360 (15.0%) had not undergone screening in the previous 3 years. A random sample of 650 were selected, 209 of whom were excluded because they had had a hysterectomy, had had a recent Pap test, had moved or had records containing clerical errors. This left 441 women for the study. INTERVENTION: The 221 women in the intervention group were sent a letter asking them to seek a Pap test and a reminder letter 4 weeks later. The 220 in the control group were sent no letters. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Number of women who had a Pap test within 2 months and 6 months after the first letter was sent. RESULTS: Within 2 months, more women in the intervention group than in the control group had been screened (2.8% [5/178] and 1.9% (4/208] respectively). There was also a difference between the overall proportions at 6 months (10.7% [19/178] and 6.3% [13/208] respectively). None of the differences was statistically significant. CONCLUSION: A letter of invitation is not sufficient to encourage women who have never or have infrequently undergone a Pap test to come in for cervical cancer screening. The effectiveness of added recruitment methods such as opportunistic screening by physicians, follow-up by telephone and the offer of a specific appointment should be evaluated.     

Australian general practitioners' views and use of colorectal cancer screening tests

OBJECTIVES: To determine general practitioners' (GPs) current beliefs, knowledge and self-reported practices of screening for colorectal cancer. DESIGN AND SETTING: Postal survey of national random sample of 1271 GPs in 1996. OUTCOME MEASURES: GP views on effectiveness of faecal occult blood testing (FOBT) and flexible sigmoidoscopy in reducing premature death from colorectal cancer in "average-risk" patients (asymptomatic with no family history); views on frequency of tests and target group; use of these tests; and independent predictors of views and use. RESULTS: Response rate was 67%. FOBT and flexible sigmoidoscopy were said to be effective as screening tests by 38% and 61% of GPs, respectively, but 30% and 25% were unsure. Independent predictors of belief in screening effectiveness were State of practice (for FOBT), male sex and awareness of Gut Foundation guidelines (for flexible sigmoidoscopy) and increasing age (for both). Most often chosen screening frequencies were every year for FOBT (29%), and five-yearly for flexible sigmoidoscopy (24%), although 19% and 26%, respectively, were unsure of the appropriate screening interval. Most often cited target group was people aged over 40 years with first-degree relatives with colorectal cancer: 63% of GPs would offer FOBT and 74%, flexible sigmoidoscopy. Fewer than 3% of GPs were likely to adopt an opportunistic approach to screening, yet 15% would be highly likely to recommend FOBT during a dedicated health check-up for a 58-year-old male patient, and 9% for a female patient. CONCLUSION: The absence to date of a coherent national policy on colorectal cancer screening is associated with wide variations in views and practice that are inconsistent with the available evidence. If GPs are to be involved in implementing population screening, national policy must be widely and effectively promulgated.     

消化科门诊应用粪便潜血筛检大肠肿瘤的研究

目的探究粪便潜血检查对于大肠肿瘤的筛检意义。方法纳入北京协和医院消化科门诊行粪便潜血和结肠镜检查并有病理学检查结果的512例患者,以结肠镜及病理检查结果为标准,评价粪便潜血结果的诊断价值。结果512例患者中,203例粪便潜血结果阳性,353例结肠镜检查正常,115例有各种息肉,病理检查结果示9例高度不典型增生、21例为大肠癌。粪便潜血检查对于大肠腺瘤性息肉检出的灵敏度、特异度、阳性似然比和阴性似然比分别是42．8％、60．9％、1．09和0．93;对大肠癌及高度不典型增生的灵敏度、特异度、阳性似然比和阴性似然比分别是76．6％、62．5％、2．05和0．37。结论在消化内科就诊的患者中,粪便潜血检查对于大肠癌有一定的诊断和筛查意义,有助于临床医生合理临床决策,但尚需前瞻性研究以建立更可靠的大肠癌筛查模型。     

Survival of patients with colorectal cancer detected by a community screening program

OBJECTIVE: To determine survival rates for people with colorectal cancer detected through Bowelscan, a community screening program. DESIGN: Survey of data from local medical practitioners, and comparison with data from State cancer registries. SUBJECTS AND SETTING: 249 people with colorectal cancer detected after faecal occult blood screening in north-eastern New South Wales, 1987-1996. Follow-up was in 1998-1999. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Five-year survival rates and relative survival ratios. RESULTS: Five-year survival rates for the screen-detected cancer patients were 90% for those with Dukes' stage A cancers, 75% for Dukes' B, 52% for Dukes' C and 0 for Dukes' D (although one person with Dukes' D cancer was living at four-year follow-up at the end of the study). Because of the higher percentage of Dukes' A cases in the population whose cancer was detected through screening, the resulting five-year relative survival ratio was significantly better than for those recorded by New South Wales, South Australian and Queensland cancer registries: 0.82 (95% confidence interval, 0.74-0.90) compared to 0.59 (P < or = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The study supports the findings of three overseas randomised trials that screening reduces mortality from colorectal cancer. We estimate that screening 200,000 people would detect about 250 colorectal cancers and prevent as many as 55 deaths.     

淮北市人乳头状瘤病毒感染及其亚型分布特点

目的探讨淮北市宫颈人乳头状瘤病毒（HPV）感染状况及其亚型分布特点,为临床女性宫颈癌的防治提供参考依据。方法收集2017年3月至2018年6月淮北矿工总医院筛查3 536例宫颈脱落细胞标本,采用PCR-反向点杂交法进行HPV基因亚型检测并进行统计分析。结果3 536例样本中,阳性样本655例,检出率18.52%。单一亚型的感染率12.30%,明显高于多重感染率的6.22%（P<0.01）;高危亚型的感染率11.59%,明显高于低危亚型的3.62%和高低危混合型的3.31%（P<0.01）。不同年龄组,51~60岁组感染率最高（20.39%）,单一感染与多重感染率差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;41~50岁组阳性占比最高（单一:42.07%,多重:34.09%）。HPV优势亚型依次为52、16、58、44、40型。结论淮北地区女性HPV感染率为18.52%,以单一高危型感染为主,HPV52、16、58是主要的感染亚型。41~60岁人群应作为临床重点筛查对象。