Expression of IGFBPs in the developing mouse submandibular and von Ebner's glands

The expression of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) in the developing mouse submandibular and von Ebner’s glands was determined by in situ hybridization and by an immunohistochemical method. In the submandibular glands, IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-4 mRNAs were expressed in the terminal end-buds (TEB) at E13–E17, concomitant with epithelial branching. IGFBP-3 mRNA was expressed in the mesenchyme surrounding the TEB; and IGFBP-5 mRNA, in the ducts. At E17, IGFBP-5 mRNA expression was observed not only in the ducts but also in the TEB. Similarly, IGFBP-4 mRNA expression was observed not only in the TEB but also in the mesenchyme. After birth, IGFBP-4 expression was observed only in the connective tissue and disappeared by P14. That of IGFBP-7 appeared at P1 and was observed in the connective tissue until P21. The IGFBP-5 mRNA expression pattern after birth was the same as that seen at E17, but at P21 IGFBP-5 was immunohistochemically expressed only in the duct. The mRNA level of IGFBP-2 expression at postnatal days was weak, but its protein was detected in the ducts and acini at P14–P21. In von Ebner’s glands, which appeared at the base of the circumvallate papillae at E17, only IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-4 mRNAs were expressed in the ducts and acini. Postnatally, IGFBP-4 was substituted by IGFBP-5 in the same region. Immunohistochemically, IGFBP-5 and IGFBP-2 were expressed in the ducts and acini at P14–P21. Throughout the study, IGFBP-6 was not detected by in situ hybridization, the immunoreactivity for it was observed in the nerve fibers of submandibular and von Ebner’s glands. These data support a role for these molecules as local mediators of salivary growth and differentiation.     

Correlative Study of Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome by Light,Scanning, and Transmission Electron Microscopy

The sequential pulmonary changes occurring in the evolution of adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) were studied in 35 patients by correlative light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. The causes of ARDS were diverse, the major ones being sepsis or aspiration. Patient survival ranged from 3 to 51 days. The acute stage in patients surviving 2 to 7 days was characterized by an exudative reaction with a predominance of hyaline membranes. This acute stage merged with and was replaced by a subacute reparative stage in patients surviving 7 to 14 days, which in turn was replaced by a chronic fibroproliferative stage complicated by interstitial pulmonary fibrosis and a deranged acinar architecture. Correlation of findings by scannning electron microscopy with those by light and transmission electron microscopy provided an added dimension to understanding of the evolving stages of ARDS and demonstrated that type 2 pneumocytes contributed to the fibroproliferative stage through organization of hyaline membranes and re-epithelialization of alveoli.     

Correlative Study of Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome by Light, Scanning, and Transmission Electron Microscopy

The sequential pulmonary changes occurring in the evolution of adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) were studied in 35 patients by correlative light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. The causes of ARDS were diverse, the major ones being sepsis or aspiration. Patient survival ranged from 3 to 51 days. The acute stage in patients surviving 2 to 7 days was characterized by an exudative reaction with a predominance of hyaline membranes. This acute stage merged with and was replaced by a subacute reparative stage in patients surviving 7 to 14 days, which in turn was replaced by a chronic fibroproliferative stage complicated by interstitial pulmonary fibrosis and a deranged acinar architecture. Correlation of findings by scannning electron microscopy with those by light and transmission electron microscopy provided an added dimension to understanding of the evolving stages of ARDS and demonstrated that type 2 pneumocytes contributed to the fibroproliferative stage through organization of hyaline membranes and re-epithelialization of alveoli.     

Scanning Electron Microscopy of Rat Erythrocytes during Chronic Alcoholic Intoxication Combined with Protein and Vitamin Deficit

Electron microscopy revealed morphological changes in erythrocytes from rats with chronic alcoholic intoxication kept on protein- and vitamin B-deficient rations. All animals had anisopoikilocytosis (up to 50%). Most pronounced changes in erythrocyte population attesting to accelerated erythrocyte aging (stomato- and microcytosis, discocyte swelling, and spontaneous hemolysis) were found in alcohol-fed rats kept on deficient ration.     

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: A Correlative Study by Light, Scanning, and Transmission Electron Microscopy

The sequential stages of bronchopulmonary dysplasia occurring in 18 infants after intensive respiratory therapy supplemented by oxygen in high concentrations were studied by correlative light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. Infant survival ranged from 3 to 225 days. The earliest stage was an exudative reaction with a predominance of hyaline membranes. This merged with a subacute reparative response that was replaced by a chronic fibroproliferative stage in infants of longest survival; this stage was complicated by pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema. Correlative scanning and transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that type 2 pneumocytes contributed significantly to the reparative fibroproliferative response by organization of hyaline membranes and reepithelialization of damaged septal walls.     

Detection of Villous Conidia of Conidiobolus coronatus in a Blood Sample by Scanning Electron Microscopy Investigation

Conidiobolus coronatus is a major insect pathogen belonging to the fungal order Entomophthorales, causing a rare subcutaneous infection of the nasofacial region, resulting in swelling of predominantly the nose, mouth, and perinasal tissue. Later in the course of the infection firm, painless, subcutaneous nodules develop that are attached to the underlying tissues but not to the skin. No morphological studies are available in the literature on the morphology of C. coronatus in vivo and all morphological studies have been conducted on in vitro cultures. Here the authors report on the ultrastructural pathology as seen with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) of villous conidia of C. coronatus, detected in a 37-year-old woman who presented to the casualty department at Pretoria Academic Hospital, South Africa with left-sided facial pain and headache. The diagnosis of C. coronatus was confirmed by LightCycler real-time flourescence PCR technique. Research shows that typically diagnosis of the pathogen is established only on histological examination, and in over 85% of cases cultures for the causative organism is negative. This pathogen has not previously been found in a blood sample and the authors present for the first time the morphology of C. coronatus in blood using the SEM.     

Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy of a Craniopharyngioma: X-ray Microanalytical Study of the Intratumoral Mineralized Deposits

This paper discusser the value of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray microanalysis in the classification of craniopharyngiomas. This neoplasm shows epithelial nests, cords of cuboid cells, foci of squamous metaplasia, and microcystic degeneration. SEM reveals that the epithelial cysts are lined with elongated cells that possess numerous microvilli and blebs and that some cysts are lined with polyhedral cells. The microvilli are interpreted as characteristic of the fast growing craniopharyngiomas. A microanalytical study of the calcified areas reveals the presence of magnesium, phosphorus, and calcium.     

Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy of a Craniopharyngioma: X-ray Microanalytical Study of the Intratumoral Mineralized Deposits

This paper discusser the value of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray microanalysis in the classification of craniopharyngiomas. This neoplasm shows epithelial nests, cords of cuboid cells, foci of squamous metaplasia, and microcystic degeneration. SEM reveals that the epithelial cysts are lined with elongated cells that possess numerous microvilli and blebs and that some cysts are lined with polyhedral cells. The microvilli are interpreted as characteristic of the fast growing craniopharyngiomas. A microanalytical study of the calcified areas reveals the presence of magnesium, phosphorus, and calcium.     

Correlative Light and Scanning Electron Microscopy of Intestinal Giardiasis,Cryptosporidiosis, and Spirochetosis

Cases of intestinal giardiasis, spirochetosis, and cryptosporidiosis were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained tissue sections from which the coverslips were removed and the sections coated with gold. The technique is simple and reliably provides excellent morphologic detail that is preserved in the deparaffinized 4 microsections. We present examples of nine intestinal parasites examined in this manner and compare this technique with standard H&E staining and special stains with regard to relative costs, turnaround time, labor input, and morphologic preservation. Scanning electron microscopy is a useful adjunct in providing confirmatory evidence in the diagnosis of intestinal giardiasis, spirochetosis, and cryptosporidiosis.     

Collagen Fibrils in the Odontoblast Layer in the Teeth of the Rat and the House Shrew,Suncus murinus by Scanning Electron Microscopy Using a Maceration Method

It is not well known whether there are gaps in the tight junctions between odontoblasts and whether the fluid flows from the pulp to the predentin through these gaps. The collagen fibrils in the odontoblast layer were investigated using a maceration method in order to show the existence of the gaps between tight junctions of the odontoblasts. The mandibles containing teeth of the rat and the house shrew were digested by NaOH maceration and revealed the architecture of the collagen fibrils under scanning electron microscopy. The collagen fibrils went from the pulp, through the odontoblast layer, and were woven into the collagen network of the predentin in all teeth used in this study. Thick bundles of collagen were seen in the odontoblast layer at the pulp horn of the rat molars. Because there are many collagen fibrils in the odontoblast layer, it is considered that the tight junction of the odontoblast is of the discontinuous type.     

Correlative Light Optical, Scanning Electron, and Transmission Electron Microscopy of Skeletal Muscle in Muscular Dystrophy and Muscular Atrophy: A Pilot Study

Biopsies of skeletal muscle from three different cases of muscular dystrophy and one case of spinal muscular atrophy that had been fixed with Karnovsky's fluid were either routinely prepared for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) or were frozen to-20°C and sectioned on a steel knife in a cryostat at 5-10 μm. The sections were coverslipped and examined using a light microscope equipped with polarizing optics (Pol). After areas were selected, the sections were prepared for SEM and thereby examined. The tissues on the slides that had been observed with light microscopy (LM) and SEM were prepared further for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) by infiltrating them with Epon and cutting sections at approximately 100 nm on an ultramicrotome. It is shown that the stage of contraction in one pathologic myofiber may vary along its length. The following advantages may be realized by using correlative (Pol → SEM → TEM) microscopy on skeletal muscle biopsies: 1) lesions can be differentiated from “normal” surrounding tissue; 2) doubtful structures can be reexamined with the SEM and TEM; and 3) the SEM image of different states of muscle contraction can be reinterpreted in the light of the Pol or TEM image.     

Correlative Light Optical,Scanning Electron,and Transmission Electron Microscopy of Skeletal Muscle in Muscular Dystrophy and Muscular Atrophy: A Pilot Study

Biopsies of skeletal muscle from three different cases of muscular dystrophy and one case of spinal muscular atrophy that had been fixed with Karnovsky's fluid were either routinely prepared for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) or were frozen to-20°C and sectioned on a steel knife in a cryostat at 5-10 μm. The sections were coverslipped and examined using a light microscope equipped with polarizing optics (Pol). After areas were selected, the sections were prepared for SEM and thereby examined. The tissues on the slides that had been observed with light microscopy (LM) and SEM were prepared further for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) by infiltrating them with Epon and cutting sections at approximately 100 nm on an ultramicrotome. It is shown that the stage of contraction in one pathologic myofiber may vary along its length. The following advantages may be realized by using correlative (Pol → SEM → TEM) microscopy on skeletal muscle biopsies: 1) lesions can be differentiated from “normal” surrounding tissue; 2) doubtful structures can be reexamined with the SEM and TEM; and 3) the SEM image of different states of muscle contraction can be reinterpreted in the light of the Pol or TEM image.     

血管性痴呆小鼠第三脑室室管膜扫描电镜特征观察

目的:观察血管性痴呆(VD)小鼠第三脑室正中隆起室管膜表面扫描电镜特征变化并探讨其意义.方法:采用双侧颈总动脉线结、反复缺血-再灌注法,制作小鼠VD动物模型,并设假手术组作为对照.应用扫描电镜对两组小鼠上述区域进行观察.结果:(1)假手术组:室管膜上皮细胞表面可见较多的纤毛和大量的微绒毛.分泌颗粒丰富,呈圆球形.室管膜上神经元样细胞较多,胞体饱满,呈梭形或锥体形,突起较多.(2)VD模型组:纤毛和微绒毛均明显减少,且室管膜细胞表面凹凸不平.室管膜细胞分泌颗粒明显减少,且形态各异,有皱缩现象.室管膜上神经元样细胞数量减少,胞体不饱满,树突减少.结论:VD小鼠正中隆起室管膜细胞和室管膜上神经元样细胞存在着超微结构的损伤;本研究发现的上述改变是VD发生的重要病理学改变之一.     

Bacteria in Biopsies of Human Hypochloridric Stomach: A Scanning Electron Microscopy Study

A long-lasting condition of hypochloridria leads to a bacterial growth both in the gastric lumen and biopsies of human stomach. Some of these bacteria are probably involved in gastric carcinogenesis, due to their capacity of nitrosation. This study was carried out on biopsies taken during endoscopy from both gastric antrum and the body of patients with or without hypochloridria. Scanning electron microscopy observation shows that bacteria, other than Helicobacter pyloridout, found in hypochloridria, can be located not only over but also into and under the mucus layer covering the gastric epithelium. In such areas, mechanical and biochemical damage may occur.     

Immunohistochemical and Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of Cytokeratin Distribution in the Collecting Tubule of the Rat Kidney

Cytokeratin distribution in the collecting tubules (CTs) of the rat kidney was studied by immunohistochemistry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). After preparation of sections from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue for immunohistochemistry, the remaining tissue was prepared for SEM. The cut surfaces of the tissue were examined by SEM and compared with sections stained with anti cytokeratin antibody. The immunostained sections revealed positive staining along the entire CTs. However, in addition to diffusely stained cells, unstained and partially stained cells were seen. The latter were not distributed in inner medullary CTs, whereas the diffusely stained cells were observed in cortical, outer medullary and inner medullary CTs. This immunohistochemical heterogeneity of cytokeratin reactivity was prominent in the outer medullary and cortical CTs. From this comparative study of immunostained sections and SEM specimens, it was concluded that the hetero-geneously stained cells correspond to intercalated cells, whereas the diffusely stained cells represent most principal cells. These results suggest that the difference in cytokeratin density among CT cells may represent different functional states, at least in intercalated cells.     

电镜观察培养脊髓神经元溶酶体的形态及影响因素

目的　探讨初代培养脊髓神经元中线状溶酶体 (NLY)与圆形溶酶体 (SLY)的超微结构及其影响因素。方法　应用电镜酸性磷酸酶 (ACPase)细胞化学方法和透射电镜观察初代培养脊髓神经元中NLY与SLY的超微结构。结果　培养脊髓神经元中存在ACPase阳性的NLY与SLY。诺考达唑处理后NLY明显减少 ,SLY明显增多 ,主要分布在核周。佛波醇酯 (PMA)处理后可见NLY明显增多 ,靠近质膜处比靠近核膜处多 ,在突起中NLY沿着长轴分布 ,SLY明显减少。结论　初代培养脊髓神经元中溶酶体的形态受微管解聚剂诺考达唑及微管聚合剂PMA的调控     

Immunohistochemical and Electron Microscopic Profiles of Cutaneous Kaposi's Sarcoma and Bacillary Angiomatosis

Thirty cases of cutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) were evaluated and compared with eight cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related bacillary angiomatosis (BA). The morphologic features of both lesions were studied by light and electron microscopy and by immunohistochemistry with monoclonal endothelial antibodies against CD34, BNH9, and factor VIII-related antigen as well as the lectins Ulex europaeus 1 and Psophocarpus tetragonolobus. Macrophage/monocyte markers used were α₁-antitrypsin, lysosome, Kp1 (CD68), and polyclonal factor XIIIa. Electron microscopic studies demonstrated that most of the spindle cells in KS showed a paucity of cell organelles and an absence of Weible-Palade bodies (WPB), whereas the cells in BA showed activated endothelial cells with WPB. By immunohistochemistry the spindle cells in KS were consistently positive for CD34 only, whereas proliferating cells in BA expressed all endothelial markers used. Numerous cells expressing macrophage/monocyte markers were present surrounding both KS and BA, and a small number of similar cells were entrapped within both lesions. The results demonstrated a restricted immunohistochemical profile for endothelial cell markers in spindle cells of KS (CD34⁺) distinct from that of endothelial cells in BA. These findings suggest that the spindle cells in KS are poorly differentiated endothelial cells or that they belong to an endothelial cell subset with partial expression of endothelial phenotype.     

Binder and Interphase Microstructure in a Composite Material Characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy and NMR Spin Diffusion Experiments

¹H NMR spin diffusion is shown to advantageously complement scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations for the characterization of polymer structuring in composite materials. It is here demonstrated on a material containing a few percent of polymer binder and a crystalline organic/inorganic mixture as reinforcement. In SEM observations, polymer accumulations are seen. However, the polymer is also expected to fill small porosities and thin layers at the interface of particles to ensure the cohesion and the mechanical properties of the assembly. In most cases, this polymer structuring is invisible considering the resolution and contrast achieved by SEM on such material. It is thus investigated taking advantage of the two‐step decay of nuclear magnetic resonance spin diffusion curves. Average thickness values of 30 and 188 nm are estimated for the interphase and the overall polymer, respectively. Such structural information improves the knowledge of structure/property relationships and provides better understanding of material properties and making processes.     

The Microvascular Anatomy of the Trachea in Adult Xenopus laevis Daudin (Lissamphibia; Anura): Scanning Electron Microscopy of Vascular Corrosion Casts and Correlative Light Microscopy

Studies on the amphibian respiratory tract microvascular anatomy are few and contradictory. Using scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts, correlative light microscopy of paraplast‐embedded Goldner‐stained serial tissue sections, and three‐dimensional morphometry, we studied the topographic microvascular anatomy in the trachea of the adult South African Clawed Toad, Xenopus laevis Daudin. Histomorphology showed that the cartilaginous portion of the trachea contained irregularly shaped hyaline cartilage plates in its cranial and caudal portions and C‐shaped hyaline cartilage rings in the middle portion. Tracheal cartilages formed large continuous plates on the ventral circumference, numerous small discontinuous plates on the dorsal circumference, and large vertical plates on the caudolateral circumference. The muscular portion of the trachea consisted of bands of smooth muscle that joined the free ends of cartilage plates. The supply of the trachea was via pulmonal artery—tracheobronchial trunk artery—tracheobronchial artery—tracheal artery. The subepithelial capillary network consisted of rectangular meshes which are in the area of the tracheal cartilages located between the cartilages and the respiratory epithelium. Small tracheal veins merged into a single tracheal vein that emptied into the pulmonary vein. Because of its dense subepithelial capillary network and its drainage into the pulmonal vein, the trachea could actively take part in respiration. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.