丙型肝炎病毒非结构基因5b的变异及与干扰素治疗的关系

以聚合酶链反应直接序列分析方法测定了４例无症状慢性丙型肝炎病毒（ＨＣＶ）感染者，与９例接受干扰素治疗的慢性丙型肝炎患者血清中ＨＣＶ非结构基因５ｂ（ＮＳ５ｂ）ｃＤＮＡ的序列。发现，与已发表的Ⅱ／１ｂ型ＨＣＶ序列相比，无症状慢性ＨＣＶ感染者的ＨＣＶ在核苷酸水平的同源性高于干扰素治疗有效的慢性丙型肝炎患者（９５．６５％±２．６１％比９４．３５％±２．２９％），后者又高于干扰素治疗无效的慢性丙型肝炎患者（９２．７０％±１．９０％）。还发现在干扰素治疗后，治疗无效者血清中ＨＣＶＮＳ５ｂｃＤＮＡ序列发生明显变化，在所测定的３８０个核苷酸中有９～４８个发生碱基替换，从而导致所编码的氨基酸中有６～２０个发生突变。结果提示，ＨＣＶＮＳ５ｂ基因变异与病情及干扰素治疗有一定关系。变异较大者常出现明显的临床表现，且干扰素治疗可能趋势于失败。     

线探针核酸杂交分析贵州地区HCV感染株基因型

目的　分析贵州地区丙型肝炎病毒（ＨＣＶ）感染株的基因型。方法　用第二代线探针核酸杂交方法,对９８ 例ＨＣＶ感染者血清进行基因分型。结果　１２ 例献血员血清,均为ＨＣＶ１ｂ 型;１５ 例血液病患者中,１４ 例（９３－３％ ）为ＨＣＶ１ｂ ,１ 例（６－７％ ）为ＨＣＶ１ｂ ＋ ２ 型。慢性丙肝患者３７ 例中,ＨＣＶ１ｂ 型３４例（９１－９％ ） ,混合感染基因型３ 例（ＨＣＶ１ａ ＋ １ｂ 、ＨＣＶ１ｂ ＋ ２ 、ＨＣＶ１ａ ．１ｂ ＋ ２ａ２ｃ 各１ 例）。静脉药瘾者３４ 例,其中ＨＣＶ１ｂ 感染１３ 例（３８－２％ ） ,ＨＣＶ６ａ１０ 例（２９－４％ ） ,ＨＣＶ３ｂ４ 例（１１－８％ ） ,ＨＣＶ３ａ１ 例（２－９ ％） ,混合感染６ 例（１７－６ ％） ,大多为ＨＣＶ２ 复合其他基因型。结论　贵州地区ＨＣＶ感染者中,以ＨＣＶ１ｂ 基因型为主,其次为ＨＣＶ６ａ ,尚存在ＨＣＶ３ａ 和ＨＣＶ３ｂ 。其中ＨＣＶ３ａ、３ｂ 、６ａ ,在本地区系首次报告,但主要存在于静脉药瘾者中。虽然有混合感染基因型的存在,但其基因基础需测序分析     

丙型肝炎病毒1b型NS5 A区基因结构变异与α干扰？…

目的 观察丙型肝炎患者丙型肝炎病毒（ＨＣＶ）１ｂ型基因组部分ＮＳ５ Ａ区核苷酸,氨基酸的变异情况并探讨其与α干扰素疗效的相关性。方法 患者干扰素治疗前,中,后留血标本,用聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）扩增ＨＣＶ病毒ＮＳ５ Ａ区部分基因片段并用直接测序法测序。与ＨＣＶ－Ｊ株及ＨＣＶ－河北株（ＨＣＶ－ＨＢ）比较核苷酸及氨基酸序列的同源性,根据α干扰素疗效分析ＨＣＶ１ｂ是否存在干扰素敏感决定区。     

丙型肝炎病毒RNA基因型与肝病临床转归的初步观察

丙型肝炎病毒ＲＮＡ基因型与肝病临床转归的初步观察李岱王宇基于不同的丙型肝炎病毒（ＨＣＶ）克隆间核苷酸序列同源性的差异，全世界ＨＣＶ基因型至少有１０余种之多，广泛分布的有五个基因型：Ⅰ／Ｉａ、Ⅱ／Ｉｂ、Ⅲ／２ａ、Ⅳ／２ｂ和Ⅴ／３ａ型，我国至今为止除了Ⅱ...     

鹅流感病毒2/96-H5N1亚型毒株RNA1-3及RNA5节段核苷酸全序测定

目的　明确广东鹅流感病毒２９６Ｈ５ Ｎ１ 亚型毒株ＲＮＡ１３ 和ＲＮＡ５ 节段核苷酸全序列及其所编码蛋白的氨基酸序列,以及这些基因节段与香港禽流感病毒１５６９７Ｈ５ Ｎ１ 亚型毒株相应节段间的关系。方法　病毒粒ＲＮＡ经逆转录合成ｃＤＮＡ,经聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ） 扩增,产物纯化,采用双脱氧链末端终止法进行核苷酸序列测定。结果　广东鹅流感病毒２９６Ｈ５ Ｎ１ 亚型毒株ＲＮＡ１３ 和ＲＮＡ５ 节段长度分别为２３４１,２ ３４１ ,２ ２３３ 和１５６５ 个核苷酸。它们分别编码ＰＢ２（ 含７５９ 个氨基酸）,ＰＢ１（ 含７５７个氨基酸） ,ＰＡ（ 含７１６ 个氨基酸） 和ＮＰ蛋白（ 含４９８ 个核苷酸） 。这些蛋白与香港禽流感病毒１５６９７Ｈ５ Ｎ１ 亚型毒株相应蛋白氨基酸序列的同源性分别为９６－４％ ,９７－２％ ,９７－３ ％ 和９７－０％ 。结论　本毒株ＲＮＡ１３ 和ＲＮＡ５ 节段长度分别为２ ３４１,２ ３４１,２ ２３３ 和１ ５６５ 个核苷酸,它们与香港１５６９７Ｈ５ Ｎ１ 亚型毒株间存在着差异     

散发性戊型肝炎病毒部分核苷酸序列分析

目的为阐明戊型肝炎病毒（ＨＥＶ）毒株的地理分布、流行特征以及研制血清学诊断试剂和基因工程疫苗提供资料。方法选择１例浙江仙居山区散发性ＨＥ患者，从其血清中分离ＨＥＶＲＮＡ，通过逆转录－套式聚合酶链反应法（ＲＴ－ｎＰＣＲ），扩增该散发性ＨＥＶ（Ｚ－３３株）ＯＲＦ２区部分ｃＤＮＡ片段（４９７ｂｐ），然后进行直接序列分析，并与ＨＥＶ各主要代表株序列作比较。结果Ｚ－３３株与新疆流行株ＣＨ１．１的核苷酸及氨基酸序列同源性分别为９６．７％及９８．２％；与缅甸流行株的同源性分别为９４．２％及９９．１％；与缅甸散发株的同源性分别为９５．２％及９９．１％，与墨西哥株的同源性分别为８１．８％及９４．５％。结论浙江仙居散发性ＨＥＶＺ－３３株和新疆流行株ＣＨ１．１一样，与ＨＥＶ缅甸株可能为同一亚型。     

丙型肝炎病毒E2／NS1区基因cDNA的克隆及序列分析

从北京地区１份丙型肝炎病毒（ＨＣＶ）感染者血清中提取ＲＮＡ，经逆转录和套式聚合酶链反应扩增ＨＣＶＥ２／ＮＳ１区基因约９３０ｂｐ，将其插入至ｐＧＥＭ－Ｔ质粒载体中，利用双脱氧链末端终止法测出该基因５’端４３１ｂｐ的核苷酸序列，将此序列与其它９个ＨＣＶ分离株的相应序列进行比较分析，结果表明，此序列与ＨＣＶⅡ型序列同源性较高，核苷酸水平同源性在８０％以上。由其编码的ＨＣＶ外膜蛋白Ｎ端存在两个高变部位（ＨＶＲ），在ＨＶＲ内、外具有几个保守氨基酸残基和氨基酸区域，它们与外膜蛋白空间构型的维持有关。     

从我国5城市分离的10株GBV-CHGV基因型分析

最近研究表明〔１,２〕,世界各地分离的ＧＢＶＣ／ＨＧＶ株间存在不同的基因型,即１型、２型和３型。上述分型所采用的核酸序列大多数来自非洲、欧美和日本等地,我国ＧＢＶＣ／ＨＧＶ分离株的基因型及其分布则报道较少。为此,本研究应用分子进化学方法对从我国５城市分离的１０株ＧＢＶＣ／ＨＧＶ５′ＵＴＲ部分序列进行基因分型。结果报道如下：材料与方法１－血清标本：ＨＧＶＲＮＡ阳性的血清标本共１０份,其中ＢＪ１和ＳＪＺ１～２分别采于北京市和石家庄市的献血员血清;ＢＪ２和ＮＣ１为北京市和南昌市急性乙型肝炎病人…     

抗A型产气荚膜梭菌α毒素mAb V_H和V_L基因的克隆与序列测定

用提取的Ａ 型产气荚膜梭菌α毒素包涵体为免疫原, 制备了１ 株ｍＡｂ ２Ｅ３ 。其Ｉｇ 亚类为ＩｇＧ３, 细胞培养上清和腹水的ｍＡｂ 效价分别为１∶１０２４ 和１∶１０８ 。该ｍＡｂ ２Ｅ３ 可中和α毒素的磷脂酶Ｃ 活性和溶血活性, 对α毒素致死性腹腔攻击的小鼠具有良好的被动保护作用。另外, 应用ＲＴＰＣＲ 技术, 从杂交瘤细胞株２Ｅ３ 中, 扩增出ｍＡｂ ＶＨ 和ＶＬ基因, 分别克隆至载体ｐＧＥＭＴ中。序列分析证实, ＶＨ 基因为３５７ ｂｐ, 编码１１９ 个氨基酸;ＶＬ 基因为３２４ ｂｐ, 编码１０８ 个氨基酸。计算机分析表明,ＶＨ 和ＶＬ基因均为新发现的基因序列, 符合功能性重排的鼠抗体可变区基因的特征。ＶＨ 和ＶＬ 基因分别属于鼠免疫球蛋白重链Ⅱ（ Ｂ） 和轻链κⅢ家族。     

庚型肝炎病毒(HGV)E2区cDNA的克隆与表达

目的　克隆ＨＧＶ Ｅ２ 基因并在原核细胞系统中表达ＨＧＶ Ｅ２ 蛋白。方法　从ＨＧＶＲＮＡ 阳性血浆中抽提病毒ＲＮＡ,利用半巢式ＲＴＰＣＲ 法扩增ＨＧＶ Ｅ２ 基因片段并进行序列分析。然后将该片段克隆到ｐＧＥＸ５ｘ１ 表达载体上,进行诱导表达。表达产物用抗ＨＧＶ 阳性血浆作Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ ｂｌｏｔ 活性鉴定。结果　获得ＨＧＶ Ｅ２ Ｎ 端长度为７７９ 个核苷酸的基因片段。该片段与美国株ＨＧＶ（Ｕ４４４０２） 、西非株ＧＢＶＣ（ Ｕ３６３８０） 、中国株ＨＧＶ（ Ｕ７５３５６） 的核苷酸序列同源性分别为８４ ％ 、８５ ％ 、９１ ％ ,推测的氨基酸序列同源性分别为８８ ％ 、９３ ％ 、９４ ％ 。表达产物为相对分子质量约５０ ×１０３的ＧＳＴＥ２ 融合蛋白,在细胞内形成包涵体。Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ ｂｌｏｔ 反应中在约５０ ×１０３ 处有显色条带。结论本研究成功地在原核细胞系统中表达了具有抗原性的ＨＧＶ Ｅ２ 蛋白,为进一步研究ＨＧＶ Ｅ２ 蛋白及Ｅ２ 抗体的生物学功能打下了基础。     

Molecular characterization of hepatitis C virus genotype 2a from the entire sequences of four isolates

Genotype 2a hepatitis C virus (HCV) has different characteristics from genotype 1b, such as responsiveness to interferon therapy. Such type-specific characteristics appear to be due to differences in the HCV genome sequence. The complete sequences of genotype 2a HCV genome isolated from four patients with chronic hepatitis C were determined, and nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences were compared within genotype 2a, as well as between genotype 2a and 1b. Whereas the amino acid sequence similarity of the core region was highest within genotype 1b, the NS3 and NS4B regions of exhibited greater similarity than the core region in genotype 2a. The serine protease and helicase motifs in the NS3 region were well conserved in genotype 2a to the same degree as in genotype 1b. However, the putative secondary structure of 2a isolates was significantly different from that of the 1b isolates. Analysis of amino acid similarity between genotypes 2a and 1b revealed the lowest degree of similarity in the E1 region, followed by the NS2 and NS5A region. Sequences of genotype 2a in the interferon-sensitivity determining region (ISDR) located in the NS5A region had a deletion of four amino acids compared with that of genotype 1b. When the ISDR of the genotype 2a was aligned for maximal similarity, it exhibited similarity of only 52.5-55.0% when compared with that of HCV-J, which belongs to genotype 1b. These findings for the entire sequences of genotype 2a isolates will contribute to virological studies of HCV.     

山东省HCV分离株C区及NS5区核苷酸序列分析及其基因分型

目的 研究山东省丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）流行株的基因型别,方法 用反转录套式聚合酶链反应（PCR）方法分别扩增山东省HCV流行株C区（432bp)NS5区（319bp)的两个基因片段,将其克隆人T载体上并自动测序,进行同源性分析及基因型别鉴定。结果 4株HCVC区基因片段有3株为1b基因亚型,1株为2a基因亚型,10株NS5区的基因片段分析均为1b基因亚型,并且与GenBank中多个1b亚型代表株核苷酸序列同源性达90%以上,结论 山东省HCV流行株以1b亚型为主,兼有2a亚型,同一亚型中也有较大的变异,NS5区1b亚型中基因散率可达5%以上。     

Hepatitis C virus molecular epidemiology in Uzbekistan

The aim of this study was to identify hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes and to estimate their prevalence in various risk groups and the regional distribution in Uzbekistan. Preliminary serological screening of 1,269 subjects revealed 6.5% anti-HCV-positive in a general population, 27.1% in patient groups, and 51.7% among intravenous drug users. HCV genotypes of 104 anti-HCV-positive subjects were determined using a PCR-genotyping system in core region, and the results were supported by nucleotide sequencing of the NS5B region. Genotype 1b identified in total 64.2%, was the most prevalent. The genotype 3a identified in 25.0% was the second one distributed. HCV genotypes 2a, 1a, 2b, and 3b were identified in 3.8%, 2.9%, 2.9%, and 1.0% of cases, respectively. The intravenous drug users were distinguished from other groups by having the highest prevalence of genotype 3a, i.e., 50.0%, higher than the 33.3% for genotype 1b in this group. Geographically, genotype 1b was common; genotype 3a was also found frequently in all three regions. Uncommon HCV genotypes (1a, 2a, 2b, and 3b) were found in comparatively greater variability in the western region. Molecular evolutionary analysis based on the NS5B region did not reveal specific clustering or indigenous strains among Uzbekistan HCV isolates. In summary, two main mechanisms of HCV infection distribution were observed in Uzbekistan: HCV 1b genotype infection is widespread through blood products, and HCV 3a genotype infection is spreading through the growing number of intravenous drug users.     

Transmission of hepatitis C virus in a gynecological surgery setting

A cluster of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections among gynecological patients who underwent surgical intervention in the same setting is described. An epidemiological investigation was conducted to identify the cases, the likely source of infection, and the route of transmission. Four recent HCV infections were identified. Based on molecular fingerprinting analysis and epidemiological investigation, transmission between the putative source patient (an HCV-positive woman who was the first patient of the surgical session) and outbreak patients was highly suggestive. All patients, including the source patient, were infected with HCV type 1b. Molecular characterization of HCV clones by sequence analysis of both structural envelope regions (20 clones from the source patient and 58 from the outbreak patients) and the nonstructural NS5 region of the viral genome (12 clones from the source patient and 32 from the outbreak patients) showed close homology between the viral isolates from the source and those from the outbreak patients that was higher than that observed between the viral isolates from the source and those from four unrelated, HCV type 1b-infected patients from the same geographical area (in the latter case, 33 clones were sequenced for the envelope regions and 30 were sequenced for the NS5 region). The mean percent divergence between clones was 4.69 for the envelope and 3.71 for the NS5 region in the source patient and the outbreak patients compared with 6.76 (P = 0.001) and 5.22 (P = 0.01) in the source patient and control patients, respectively. Among the risk factors investigated, only that of having undergone surgery in the morning session of the same day reached statistical significance (P = 0.003). The investigation showed that the source patient and outbreak patients shared only the administration of propofol in multidose vials. The study documents the risk of nosocomial transmission of HCV and the importance of infection control procedures in the operating room and highlights the crucial role of molecular strategies, especially sequence-based phylogenetic analysis of cloned viral isolates, in the investigation of HCV outbreaks.     

Genotype distribution and comparison of the putative envelope region of hepatitis C virus from Korean patients

Comparative nucleotide sequence studies of the genomes of hepatitis C virus (HCV) revealed that there are at least 6 different genotypes of HCV. The prevalence of HCV genotypes among the patients with liver diseases in Korea was investigated using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the NS5 region. In the 75 HCV RNA positive samples, two genotypes, type 1b and type 2a, were the major causative agents which accounted for 60% and 33% of infections respectively, while 7% could not be assigned a genotype by the methods used. The nucleotide sequences of cDNAs encoding the putative envelope proteins from 10 type 1b and 5 type 2a genotype samples were analyzed. Approximately 31–42% of the nucleotide sequences of type 1b samples examined differed from those of different genotypes, In the case of type 2a samples, 36–42% of the nucleotide sequences differed from those of different genotypes. The diversities of the amino acid sequences were the same or greater than those of the nucleotide sequences. Two hypervariable regions (HVR1 and HVR2) were recognized in both HCV genomes of genotypes 1b and 2a. However, the sequence divergence within the HVR2 region of genotype 2a was less than that of genotype 1b. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Hepatitis C virus genotyping: interrogation of the 5' untranslated region cannot accurately distinguish genotypes 1a and 1b

Although the 5' untranslated region (5' UTR) is the most conserved region of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) genome, it has been suggested that interrogation of this region is sufficient for determination of the HCV genotype. We compared two methods of determination of the HCV genotype: (i) direct sequencing of the DNA of the NS-5b region and (ii) reverse line probe assay (LiPA; INNO-LiPA HCV II; Innogenetics N.V.) of the 5' UTR. There was 100% concordance between the two methods for genotype but only 80% concordance for subtype. A significant percentage of genotype 1a isolates were misclassified by LiPA as genotype 1b. Sequence analysis revealed that the only consistent difference in the 5' UTR for these genotype 1a isolates misclassified as genotype 1b was a single nucleotide (A/G) at position -99 of the HCV genome. All isolates with discordant results analyzed had a G at this position, consistent with LiPA determination of these samples as subtype 1b. However, sequence analysis of 222 nucleotides in the NS-5b region clearly identified all of these isolates as subtype 1a. Population distribution data from the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center of over 200 samples analyzed by sequencing of the NS-5b region and over 1,000 samples analyzed by LiPA also indicated that INNO-LiPA HCV II cannot accurately differentiate HCV genotype 1a isolates from HCV genotype 1b isolates. We provide evidence that the A/G at position -99 represents a sequence polymorphism in the HCV genome that cannot differentiate subtype 1a from subtype 1b isolates. In conclusion, the 5' UTR is not heterogeneous enough for use in determination of the HCV subtype and cannot be used for differentiation of HCV genotypes 1a and 1b.     

Genetic heterogeneity of the NS3 protease gene in hepatitis C virus genotype 1 from untreated infected patients

NS3 protease is essential for hepatitis C Virus (HCV) replication, and is one of the most promising targets for specific anti-HCV therapy. Its natural polymorphism has not been studied at the quasispecies level. In the present work, the genetic heterogeneity of the NS3 protease gene was analyzed in 17 HCV genotype 1 (5 subtypes 1a and 12 subtypes 1b) samples collected from infected patients before anti-viral therapy. A total of 294 clones were sequenced. Although the protease NS3 is considered to be one of the less variable genes in the HCV genome, variability of both nucleotide and amino acid sequences was found. In variants belonging to 1a and 1b subtypes, 224 and 267 of 543 positions showed one or more nucleotide substitutions, respectively. Forty and 74 of the 181 NS3 amino acid positions showed at least one mutation in HCV-1a and HCV-1b isolates, respectively. Most substitutions were conservative. This substantial polymorphism of the NS3 protease produced by HCV-1a and HCV-1b suggests that, despite the numerous functional and structural constraints, the enzyme is sufficiently flexible to tolerate substitutions.     

Epidemiologic survey and genetic analysis of endemic hepatitis C virus infection in a Japanese town with a high prevalence of hepatitis B virus carriers

Mass screening for hepatitis C virus antibody was carried out in 875 inhabitants (313 men and 562 women) of a town in Japan with a high rate of hepatitis B virus infection. The overall rate of positivity for anti-HCV was 8.8% (6.4% in men and 10,1% in women). The rate of positivity for hepatitis B virus surface antigen was 11.2%. Five subjects (0.6%) were positive for both markers. HCV-RNA was detected in 65 (88.4%) of 77 individuals who were positive for anti-HCV and in 1 (1.5%) of 60 individuals negative for anti-HCV. The genotype of the HCV genome was determined by PCR analysis using type-specific primers in 60 individuals. HCV type 1b was detected in 51 subjects (85%), type 2a in 3 subjects (5%), and type 2b in 6 subjects (10%). None of the individuals was infected with more than one genotype. The nucleotide sequences of the partial nonstructural 5 region of HCV type 1b genotype obtained from 6 individuals showed at least 92.0% homology in the nucleotide sequence, and 94.8% homology in the amino acid sequence. Homology among these clones was greater than their homology with previously described type 1 b sequences. The findings suggest that there was a specific local origin of HCV infection, although it was not possible to identify any single source of HCV infection. The results also indicate the presence of asymptomatic HCV carriers. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.