萘普生钠片溶出度测定及体内外相关性评价

目的:进行萘普生钠片体外溶出度的测定及体内外相关性评价.方法:按USP29版萘普生钠片溶出度测定法测定萘普生钠片体外溶出度,用HPLC法测定萘普生钠片在人体内的血药浓度,并用BAPP2.0程序进行拟合.结果:以体内吸收分数(F)对体外累积溶出率(X)进行线性回归,得方程F=0.330 3X 0.699 8(r=0.991 5),体内吸收分数与体外累积溶出率具有良好的相关性.结论:USP29版萘普生钠片的溶出度方法合理,可以较好反映体内吸收情况.     

f因子法考察萘普生胶囊溶出度

目的:考察2种市售萘普生胶囊的溶出曲线,研究《中国药典》和《日本药局方》规定的溶出务件下溶出度的差异,分析现行溶出方法的质量可控性.方法:采用溶出仪测定萘普生胶囊在水,pH1.2,pH4.0,pH6.8,pH7.4等5种介质中的溶出曲线,对试验结果进行分析并用f因子法评估溶出曲线的相似性.结果:2种市售萘普生胶囊溶出曲线与日本标准溶出曲线相比存在较大差异,且国产萘普生制剂溶出较慢.2种市售萘普生胶囊的溶出度均符合《中国药典》的规定,但不同厂家生产的萘普生胶囊之间溶出曲线差异较大,不同厂家产品存在质量差异.结论:现行药典的溶出限度(Q值)不能反映制剂质量的内在差异,建议生产企业采用溶出曲线对制剂产品进行生产工艺、处方、质量评估.     

氟康唑胶囊和片剂溶出度考察

目的:考察氟康唑胶囊和片剂的溶出度.方法:采用浆法测定溶出度,以盐酸溶液(9-1000)作为溶出介质,转速80r·min-1,温度(37.0±0.5)℃;用紫外分光光度法测定含量.结果:四个不同厂家的氟康唑胶囊和片剂溶出度均符合中国药典2000年版规定,但不同厂家制剂溶出度稳定性存在差异.结论:此方法可用于氟康唑口服剂型的溶出度监测.     

萘普生片的体外溶出度考察

该文采用转篮法配以紫外分光光度法研究了4个厂家6批萘普生片的体外溶出度。求得T_(50)、T_4等参数具有显著性差异,表明不同厂家生产的萘普生片溶出度相差显著。作者对影响萘普生片药物溶出的某些因素进行了讨论,并提出国产萘普生片有必要制定溶出度标准。     

依托贝特胶囊溶出度测定方法的建立

目的:建立依托贝特胶囊溶出度测定方法.方法:采用浆法,以0.1 mol·L-1的盐酸溶液900 ml为溶出介质,转速为75 r·min-1测定依托贝特胶囊溶出度.结果:依托贝特胶囊45 min时溶出度达到80%以上,且批内不同样品间溶出度RSD在5%以内,表明样品溶出快,溶出均一性好.结论:该测定方法简单方便,适用于依托贝特胶囊的质量控制.     

光纤药物溶出度测定仪实时监测罗红霉素胶囊的溶出度

目的:建立实时监测罗红胶囊溶出过程的方法,并考察5批罗红霉素胶囊溶出过程的差异。方法:运用标准品法,采用光纤药物溶出度测定(FODT)仪对不同批次罗红霉素胶囊溶出进行实时监测,并与《中国药典》法测定结果比较。结果:不同批次罗红霉素胶囊溶出过程存在差异,药物溶出100%的时间从10min到32min不等;FODT仪法与《中国药典》法测定溶出45min时总溶出率平均值分别为(96.64±2.95)%、(91.76±3.12)%。结论:光纤药物溶出度实时测定法能够有效、快速地测定罗红霉素胶囊体外溶出度,可以作为罗红霉素胶囊半成品溶出度检验手段,促进成品合格率提高。     

头孢丙烯胶囊溶出度测定法研究

目的:建立头孢丙烯胶囊溶出度的测定方法.方法:依据<中国药典>溶出度测定法(附录XC第一法),以水为溶剂,转速100 r·min-1,30 min取样.结果:采用紫外一可见分光光度法.头孢丙烯胶囊溶出度的测定结果表明,其溶出量不得低于70%.在60～6.0 mg·L-1呈线性(r=0.9999),回收率100.4%,RSD=0.8%.结论:本法稳定、简便、准确、可行.     

尼美舒利片溶出度测定方法的研究

目的:建立尼美舒利片溶出度测定方法.方法:以pH8.80磷酸盐缓冲液为溶出介质,采用桨法进行溶出度测定,转速:75 r·min-1,用紫外分光光度法在393 nm波长处测定.结果:尼美舒利在2～30 mg·L-1线性关系良好(r=1.00).结论:测定方法简便、准确度高、可用于尼美舒利片溶出度质量控制.     

替米沙坦精氨酸盐胶囊溶出度的测定方法

目的:研制替米沙坦精氨酸盐胶囊并对其溶出度进行考察.方法:溶出介质选用0.1mol·mL-1 900mL盐酸溶液,用紫外分光光度法测定其溶出度,测定波长为291nm.测定替米沙坦精氨酸盐胶囊在不同转速及不同时间的累积溶出量.结果:转速为75r·min-1,取样时间为20min,替米沙坦精氨酸盐胶囊的溶出度均大于标示量的...     

吲达帕胺胶囊的研制及溶出度考察

目的:研制吲达帕胺胶囊并对其溶出度进行考察.方法:溶出介质选用乙醇-水(5:895)900mL,用紫外分光光度法测定其溶出度,测定波长为240nm.测定吲达帕胺胶囊在不同转速及不同时间的累积溶出量.结果:转速为75r·min-1,取样时间为45min,吲达帕胺胶囊的溶出度均大于标示量的70%.结论:所研制的吲达帕胺胶囊溶出度符合要求.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.