他克莫司替代环孢素A在肾移植术后肝功能损害患者中的应用

目的 :评价对肾移植术后肝功能损害患者用他克莫司 (FK5 0 6 )替代环孢素A(CsA)治疗的有效性及安全性。方法 :2 3例肾移植术后肝功能损害患者由CsA加霉酚酸酯 (MMF)加泼尼松 (Pred)方案改为FK5 0 6加MMF加Pred方案。FK5 0 6按 0 .1mg/kg·d-1剂量口服 ,随后根据血药浓度调整用量。结果 :2 3例患者除 1例因肺部感染死亡外 ,其余均在替代用药后 6 0d内肝功能恢复正常。有 6例患者出现血糖升高 ,1例血脂升高。 6例血糖升高者有 4例既往有糖尿病史 ,1例并发丙型肝炎。结论 :FK5 0 6替代CsA治疗肾移植术后肝损害患者效果好 ,无排斥反应发生、安全     

两种免疫抑制方案在肾移植中应用的不良反应对比分析

目的 评价免疫抑制剂的不同组合在肾移植中应用的安全性。方法 回顾分析肾移植患者的临床资料，术后采用环孢素A(CsA)、硫唑嘌呤(Aza)及泼尼松(Pred)三联用药预防排斥反应者37例(Aza组)，采用CsA、霉酚酸酯(MMF)及Pred三联用药者35例(MMF组)。比较分析两个组用药后的药物不良反应。结果 在消化道反应、白细胞减少、全血细胞减少以及继发感染发生率等方面，MMF组与Aza组的差异无显著性(P＞0．05)，而肝功能损伤的发生率，Aza组明显高于MMF组(P＜0．05)。结论 在药物性肝损伤方面，以MMF、CsA及Pred组成的免疫抑制方案较CsA、Aza及Pred方案相对安全。     

硫唑嘌呤或骁悉治疗的肾移植患者术后早期并发症比较

目的:比较硫唑嘌呤(azathioprine,Aza)或霉酚酸酯(mycophenolate mofetil,MMF)联合环孢素 激素两种免疫抑制方案的肾移植患者,在术后并发症方面的差异,探讨较理想的免疫抑制方案。方法:收集两组肾移植患者249例:Aza组(即应用Aza CsA 激素)、MMF组(MMF CsA 激素),统计两组患者在术后1年内各种并发症(包括排斥反应、各种感染、肝损害、白细胞减少等)的发生。结果:Aza组与MMF组术后1年急性排斥反应的发生率差异显著;两组总的感染率、肺部感染率相近,但发生急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)及肺部感染病死率后者明显高于前者。在肝损害、白细胞减少、糖尿病等方面,两组也无统计学差异。结论:MMF组在减少急性排异方面优于Aza组,但增加重症肺部感染机会,肺部感染的病死率升高,且费用贵,故临床上应根据具体情况选择。     

咪唑立宾在尸体肾移植术后的应用

目的 :探讨咪唑立宾 (Mzb)在尸体肾移植术后应用的效果及安全性。方法 :6 0例首次接受尸体肾移植的患者随机地分为硫唑嘌呤 (Aza)组、霉酚酸酯 (MMF)组及Mzb组 ,每组 2 0例 ,且均以环孢素A或普乐可复及泼尼松作为基础免疫抑制剂。观察术后 6个月内急性排斥反应 (AR)发生率、并发症及人 /肾存活情况。结果 :Mzb组AR发生率明显低于Aza组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,与MMF组相近。Mzb组腹泻、全血细胞减少发生率低于MMF组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,肝功能损害发生率低于Aza组 (P <0 .0 5 )。Aza组和MMF组中全血细胞减少者经转换为Mzb后均好转。Mzb组人 /肾均存活。结论 :Mzb同样能明显降低尸体肾移植术后AR的发生率 ,效果与MMF相似 ,而且使用安全 ,可作为Aza及MMF的替代药物     

肝移植术后免疫抑制剂的替换应用

目的 探讨和总结肝脏移植术后免疫抑制剂的替换应用情况和经验。方法 回顾性分析我院1993年4月－2001年7月施行的67例肝脏移植，对48例早期肝移植患者中发生的免疫抑制剂替换应用情况进行总结。结果 48例患者中，21例（43．8％）因术后出现排斥反应或严重毒副作用而替换为其它免疫抑制方案。环孢素A（CsA 硫唑嘌呤（Aza)＋激素方案组（31例）中，15例（48．4％）进行替换；CsA 霉酚酸酯（MMF）＋激素组（14例）中，6例（43％）进行替换。发生排斥反应者常规应用激素冲击治疗，同时替换免疫抑制剂，将CsA替换为他克莫司（FK506）或提高CsA剂量，可获得有效控制；出现药物性肝损害者应及时减少CsA用量或成FK506，其肝功能多能改善；出现肾功能损害者应减少CsA用量并改联用MMF，或替换成FK506后可有效挽救肾功能；白细胞减少或严重感染者，应停用Aza或MMF，或将CsA改为FK506后可有效挽救肾功能；白细胞减少或严重感染者，应停用Aza或MMF，或将CsA改为FK506；神经系统病变经更换免疫抑制剂可以好转。结论 合理应用免疫抑制剂是提高肝移植成功率的关键之一；治疗中应视具体情况及时、果断、合理地转换免疫抑制剂，可以有效控制排斥反应、毒副作用及相关并发症，提高移植肝的存活率。     

肾移植术后早期排斥反应的处理

目的：探讨。肾移植术后早期排斥反应(AR)的处理方法。方法：对14例。肾移植术后3周内发生AR的患者,应用甲基泼尼松龙(MP)治疗7例,改硫唑嘌呤(Aza)为霉酚酸脂(MMF?)治疗5例,抗CD3治疗6例。结果：应用MP治疗的7例中5例AR逆转,2例无效;改Aza为MMF治疗的5例3例逆转,2例无效(其中包括MP无效的2例改Aza为MMF治疗后1例逆转1例无效)。抗CD3治疗6例4例逆转,2例无效(其中MP治疗无效改Aza为MMF治疗后仍无效的1例逆转,MP治疗无效的基础免疫为CsA加MMF?加Pred的1例无效)。结论：MP可使大部分术后早期AR逆转。应用Aza的患者改用MMP后可使早期AR逆转,MP不能完全逆转的AR改用MMF后也有良好的效果。及时应用抗CD3几乎可使术后早期AR全部逆转。     

不同剂型吗替麦考酚酯用于同种肾移植的有效性和安全性比较

目的 比较国产吗替麦考酚酯分散片(国产MMF)与吗替麦考酚酯胶囊(进口MMF)预防移植肾急性排斥反应的有效性和安全性.方法 进行国产及进口MMF联合应用环孢素(CsA)和皮质激素预防肾移植急性排斥反应的多中心、开放性的比较研究.首次肾移植受者90例,年龄18～65岁.原发病均为慢性肾炎、慢性肾功能衰竭(尿毒症期),术前接受血液透析1～48个月.根据术后所服药物分为国产MMF组60例,进口MMF组30例.各中心均使用CsA加MMF加泼尼松的用药方案.MMF参考剂量为体质量＜50 kg受者1.0 g/d,50～70 kg受者1.5 g/d,＞70 kg受者1.5～2.0 g/d,分2次口服.要求CsA谷浓度具有可比性,前2个月CsA谷浓度为200～250 ng/ml,以后维持在100～200 ng/ml.术后密切观察肾功能、肝功能、血尿常规、药物不良反应、感染发生率和人/肾存活率,根据移植肾活检或临床表现诊断急性排斥反应.术后7、14 d,1、2、3个月为观察点,观察终点为3个月.结果 急性排斥反应发生率按全分析集(FAS)人群分析,国产MMF组和进口MMF组分别为5.0%(3/60)和3.3%(1/30),P=0.6613.观察终点3个月时2组SCr分别为(93.7±24.5)和(93.1±20.6)μmol/L,P=0.9131.患者存活率按FAS人群计算,2组分别为98.3%(59例)和100.0%(30例),P=0.5506.国产MMF组中1例患者于术后15 d因CsA肾毒性反应而停用所有口服免疫抑制药物,退出试验.该例于术后26 d因心肌梗死带功能肾死亡.不良反应发生率国产MMF组为41.7%(25/60),进口MMF组为36.7%(11/30),P=0.6481.结论 联合应用CsA和激素时,国产MMF分散片用于首次同种肾移植的治疗效果和不良反应与进口MMF胶囊相比无明显差别.     

肾移植术后早期主动减少免疫抑制剂用量的前瞻性研究

目的探讨对肾移植术后受者早期主动减少免疫抑制剂用量的临床必要性和安全性。方法随机选择63例尸体肾移植受者为观察组,58例尸体肾移植受者为对照组,两组受者均采用环孢素(CsA)+麦考酚吗乙酯(MMF)+泼尼松三联免疫抑制方案。于术后第6周对观察组63例受者予以主动减少免疫抑制剂用量(将CsA血药谷浓度维持在200～250 ng/ml,MMF按受者体质量主动减药),术后4～6个月开始按个体状况将MMF用量调至减药前水平。对照组按常规免疫抑制方案治疗。观察两组受者术后6周至1年的血清肌酐(Scr)、血尿素氮(BUN)、CsA血药谷浓度、肺部感染发生率、急性排斥反应(AR)发生率。结果随访1年期间,观察组受者Scr、BUN基本稳定在同一水平,且与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(均为P>0.05)。观察组与对照组的AR发生率分别为8%与9%,比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组的肺部感染率分别为8%(5/63)和14%(8/58),比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),对照组有2例发展为严重的肺部感染。结论肾移植术后早期主动减少免疫抑制剂用量能有效降低此阶段肺部感染发生率,且AR发生率并没有增加。     

不同的免疫抑制方案对脾移植排斥与存活的影响

目的　通过总结 11例脾移植的免疫抑制治疗的经验 ,分析不同的免疫抑制方案对脾移植排斥反应 ,移植物抗宿主反应 (GVHR)和移植物存活的影响。方法　分两组 ,Ⅰ组 6例 ,术前无预处理 ,术后采用常规三联用药CsA 6 8mg/ (kg·d) Aza 2mg/ (kg·d) Pred 30mg/d ;Ⅱ组 5例 ,术前供受者均行预处理 ,供者用CsA 8mg/ (kg·d) ALG 5 0 0mg/d ,连用 3d。受者术前 1d给予静脉CsA 3mg/(kg·d) Aza 10 0mg。术后受者免疫抑制为CsA 6 8mg/ (kg·d) ALG 5 0 0mg/d Pred 30mg/d ,10d后改为CsA 5 8mg/ (kg·d) Pred 2 0mg/d维持。结果　Ⅰ组 6例均发生多次排斥反应和 (或 )GVHR。移植脾功能维持在 1年以内。Ⅱ组仅 1例因供脾过大发生 1次GVHR ,全部病例有功能存活超过 1年 ,但伴随不同程度的移植脾萎缩。结论　脾移植免疫抑制治疗有自己的特色 ,选择合适的免疫抑制方案 ,对抑制排斥反应和防止移植脾萎缩十分重要。     

肾移植患者应用他克莫司的临床观察

目的　评价肾移植术后应用他克莫司 (FK5 0 6 )的有效性、安全性。方法　将肾移植术后的 70例患者按使用不同的基础免疫抑制剂分为两组 :FK5 0 6组 30例 ,环孢素A(CsA)组 40例。FK5 0 6按 0 .1～ 0 .2mg·kg-1·d-1、CsA按 6～ 8mg·kg-1·d-1给药 ,并动态连续检测全血FK5 0 6和CsA谷值浓度并观察临床治疗效果 ,两组进行比较。结果　FK5 0 6组达稳态浓度时间短于CsA组 ,分别为 4和 10d ,糖尿病发生率 ( 2 0 % )高于CsA组 ( 7.5 % ) ;肝毒性 ( 3 .3 % )、排斥反应 ( 6 .6 % )发生率低于CsA组 ( 17.5 %、2 5 % )。结论　FK5 0 6是一种强效的免疫抑制剂。但在使用过程中 ,需定期检测血浓度以指导用药剂量。     

A randomised, prospective study on the conversion from cyclosporine-prednisone to cyclosporine-azathioprine at 6 months after renal transplantation

Abstract In a randomised prospective trial, we studied the effects of replacement of prednisone (Pred) by azathioprine (Aza), 6 months after transplantation, in stable renal allograft recipients on cyclosporine and prednisone (CsA+Pred). Out of 83 patients, 42 started treatment with CsA+Aza and 41 continued therapy with CsA+Pred. CsA was dosed to achieve a level of 150 ng/ml, the Aza dose was 3 mg/kg per day and the Pred dose was 0.15 mg/ kg per day. Eighteen months after randomisation, in the CsA+Aza group 18 of the 42 patients were effectively treated with CsA+Aza. In the main, anaemia, leuco- and thrombocytopenia, and hypocorticism necessitated the reintroduction of Pred in the remaining 24 patients. Compared to the continuation of CsA+Pred, conversion of Pred to Aza resulted in a reduced number of antihypertensive drugs needed, and in lower serum total, LDL and HDL cholesterol levels; the incidence of acute rejections and graft losses was no different. In conclusion, conversion of CsA+Pred to CsA+Aza is a safe option in renal transplant patients with contraindications to long-term corticosteroid treatment.     

骁悉与小剂量环孢素A在尸体肾移植中的联合应用

为观察骁悉（ＭＭＦ）与小剂量环孢素Ａ（ＣｓＡ）联合应用于尸体肾移植中的效果，将１６例患者随机分为３组，ＭＭＦ２．０ｇ组（ＭＭＦ用量为２．０ｇ／ｄ）；ＭＭＦ１．５ｇ组（ＭＭＦ用量为１．５ｇ／ｄ）；硫唑嘌呤（Ａｚａ）组。３组患者均同时接受相似剂量的ＣｓＡ和类固醇治疗。结果ＭＭＦ２．０ｇ组未发生急性排斥；ＭＭＦ１．５ｇ组１例（１／５）患者先后发生２次排斥；Ａｚａ组３例（３／５）患者各发生１次排斥。术后６个月ＭＭＦ２．０ｇ组患者血清肌酐值明显低于Ａｚａ组，其所用的ＣｓＡ剂量低于Ａｚａ组。认为ＭＭＦ无明显肝、肾毒性，每天２．０ｇ口服，并与小剂量ＣｓＡ和类固醇联合应用，临床疗效明显优于传统的三联疗法。     

Optimization of the immunosuppressive protocol after lung transplantation.

BACKGROUND: The successful use of tacrolimus (Tac)-based immunosuppressive therapy in organ transplantation and our own positive experience in heart transplantation led us to investigate regimens including this agent at our center for lung transplantation. METHODS: From 1991 to 1998, 86 patients underwent lung transplants at our center and 78 of them were included in this analysis. The first 34 patients were treated with cyclosporin (CsA), azathioprine (Aza), and rabbit antilymphocyte globulin; the subsequent 30 patients received Tac with Aza, and the most recent 12 patients Tac with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF). In addition, all patients received prednisone. RESULTS: The number of acute rejection episodes per 100 patient days was 1.5, 0.6, and 0.3 for three treatment groups, respectively. Similarly, the incidence of refractory acute rejection per 100 patient days was lower in both Tac groups (0.20, 0.03, and 0, respectively). Freedom from acute rejection was highest in the Tac-MMF group (P=0.0037 vs. Tac/Aza, P=0.0007 vs. CsA/Aza). Freedom from recurrent acute rejection was significantly higher in both Tac groups (P=0.027 Tac/ Aza vs. CsA/Aza and P=0.025 Tac/MMF vs. CsA/Aza). The incidence of infections per 100 patient days was similar (0.8, 0.5, and 0.8) in all three treatment groups, with a similar distribution of fungal, bacterial, and viral infections. Freedom from infection also showed no difference. The survival rate was significantly higher for the Tac population, with actuarial 1- and 3-year survival rates of 93% and 71%, compared with the CsA group (71% and 51%, respectively, P=0.04). Prevalence of renal dysfunction (creatinine >2.0 mg/ dL) was 18%, 13%, and 0% in the 3 treatment groups, respectively. The development of glucose metabolism disorders was lower in the CsA group than in the Tac-Aza group (15% vs. 27%, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Tac-based immunosuppressive therapy results in a lower rate of acute rejection after pulmonary transplantation, with similar infection rates and a slightly higher incidence of new onset diabetes mellitus compared with CsA-based therapy.     

儿童肾移植的临床研究

目的 总结儿童肾移植的临床经验.方法 回顾性分析1980年6月至2008年12月41例儿童肾移植的临床资料,其中1980-1993年(G1)有8例患儿,均未进行免疫诱导,术后采用以环孢素A+硫唑嘌呤+泼尼松为基础的免疫抑制方案;1994-2001年(G2)有18例患儿,均应用抗淋巴细胞球蛋白免疫诱导,术后采用他克莫司(或环孢素A)+吗替麦考酚酯(或硫唑嘌呤)+泼尼松的方案;2002年后(G3)有15例患儿,均应用抗白细胞介素-2受体单克隆抗体(IL-2RA)免疫诱导,术后采用他克莫司(或环孢素A)+吗替麦考酚酯+小剂量泼尼松(或无泼尼松)的方案.分别对三个阶段患儿术后急性排斥反应(AR)和移植肾功能恢复延迟(DGF)等并发症发生率、存活率及生长发育情况等进行比较.结果 41例患儿术后1、3、5年人/肾存活率分别为97.6%/90.2%、95.1%/82.9%和90.2%/75.6%,其中G1为87.5%/75.0%、75.0%/50.0 %和75.0%/50.0%、G2为100.0%/94.4 %、100.0%/83.3%和94.4%/72.2%以及G3为100.0%/100.0%、100.0%/100.0%和100.0%/93.3%,G3明显高于G1(P<0.05),但与G2无明显差异.41例中共有13例发生AR,发生率为31.7%,其中G3的AR发生率分别为13.3%,明显低于G1和G2的50.0%和38.9%(P<0.01).G1、G2和G3患儿的身高分别增长了(2.9±0.6)、(3.2±0.6)和(3.8±0.9)cm,G3患儿身高的增长幅度最为明显(P<0.05).G1、G2和G3患儿间DGF发生率无明显差异,高血压和感染是最为多见的并发症.结论 良好的组织配型、适宜的手术方法、恰当的免疫抑制剂血药浓度及AR早期诊断是保证儿童肾移植成功的关键.IL-2RA免疫诱导能够有效地降低AR发生率,而小剂量激素或无激素方案最大程度的改善了影响患儿骨骼发育的限制因素,促进患儿生长.     

Conversion from mycophenolate mofetil to azathioprine in renal allograft [corrected] patients within the first month posttransplantation

This retrospective study evaluated the safety of conversion from mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) to azathioprine (Aza) within the first month posttransplantation in 117 renal allograft patients concomittantly treated with cyclosporine (CsA) and prednisone. In 52 Conversion from MMF to Aza was conducted at 2 to 4 weeks posttransplantation in 52 patients (conversion group). Thirty-six patients received MMF (MMF group) and 29 patients were treated with Aza (Aza group). Patients were monitored for allograft function, acute rejection episodes, and CsA levels. The demographics were comparable between groups with respect to age, as well as warm and cold ischemic times of allografts. The cumulative allograft survival rates at 1, 2, 3, and 5 years were 98% +/- 2%, 96% +/- 3%, 90% +/- 4%, 90% +/- 4% in the conversion (n = 52) group versus 79% +/- 7%, 79% +/- 7%, 79% +/- 7%, and 75% +/- 8% in the MMF group (n = 36) versus 93% +/- 5%, 93% +/- 5%, 82% +/- 7%, and 78% +/- 8% in the Aza group (n = 29). The CsA trough levels at 1 year posttransplantation were 208.39 +/- 93.79 ng/mL in the conversion group; 159.30 +/- 52.99 ng/mL in the MMF group; and 241.82 +/- 112.76 ng/mL in the Aza group. The acute rejection rates during a 5-year follow-up were 28.85% in the conversion group; 27.78% in the MMF group; and 24.14% in the Aza group. The rejection-free allograft survival between the conversion group and the MMF group was identical (P < .921). However, allograft survival in the conversion group with acute rejection was significantly higher than the MMF group (P < .024). In conclusion, early conversion from MMF to Aza among renal allograft patients was safe without increased acute allograft rejection during a 5-year follow-up. The overall allograft survival in the conversion group was comparable to patients treated with MMF or Aza therapies.     

霉酚酸酯防治肾移植后排斥反应的效果及安全性

目的 探讨霉酚酸酯（ＭＭＦ）防治肾移植术后急性排挤反应（ＡＲ）的效果和安全性。方法 １２４例肾移植受者随机分为ＭＭＦ组（４８例）及硫唑嘌呤组（Ａｚａ组,７６例）,观察２个患者术后３个月内ＡＲ、难治性急性排斥（ＣＲＲ）的发生率及并发症。结果ＭＭＦ组及Ａｚａ组在患者死亡率、移植肾失功率等方面的差异无显著性;ＭＭＦ组的ＡＲ发生率、ＣＲＲ发生率明显低于Ａｚａ组;以ＭＭＦ３．０ｇ／ｄ治疗ＣＲＲ,其效果与单     

丙型肝炎病毒RNA阳性的肾移植受者免疫抑制剂的应用

目的 探讨肾移植术后发生丙型肝炎的受者合理的免疫抑制方案。方法 将２５例丙型肝炎病毒ＲＮＡ（ＨＣＶ ＲＮＡ）阳性的患者分为３组,分别给予硫唑嘌呤（Ａｚａ）＋环孢素Ａ（ＣｓＡ）＋泼尼松（Ｒｒｅｄ）（Ａｚａ组）、霉酚酸酯（ＭＭＦ）＋ＣｓＡ＋Ｐｒｅｄ（ＭＭＦ组）和ＭＭＦ＋Ｐｒｅｄ,并以３０例ＨＣＶ ＲＮＡ阴性受者为对照。结果Ａｚａ组和８／１２的患者肝功能发生异常;ＭＭＦ组有２／８的患者肝功能发生异常;Ｍ     

Observations on quadruple immunosuppression maintenance therapy using rapamycin, low-dose cyclosporine, mycophenolate mofetil, and prednisone following ATG induction

INTRODUCTION: We prospectively evaluated an immunosuppressive regimen consisting of rapamycin (Rapa), low-dose cyclosporine (CsA), low-dose mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), and prednisone (group 1) versus a regimen of CsA, MMF, and prednisone (group 2) in mismatched living related donor (LRD) and living unrelated donor (LUD) kidney transplantation. METHODS: Group 1 included 24 transplant recipients of eight mismatched LRD and 16 LUD, treated with Rapa, low-dose MMF, CsA, and prednisone. Group 2 included 53 transplant recipients (25 LRD, 27 LUD, and one cadaveric donor), treated with MMF, CsA, and prednisone. All patients in group 1 received a single bolus of rabbit-anti-human T-lymphocyte immune serum (ATG-Fresenius 4 to 6 mg/kg). In group 2, patients received either a single ATG or an extended ATG course (3 to 5 days postoperatively). RESULTS: Acute rejection occurred in one patient in group 1 (4.2%) and in five patients (9.4%) in group 2, all of which resulted in graft loss. Serum creatinine was not significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSION: The immunosuppressive protocol of Rapa, CsA, MMF, and prednisone with single-bolus induction ATG achieves excellent immunosuppression and graft survival with no apparent risks in the short and intermediate term.     

The effects of a maintenance immunosuppressive protocol after renal transplantation on infectious complications, comparing cyclosporine/prednisone, cyclosporine/azathioprine/prednisone, and conversion

Infectious complications of either high-dose (16 mg/kg/day) or low-dose (9 mg/kg/day) cyclosporine in combination with azathioprine (Aza) (1 mg/kg/day) were studied in 128 renal transplant patients who also received low-dose prednisone (P). Three months after transplantation all patients were again randomly assigned to either continuation with CsA/P or conversion to Aza/P. During the first 3 months the number of infections was significantly lower in the CsA/P treatment than in the CsA/Aza/P group. In both groups the number of infections doubled after rejection treatment. The frequence of symptomatic CMV disease did not differ between the 2 groups. Three months after transplantation, the patient group assigned to Aza/P had a small but not significant increase of minor infections when compared with the patients who continued with CsA/P. The number of major infections did not differ between these two groups.