气质对6—8月龄婴儿智力发展的影响

目的：本研究的目的是探讨气质对儿童智力发展的作用，为在我国开展儿童早期教育及高危儿童的医疗干预提供一些理论依据。方法：２１１名６～８月龄正常男女婴儿，男孩１１０名，女孩１０１名，平均月龄７．０３±０．８１；采用Ｃａｒｅｙ气质问卷评定婴儿的气质，以贝利婴儿发展量表评价婴儿的智力和运动能力。结果：经方差分析显示，正性情绪占优势者比中等情绪或负性情绪占优势者智力发展更好，坚持度高和中等者比坚持度低的婴儿智力要好；回避新环境和坚持度低的婴儿运动能力发展较差；易于抚养气质婴儿的智力和运动能力均明显的比难于抚养气质及中间型气质婴儿的高；多元逐步回归分析显示，影响智力发展的主要因素是坚持度和趋避性，影响运动发展的主要因素是坚持度和反应阈值，表现为趋近新环境、坚持度高、反应阈值高有利于智力和运动能力的发展。结论：气质对儿童智力和运动的发展具有明显的作用，并且这种作用在婴儿期即已表现出来。     

婴幼儿气质与家庭环境的关系

目的：探讨婴幼儿气质与家庭环境的关系。方法：抽取年龄为一岁的婴儿81例，分别在一岁与两岁半时用幼儿气质问卷、家庭环境表进行评估。结果：一岁时气质特征与经济收入、居住面积、父母年龄、父亲文化程度及HOME量表中的反应性、多样性刺激有关；两岁半时气质特征与经济收入，居住面积、父母年龄、父母文化程度及HOME量表中的提供玩具、参与性、多样化刺激等显著相关。结论：婴幼儿气质受家庭环境的制约，而且随着年龄增长，家庭环境产生的作用愈大。     

教师用儿童气质量表的试用结果分析

本研究运用教师评价的儿童气质量表（ＴＴＱ）中文版，测查了４１１名３至６岁儿童的气质特点。结果表明：该量表的项目间具有较好的一致性；在“活动水平”、“反应强度”和“注意力分散度”分量表上，男孩的得分明显高于女孩，而在“反应阈限”和“心境”上的得分，女孩高于男孩；在“注意广度和持久性”上具有显著的年龄差异；教师与家长对儿童气质的评价在“反应阈限”和“注意力分散度”方面具有显著性差异。     

上海市1个月-12岁儿童气质特点研究

目的 :探讨儿童气质的变化特点 ,并为建立常模提供依据。方法 :选取有代表性的上海市 1个月— 12岁的儿童 ,有效例数 2 15 3人 ,采用Carey的EITQ、RITQ、TTS、BSQ、MCTQ进行儿童气质的研究 ,分别按年龄和性别进行分析。结果 :1岁以内气质的性别差异无或很小 ;1-3岁儿童中男孩较女孩反应强烈 ;3 -7岁儿童中男孩活动量较高、节律性较强、反应阈较高 ;8-12岁儿童中男孩的活动量较高、可预见性较低、反应较强烈、坚持性较低。 1岁内儿童的活动水平随年龄而增高 ,1岁以后的儿童总体上表现为高年龄组儿童的活动水平降低、适应性更强的倾向 ,3岁以后的儿童表现出随年龄增加而反应强度下降、坚持性增高的倾向 ,1-7岁之间儿童的注意分散度逐渐下降。气质特点约从 7岁左右开始更稳定。结论 :儿童气质的性别差异随年龄增长而逐渐显现出来 ,高年龄组中差异显著的维度较低年龄组多。气质特点随年龄变化的趋势与儿童的神经心理发育密切相关。     

4～6岁幼儿的问题行为与父子关系

目的:探究4~6岁幼儿问题行为与父子关系的关系。方法:选取北京市某园4~6岁幼儿102例(4岁36例,5岁36例,6岁30例;男孩55例,女孩47例),使用儿童行为调查表(CBCL)测量幼儿的问题行为,家庭关系指征量表(FRI)测量父子关系。结果:处于消极、中性和积极父子关系的幼儿数量分别为41例、49例和12例。Kruskal-Wallis非参数检验表明,4、5、6岁年龄组在CBCL的三个分量表及八个行为因子上的得分差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。消极父子关系幼儿的CBCL问题行为得分高于中性父子关系的幼儿[30.5(7.0,58.0)vs.16.0(0.0,69.0),P0.05],退缩行为因子得分高于中性和积极父子关系的幼儿[3.0(0.0,4.0)vs.1.0(0.0,6.0),1.0(0.0,4.0),P0.05]。Mann-Whitney U检验表明男孩的注意问题因子得分高于女孩(P0.05),但在其他行为因子的得分无性别差异。Kruskal-Wallis检验结果表明,消极父子关系男孩的问题行为分量表得分、焦虑抑郁因子分、注意问题因子分、内化性行为因子分高于中性父子关系的男孩;消极父子关系男孩的退缩行为因子得分高于中性和积极父子关系的男孩(均P0.05)。不同父子关系的女孩的CBCL三个分量表及8个因子得分差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:处于消极父子关系的幼儿表现出更多的问题行为和退缩行为;男孩的注意问题行为多于女孩;与女孩相比,男孩的问题行为与父子关系的联系更为密切。     

儿童智能发展追踪研究

１９８９～１９９５年对１３３名儿童（男５７名，女７６名）分别于婴幼儿期、学龄前期和学龄初期进行智力监测。通过二次智力测试结果分析表明：（１）儿童智力分布呈常态分布，符合智力发展的一般规律；（２）儿童的智商随年龄增长而有所提高；（３）男女智商均值差别无统计学意义，但有女性智力发展较男性早及男性变异比女生大趋势；（４）婴幼儿期发育商与学龄前期和学龄初期的智商相关系数较小，表明它们关系不密切。     

不同性别学童攻击行为与家庭环境的关系

目的：探讨不同性别学童攻击性行为与家庭环境中的父母管教行为，家庭的冲解决策略和家庭氛围的关系。方法：以164名学童（男生96名，女生68名）的家长为研究对象，进行《儿童行为量表》（家长用）、《父母管教行为量表》、《冲突解决策略量表》和《家庭环境量表》的测量。结果：男孩和女孩的攻击性行为无显著差异，父母的管教行为与女孩的攻击性行为有显著相关，家庭冲突解决中的移置策略，直接策略和家庭的冲突性氛围与男女的攻击性行为都有关，且家庭内直接的冲突解决策略可以成为男女学童攻击行为的预测因素。结论：男女学童的攻击行为都与家庭环境有关，只是相关的因子和程度有所不同；家庭内直接的冲突解决策略可以成为男女学童攻击行为的预测因素。     

注意缺陷多动障碍性别差异的认知研究

目的初步探索注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)男孩与女孩认知功能有何异同.方法以30例ADHD女孩、174例ADHD男孩为研究对象,采用龚耀先修订的韦氏儿童智力量表(C-WISC)、韦氏记忆量表(WMS)、数字划消、Stroop测验和瑞文标准推理测验对其智力、记忆力、注意力水平及执行功能进行评定.结果C-WISC中,ADHD女孩组常识、理解、积木分测验成绩低于ADHD男孩组,言语智商(99±10)、操作智商(93±15)、总智商(95±12)、A因子(99±11)、B因子(93±15)虽在正常范围,但均低于ADHD男孩组(分别为105±12,98±15,102±13,104±13,100±15,P均<0.05),智力发展不平衡现象两组差异无显著性;WMS中,仅理解一项ADHD女孩组(4.9±2.4)优于男孩组(3.7±2.4,P<0.05),其余各项无组间差异;瑞文标准推理测验中,ADHD女孩组的标准分等级(M=3)高于ADHD男孩组(M=4),但差异无显著性(Z=-1.038,P=0.299);经严格年龄配对后,ADHD女孩在Stroop测验中D完成时间((44±8)秒)和字义干扰时((19±6)秒)短于ADHD男孩(分别为(54±16)秒,(27±12)秒),差异具有显著性(P均<0.01),数字划消测验结果两组差异无显著性.结论同ADHD男孩相比,ADHD女孩有更严重的智力受损,记忆力、注意力受损程度相近,执行功能中的计划、选择性抑制能力则相对保持较好.     

常德地区193例精神发育迟滞调查分析

目的了解精神发育迟滞与智力残疾情况.方法对近3年精神发育迟滞所致的智力残疾鉴定病例进行调查分析.结果精神发育迟滞患者男性比女性多,性别差异具显著性;轻、中度智力残疾性别差异无显著性,重度智力残疾性别差异具显著性.患者97.9%自幼起病,80.3%是文盲,70.7%未婚,1.0%在业.结论精神发育迟滞因其终生性、危害性、病因复杂性,其预防非常重要,应作为精神遗传病预防的重中之重.     

低出生体重儿童的气质特征和行为问题

目的：探讨低出生体重对2～3岁儿童气质特征和行为发育的影响。方法：采用1～3岁婴幼儿气质问卷(TTQ)、2～3岁Aehenbaeh儿童行为量表(CBCL)和自编的家庭一般环境问卷，对50名2～3岁低出生体重(LBW)儿童和380名正常出生体重（NBW)儿童进行气质和行为问题的调查。结果：①在九个气质维度中，只有活动水平，LBW组儿童低于NBW组，差异有统计学显著性(t=-2．192，P=0．029)，而两组儿童气质类型的分布无统计学显著差异，均以中间型和易养型为主。②LBW组社交退缩的发生率高于NBW儿童差异有显著性(x^2=5．427，P=0．02)，而NBW儿童的睡眠障碍高于LBW组，差异有统计学显著性(t=2．20,P=0．031)。结论：2～3岁LBW儿童的活动水平低，社交退缩的发生率高，需通过养育方式适当干预。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.