镁硅玉人工髋关节假体周围骨溶解与诱导型一氧化氮合酶、过氧亚硝基阴离子的关系

[目的]观察诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）和过氧亚硝基阴离子（ONOO^-）在假体周围各区的表达和分布变化，各区iNOS和ONOO^-表达与骨溶解程度之间的关系。[方法]临床选取6例镁硅玉人工全髋关节翻修术，手术中按Delee-Charnley髋臼分区法和Gruen股骨分区法，取出松动假体周围各区的假体-骨间界膜，免疫组化法检测iNOS和ONOO^-体内生成标志物硝基酪氨酸（NT）的表达，同时以术前X线片，区分假体周围非骨溶解区和骨溶解区。分析并比较iNOS和NT在各个分区中的阳性表达，与骨溶解程度的关系。[结果]髋臼侧Ⅲ区的iNOS阳性细胞率高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ区，股骨侧1、2、6、7区染色阳性细胞率高于3、4、5区（P〈0．05）；髋臼侧Ⅲ区的NT阳性细胞率明显高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ区，股骨侧阳性细胞率由高到低依次为1、7区，2区，6、4、3、5区（P〈0．05）；骨溶解区界膜组的iNOS和NT阳性细胞率均明显高于非溶骨区界膜组和OA滑膜组（P〈0．01）。[结论]假体周围iNOS和ONOO^-的表达具有一定规律性，并与骨溶解程度密切相关。iNOS和ONOO^-的异常表达可能是磨损颗粒造成界面骨重建受阻和骨溶解的关键环节之一。     

无菌性松动全髋关节假体周围界膜组织中Caspase-3表达和细胞凋亡的研究

目的观察无菌性松动全髋关节假体周围界膜中凋亡调控蛋白Caspase-3表达和细胞凋亡分布的变化,探讨其与假体周围骨溶解之间的关系。方法2001年4月～2006年8月临床上选取16例高分子聚乙烯-金属配伍全髋关节翻修术的患者,其中男10例,女6例;初装年龄45～67岁,翻修年龄55～78岁,使用时间7～13年。根据术前X线片和术中所见,分为松动/非骨溶解组和松动/骨溶解组,每组各8例,取出假体周围各区的假体-骨间界膜组织。另取6例初装人工全髋关节的骨性关节炎患者作为对照组,其中男2例,女4例;年龄54～68岁,病程9～15年;采用免疫组织化学法检测界膜组织中Caspase-3的表达,末端标记法原位检测细胞凋亡,分析并比较Caspase-3和细胞凋亡的阳性表达和分布,与磨损颗粒的局部聚积和骨溶解程度的关系。结果高分子聚乙烯磨损颗粒局部聚积区的Caspase-3阳性细胞率和细胞凋亡指数明显高于金属磨损颗粒;重度磨损细胞凋亡指数高于轻度磨损,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);松动/骨溶解组Caspase-3阳性细胞率和细胞凋亡指数明显高于松动/非骨溶解组和对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论假体周围界膜组织Caspase-3的表达和细胞凋亡具有一定规律性,并与磨损微粒的局部聚积和骨溶解程度密切相关,可能是磨损颗粒造成界面骨重建受阻而溶骨大量发生的关键环节之一;细胞凋亡参与了假体无菌性松动的病理过程,且与Caspase-3信号激活有关。     

松动的人工髋关节界膜的研究

目的：通过对松动假体界膜的研究分析人工髋关节松动的原因。方法：通过对38例人工髋关节翻修术中松动假体周围界膜组织进行肉眼外观、普通光镜及扫描电镜的观察来分析人工髋关节无菌性松动与界膜之间的相关联系。结果：所有本组38例松动假体周围均充填有薄厚大小不一的界膜组织,多数颜色为暗红色,约1／3的界膜部分有黑色;界膜较厚处质韧类似瘢痕结缔组织,薄处似纤维薄膜。光镜可见较多巨噬细胞和异物巨细胞及磨损微粒;扫描电镜观察可以见到大量的粗细不等排列无序的胶原纤维组织和大小不一分布不均的异物颗粒和骨碎屑,胶原纤维内有成纤维细胞分布。结论：人工假体与骨空隙的产生导致界膜充填,磨损微粒刺激界膜释放炎性细胞因子导致骨溶解而出现假体松动,如何尽可能地减少活动中产生的磨损碎屑从而减少炎性介质的释放,减少由充填性界膜向溶骨性界膜的转变,从生物学的角度降低人工髋关节置换术后松动的发生率。     

松动的人工髋关节界膜的研究

[目的] 通过对松动假体界膜的研究分析人工髋关节松动的原因.[方法] 通过对38例人工髋关节翻修术中松动假体周围界膜组织进行肉眼外观、普通光镜及扫描电镜的观察来分析人工髋关节无菌性松动与界膜之间的相关联系.[结果] 所有本组38例松动假体周围均充填有薄厚大小不一的界膜组织,多数颜色为暗红色,约1/3的界膜部分有黑色;界膜较厚处质韧类似瘢痕结缔组织,薄处似纤维薄膜.光镜可见较多巨噬细胞和异物巨细胞及磨损微粒;扫描电镜观察可以见到大量的粗细不等排列无序的胶原纤维组织和大小不一分布不均的异物颗粒和骨碎屑,胶原纤维内有成纤维细胞分布.[结论] 人工假体与骨空隙的产生导致界膜充填,磨损微粒刺激界膜释放炎性细胞因子导致骨溶解而出现假体松动,如果尽可能地减少活动中产生的磨损碎屑从而减少炎性介质的释放,减少由充填性界膜向溶骨性界膜的转变,就可从生物学的角度降低人工髋关节置换术后松动的发生率.     

无菌性松动人工全髋关节假体周围界膜组织血管化的研究

目的研究人工全髋关节假体无菌性松动后假体周围组织的血管化程度,探讨其与假体周围骨溶解的关系。方法取2009年10月-2012年6月22例(22髋)因假体无菌性松动行髋关节翻修术患者假体周围界膜组织,其中男12例,女10例;年龄53~81岁;假体使用寿命6~14年。术中根据假体周围标准分区法,结合术前影像学表现,将假体周围界膜组织分为骨溶解区组和非骨溶解区组。另取同期8例(8髋)行人工全髋关节置换的骨关节炎患者滑膜组织作为对照组,其中男3例,女5例;年龄58~72岁。行HE染色观察组织学特征,根据骨溶解区组金属或聚乙烯颗粒数量行磨损程度分级。采用CD34免疫组织化学染色对组织内的血管进行标记,计算微血管密度及微血管指数,比较不同组间血管化程度以及不同磨损程度下血管化程度的变化。结果组织学观察骨溶解区组界膜组织中可见磨损颗粒聚集以及单核-巨噬细胞浸润广泛,非骨溶解区组以纤维细胞为主。免疫组织化学染色示,非骨溶解区组微血管密度和微血管指数较骨溶解区组和对照组显著降低(P0.05);骨溶解区组以上指标较对照组低,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。金属、聚乙烯颗粒重度磨损组织微血管密度和微血管指数均较对应的轻度磨损组织明显减少(P0.05);相同磨损程度时,聚乙烯磨损颗粒以上指标均较金属磨损颗粒高,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论界膜组织内单核细胞发挥吞噬功能需要一定数量的微血管和血供,假体-骨界面组织微血管损伤或者血供减少,可能是造成假体周围骨整合不良和假体无菌性松动的重要原因。     

界膜与人工髋关节松动的相关性分析

目的：通过对松动假体界膜的研究分析人工髋关节松动的原因。方法：通过对28例人工髋关节翻修术中松动假体周围界膜组织进行肉眼外观及扫描电镜对表面超微结构的观察来分析人工髋关节无菌性松动与界膜之间的相关联系。结果：所有本组28例松动假体周围均充填有薄厚大小不一的界膜组织,多数颜色为暗红色,约1／3的界膜部分有黑色;界膜较厚处质韧类似瘢痕结缔组织,薄处似纤维薄膜。扫描电镜观察可以见到大量的粗细不等排列无序的胶原纤维组织和大小不一分布不均的异物颗粒和骨碎屑,胶原纤维内有成纤维细胞分布。结论：人工假体与骨骼形状不完全匹配,空隙的产生导致纤维瘢痕组织（界膜）充填,磨损微粒沿空隙扩散至界膜刺激界膜释放炎性细胞因子导致骨溶解而出现假体松动,松动后的假体与骨髓腔空隙加大导致更多界膜组织充填、释放溶骨性细胞因子而形成恶性循环。     

人工关节松动病因的研究

目的：探讨人工关节松动的病因。方法：选择７例松动人工髋关节，翻修手术时取松动关节周围的界膜组织；同时选择１０例骨折内固定患者，拆除内固定物时取内固定物周围瘢痕组织。标本做组织学检查和肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦ）测定。选择１０只成年兔，将２０只模拟假体分别置入双侧股骨远端。分别于术后第６、８、１０、１２、１４周向右侧膝关节腔注射聚乙烯微粒悬液，作为实验侧；左侧膝关节腔注射生理盐水，作为对照侧。第１６周取股骨远端标本，做组织学检查。结果：松动人工髋关节周围的界膜组织主要含大量的组织细胞和聚乙烯微粒，而骨折内固定物周围的瘢痕组织主要为纤维成分，无聚乙烯微粒。松动关节周围界膜组织中的ＴＮＦ浓度明显高于骨折内固定物周围的瘢痕组织（Ｐ＜０．０１）。动物实验发现，实验侧模拟假体周围有一层充满组织细胞的纤维结缔组织界膜，并有明显骨吸收和骨溶解现象，而对照侧无明显纤维结缔组织界膜，也无骨破坏现象。结论：人工关节磨损后，产生大量的磨损微粒，微粒刺激组织细胞分泌ＴＮＦ等溶骨性因子，这些溶骨性因子直接或间接地激活破骨细胞，从而引起假体周围骨吸收、骨溶解，最终导致假体松动。假体松动后又可加重磨损，产生更多的微粒，形成恶性循环     

从骨溶解的X线特征探讨磨损颗粒与人工髋关节无菌性松动的关系

目的 探讨自人工关节关节面首产生的磨损颗凿的迁移途径及其易素积部位与骨溶解之间的。方法 观察因无菌性松动行翻修术的３９个国产人工髋关节的术前Ｘ线片,按关节类型分组统计假体周围不同区域补性和膨胀发现有溶解的发生经,并测算溶骨带宽度或溶骨面积。结果 髋臼衬性骨溶解的发和率各区差异无显著性意义（Ｐ〉０．０５）,宽度以三区（Ｄｅｌｅｃ分区法）最大（Ｐ〈０．０５）;膨胀发现有溶解在人工股骨头和全髋关节中髋臼     

聚乙烯微粒、细胞因子与人工髋关节松动的相关性研究

目的：研究聚乙烯微粒、细胞因子与人工髋关节松动的相关性。方法：根据假体的类型及假体中是否含有聚乙烯将38例人工髋关节翻修病例分为三组：全髋置换组和双动头组和一体式单动头组,对各组术中松动假体周围界膜组织进行光镜下炎性细胞计数的半定量分析和肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）的测定,分析人工髋关节无菌性松动与聚Zr烯微粒、细胞因子之间的相关关系。结果：根据Joseph的半定量标准,全髋置换组和双动头组在光镜下界膜中炎症反应程度无显著性差异（P〉0．05）,而单动头组与另外两组相比炎性细胞反应程度有显著性差异（P〈0．05）;经统计学分析显示全髋置换组与双动头组界膜中TNF含量无显著性差异（P〉0．05）,而全髋置换组与单动头组界膜中TNF含量有显著性差异（P〈O．05）,双动头组与单动头组界膜中TNF含量有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论：聚乙烯微粒比其他微粒（如金属微粒,水泥微粒等）可以刺激界膜中巨噬细胞释放更多的溶骨性的细胞因子TNF导致骨溶解加剧,人工关节的材料中尽量不用聚乙烯或改变聚乙烯的特性可以减少磨损微粒和其刺激巨噬细胞所释放溶骨性的细胞因子（如TNF）的数量,从生物学角度降低假体松动的发生率。     

THA术后无菌性松动假体周围界膜组织中IL-34的表达及临床意义

目的通过检测白细胞介素-34(IL-34)在全髋关节置换(THA)术后无菌性松动假体周围界膜组织中的表达情况,探讨其与假体周围骨溶解之间的关系。方法观察组纳入自2015-01—2017-01因THA术后髋关节假体无菌性松动而行翻修手术的患者,标本取自髋臼杯周围的界膜组织。对照组纳入同期因股骨头坏死或股骨颈骨折而行初次THA的患者,标本取自髋臼周围关节囊组织和筋膜组织。采用实时定量聚合酶链式反应(Real-time PCR)、酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测界膜组织中IL-34的表达水平,并分析其与假体无菌性松动之间的相关性。结果 Real-time PCR与ELISA检测结果均表明,观察组无菌性松动假体周围界膜组织中IL-34的表达明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P 0.05)。结论 IL-34在THA术后无菌性松动假体周围界膜组织中的表达显著升高,其表达水平与无菌性假体松动的发生具有密切关系,IL-34有可能成为诊断无菌性假体松动的一个潜在靶点。     

Modern metal-on-metal hip implants

This Technology Overview was prepared using systematic review methodology and summarizes the findings of studies published as of July 15, 2011, on modern metal-on-metal hip implants. Analyses conducted on outcomes by two joint registries indicate that patients who receive metal-on-metal total hip arthroplasty (THA) and hip resurfacing are at greater risk for revision than are patients who receive THA using a different bearing surface combination. Data from these registries also indicate that larger femoral head components have higher revision rates and risk of revision and that older age is associated with increased revision risks of large-head metal-on-metal THA. Several studies noted a correlation between suboptimal hip implant positioning and higher wear rates, local metal debris release, and consequent local tissue reactions to metal debris. In addition, several studies reported elevated serum metal ion concentrations in patients with metal-on-metal hip articulations, although the clinical significance of these elevated ion concentrations remains unknown.     

The significance of wear and material fatigue in loosening of hip prostheses

Particles created by wear and disintegration of implant materials give rise to foreign body reactions in the tissue surrounding joint endoprostheses. Histiocytes and foreign body giant cells phagocytize the particles released and form granulomas, which lead in turn to remodelling and resorption of the bone at the interface between implant and bone. As a consequence of this, osteolysis develops, which may lead to loosening and complete failure of fixation of the implant. Radiographically, the areas of osteolysis appear as localized, round, oval or oblong scalloping defects or as radiolucent lines in the endosteal sections of the bone immediately adjacent to the implants. This paper reports on 21 hip joint endoprostheses in which polyethylene and bone cement particles induced large areas of osteolysis at the bone/cement interface. In 8 cases the polyethylene particles originated from the convex joint surfaces of ball heads in "soft-top" endoprostheses (with or without simultaneous replacement of the acetabulum by a metal cup), and in 5 cases they originated from the anchoring surfaces of non-cemented cone-shaped screw-in sockets (Endler type); osteolysis and loosening of these endoprostheses appeared on average 48.2 and 76.6 months after implantation, respectively. The bone cement fragments came from the bone cement mantle of the femur, which had become fractured, disrupted and crushed, in 8 cases of total hip replacement with cemented prostheses; osteolysis appeared on average 87 months after primary implantation in these cases. Tissue samples taken at revision surgery from the joint capsule, the bone/cement interface and the osteolytic areas were processed into histological sections for microscopy and examined in the usual way. The type and amount of phagocytized material were subjected to semiquantitative analysis. We were able to show that osteolysis at the bone/cement interface can be induced by foreign body reactions to abraded polyethylene particles alone as well as by reactions to fragmented bone cement. The morphology of the tissue reaction to particles of the different materials is quite similar. The effect of the foreign body granulomas depends less on the type of the polymer than on the amount of abrasion and fragmentation products released into the surrounding tissue. This again proves that the life-time of joint endoprostheses depends essentially on factors influencing the wear rate. Polymer materials, with low wear resistance, are unsuitable for convex joint surfaces and for direct fixation to bone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Osteolysis in alloarthroplasty of the hip. The role of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene wear particles

Massive localized osteolysis around artificial joints has been seen more frequently in the past few years. It is still not generally accepted that ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) wear particles can induce massive bone resorption, even distant from the joint. This article describes a series of eight soft-top prostheses with large UHMWPE ball heads that contributed to the erosion of surrounding bone. Roentgenographically, all of the cases showed a marked loss of proximal cortical bone, more or less combined with osteolysis, which was distal to the femoral shaft and deep into the acetabulum. In two cases, remodeling and resorption transformed the bone into a tumorlike appearance. Tissue samples from areas of osteolysis as well as from the joint capsule were taken at revision surgery, processed for histology, examined microscopically, and evaluated semiquantitatively. The retrieved devices were also carefully inspected. Large amounts of UHMWPE wear debris were found not only in the joint capsule but also in layers of granulomatous tissue from the acetabulum and femur, whereas metal particles and fragmented polymethylmethacrylate were either completely absent or occurred only in very small amounts. The results of this study demonstrate that UHMWPE wear products alone can cause massive osteolysis by triggering foreign-body granuloma formation at the bone-cement interface; the bone cement may remain fixed in areas beyond the osteolytic transformation.     

磨屑在人工关节无菌性松动中作用的实验研究

目的：观察磨屑在动物体内引起的组织学反应，比较了不同磨屑所致反应差别，比较磨屑在羟基磷灰石涂层钛合金棒－骨界面和光滑钛合金棒－骨界面间移动差别，探讨人工关节无菌性松动机制。方法：６４只家兔分为８组（ｎ＝８），分别将羟基磷灰石涂层钛合金棒和光滑钛合金棒经膝关节置入股骨远端，定期膝关节注入聚乙烯，钛合金及两者的混合磨屑。光镜、偏振光显微镜和电镜观察关节滑膜、两种钛合金棒－骨界面的组织学和超微结构。结果     

Massive pelvic and femoral pseudotumoral osteolysis secondary to an uncemented total hip arthroplasty

A 51 year-old man developed an extensive osteolytic response to wear debris in an uncemented porous-coated total hip arthroplasty, with metal/polyethylene interface, which had been implanted eighteen years previously. This reaction, which involved the upper femur and the ilium, produced a mass which compressed the pelvic viscera.     

The biologic interface between bone and cementless femoral endoprostheses

Femoral canal membrane tissue from patients who had revision of an uncemented endoprosthesis to a total hip replacement was analyzed and interlocking bone specimens were retrieved from implant fenestrations to compare membrane histology with microscopic bony remodelling. Radiographs of each hip were evaluated for bony adaptations and correlated with implant stability and interface histology. Uncemented canal membranes are composed mostly of mildly cellular dense connective tissue. Significant inflammation is rare, even in the presence of moderate metallic debris. A fibrocartilage interface often occurs above interlocking bone in areas subject to direct compressive loads. A thin membrane helps to distribute loads evenly from the rigid implant to more compliant bone. Dense lines of bone around the implant stem may be a biologic response indicating a steady-state, load-sharing equilibrium; they are not a reliable sign of implant instability. Retrieved interface membranes allow a direct view of the prosthetic-bone junction of human joint implants. In the absence of polyethylene and methacrylate wear debris, the membrane contains quiescent fibrous tissue with little inflammation. Membrane formation appears to be a mechanical adaptation to improve load distribution in the proximal femur. Presence and function of the membrane must be considered in the design and application of future press-fit implants.     

High failure rates with a large-diameter hybrid metal-on-metal total hip replacement: clinical, radiological and retrieval analysis

This study reports the mid-term results of a large-bearing hybrid metal-on-metal total hip replacement in 199 hips (185 patients) with a mean follow-up of 62 months (32 to 83). Two patients died of unrelated causes and 13 were lost to follow-up. In all, 17 hips (8.5%) have undergone revision, and a further 14 are awaiting surgery. All revisions were symptomatic. Of the revision cases, 14 hips showed evidence of adverse reactions to metal debris. The patients revised or awaiting revision had significantly higher whole blood cobalt ion levels (p = 0.001), but no significant difference in acetabular component size or position compared with the unrevised patients. Wear analysis (n = 5) showed increased wear at the trunnion-head interface, normal levels of wear at the articulating surfaces and evidence of corrosion on the surface of the stem. The cumulative survival rate, with revision for any reason, was 92.4% (95% confidence interval 87.4 to 95.4) at five years. Including those awaiting surgery, the revision rate would be 15.1% with a cumulative survival at five years of 89.6% (95% confidence interval 83.9 to 93.4). This hybrid metal-on-metal total hip replacement series has shown an unacceptably high rate of failure, with evidence of high wear at the trunnion-head interface and passive corrosion of the stem surface. This raises concerns about the use of large heads on conventional 12/14 tapers.     

Locking plate osteosynthesis in displaced 4-part fractures of the proximal humerus

Background Metal particles are generated during bone preparation in knee arthroplasty. These particles may produce third-body wear, or may have a role in osteolysis. Knowledge of their characteristics may help in the development of methods to reduce the amount of metal debris during bone cutting procedures.

Material and methodsWe performed bony resection of the distal femur and proximal tibia on 15 pig knees, simulating a total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Metal debris was collected from the saw blades, cutting blocks and bone surfaces and cleaned for microanalysis.

Results The average loss of metal from the saw blades was 1.13 mg. The average volume of a wear particle was 3.4 × 10^-16m³. From this, it was estimated that approximately 500,000 particles are released from the saw blade alone. Material analysis of the particles indicated that the majority originated from the metallic cutting guides, suggesting that many millions of wear particles would be generated during the surgical procedure. Two particle shapes predominated: platelet shape and ploughed shape.

Interpretation Wear particles are produced during resection for a TKA. These may enter the artificial articulation and cause accelerated wear and macrophage activation. Redesign of cutting blocks and saw blades may reduce the amount of debris produced during surgery.     

Metallic debris in femoral endosteolysis in failed cemented total hip arthroplasties.

A prospective study was undertaken to quantitate metallic and cement debris in 12 consecutive patients with femoral endosteolysis (FE) and aseptic loosening of a cemented total hip arthroplasty. The mean interval between primary and revision surgery was 9.6 years. The average time to onset of FE was 8.9 years. There were four stems each of cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr), stainless steel (SS), and titanium alloy. At revision, tissue was retrieved from FE, the femoral bone-cement pseudomembrane, and the joint pseudocapsule. Histology of these tissues was studied using light and polarized microscopy. Metal and barium levels were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. A histiocytic reaction and particulate cement debris were seen in every case. Polyethylene wear debris was noted in 11 of 12 cases (92%), and metallic debris in four cases (33%). Detectable metal levels were found in the FE in all cases. Metal levels were on average 2.5 times higher in FE than in femoral pseudomembrane, and 4.2 times higher than in joint pseudocapsule. This difference was statistically significant for the Co-Cr and SS groups. Barium levels in areas of FE were on average 1.7 times and 42.4 times higher than in femoral pseudomembrane and joint pseudocapsule, respectively. The difference seen between the FE and the joint pseudocapsule tissue was significant for all three alloy groups. The authors' data demonstrated higher metal and barium levels in FE than in the other tissue sites. Polyethylene and cement debris were noted in nearly every case. Cement, polyethylene, and metallic particulate wear debris may contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of FE.