尖锐湿疣组织中人乳头状瘤病毒的检测

用免疫组织化学、ＤＮＡ原位杂交和聚合酶链反应技术，检测人生殖器尖锐湿疣和女阴假性湿疣组织中人乳头状瘤病毒衣壳抗原（ＨＰＶ－Ａｇ）和病毒核酸序列（ＨＰＶ－ＤＮＡ），并观察了ＨＰＶ在尖锐湿疣组织中的分布特点与病变组织学改变的关系。结果显示尖锐湿疣中ＨＰＶ－Ａｇ阳性率为７１．４％（３５／４９）；原位杂交ＨＰＶ６／１１ＤＮＡ阳性率为９６．５％（２８／２９）；ＰＣＲ扩增后尖锐湿疣ＨＰＶ６／１１／１６／１８ＤＮＡ阳性率为１００％（５３／５３）；假性湿疣ＨＰＶ６／１１／１６／１８ＤＮＡ阳性率为２１．４％（３／１４）。观察ＨＰＶ－Ａｇ和ＨＰＶ－ＤＮＡ分布，表明ＨＰＶ增殖性感染和尖锐湿疣特异的病理改变密切相关。     

卵巢上皮性肿瘤p16抑癌基因突变与HPV感染的研究

采用聚合酶链反应－单链构象多态性分析（ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＣＰ）技术，对同一卵巢上皮性肿瘤石蜡包埋组织中ｐ１６基因（第二外显子）突变及人乳头状瘤病毒（ＨＰＶ）感染进行相关性研究。并与正常卵巢组织进行对照。结果，２８例卵巢上皮性肿瘤组织中ｐ１６基因突变１５例，突变率为５３．６％（１５／２８），其中７例伴有ＨＰＶ１６型或ＨＰＶ１８型感染，占突变率的４６．７％。在卵巢上皮性肿瘤组ＨＰＶ１６、１８ＤＮＡ阳性率为５３．６％（１５／２８），对照组ＨＰＶ１６、１８ＤＮＡ阳性率为５．６（１／１８），二者比较有显著性差异。提示：卵巢上皮性肿瘤中ｐ１６基因突变与ＨＰＶ１６、１８型感染有关。ＨＰＶ１６、１８型感染与卵巢上皮肿瘤密切相关     

人乳头瘤病毒与P 53协同致膀胱移行细胞癌关系的研究

目的 研究人类乳头瘤病毒（ＨＰＶ）６、１１、１６和１８型及Ｐ５３与膀胱移行细胞癌的关系。方法 采用聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）方法检测了７５例膀胱移行细胞癌组织中ＨＰＶ的感染,免疫组化ＳＰ法检测Ｐ５３蛋白表达情况。结果 膀胱移行细胞癌组织中ＨＰＶ６、１１、１６和１８的阳性率分别为６．７％（５／７５）,５．３％（４／７５）,３３．３％（２５／７５）和６．７％（５／７５）。低危型ＨＰＶ（６或１１）阳性率为９．３％（７／７５）,高危型ＨＰＶ（１６或１８）阳性率为３４．７％（２６／７５）。同一膀胱癌组织中两种以上（包括两种）ＨＰＶ亚型感染８例,占１０．６％。ＨＰＶ６、１６和１８型之间感染阳性率在肿瘤有无转移组中差异显著（Ｐ〈０．０５）,ＨＰＶ１６、１８的阳性率在肿瘤病理分级中差异有极显著性（Ｐ〈０．０１）。ＨＰＶ ＤＮＡ型别     

用聚合酶链反应检测食管癌组织中人乳头瘤病毒DNA

应用聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）技术对汕头市区６８例食管癌的石蜡包埋标本进行人乳头瘤病毒（ＨＰＶ）ＤＮＡ序列检测，结果显示，ＨＰＶＤＮＡ总阳性率为６６．１８％（４５／６８），检出型别主要为ＨＰＶ６、１１、１６，检出率分别为２７．９４％、３６．７６％和２７．９４％，经统计学处理三型间无显著性差异；ＨＰＶ－１８及未定型别各占８．８２％。值得注意的是ＨＰＶ感染中多重感染占阳性病例的５３．３３％（２４／４５）。初步结果表明，汕头市食管癌高发区有较高的ＨＰＶ感染率，此与食管癌的发生，可能有密切关系。     

食管鳞癌HPV感染与病毒致癌基因E6的关系

目的：探讨人乳头瘤病毒（ＨＰＶ）与食管鳞状细胞癌的关系。方法：采用多重引物多聚酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）的免疫组化技术、对１０４例食管鳞癌进行ＨＰＶ ＤＮＡ和病毒癌基因Ｅ６蛋白检测。结果：ＨＰＶ ＤＮＡ阳性者占５０．９６％（５３／１０４），其中ＨＰＶ１６型ＤＮＡ４９．０６％（２６／５３），ＨＰＶ１８型 ＤＮＡ５．６％（３／５３），ＨＰＶ６／１１ ＤＮＡ７．５％（４／５３）；两上或三个类型的混合感染占３７．     

应用通用引物聚合酶链反应技术检测结肠癌组织中人乳头瘤病毒DNA

应用人乳头瘤病毒（ＨＰＶ）通用引物介导的聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）技术检测了１５例结肠癌石蜡包埋病理组织切片中ＨＰＶＤＮＡ，其中１０例呈阳性扩增（阳性率为６６．７％）。１２例正常结肠组织经上述ＰＣＲ检测均呈阴性反应。阳性扩增产物经核酸斑点杂交进行ＨＰＶ型别分析，ＨＰＶ１６型占４例（４０．０％），１８型１例（１０．０％），１６／１８型５例（５０．０％），未检出其他ＨＰＶ型别。表明ＨＰＶ可能对结肠癌的发生具有病原相关性。     

应用共有引物的PCR法检测宫颈癌组织中的人乳头…

目前已知有６８种类型人乳头瘤病毒（ＨＰＶ），其中２７种类型ＨＰＶ与生殖道损害有关，ＨＰＶ１６，ＨＰＶ１８和宫颈癌关系密切。我们建立了快速敏感检测多型ＨＰＶ感染的方法，运用限制性片段长度多态性（ＲＦＬＰ），分析Ｌ１区共有引物ＰＣＲ扩增的产物。通过ＰＣＲ／ＲＦＬＰ法，我们检测５０例宫颈癌标本，ＨＰＶ阳性率为６４％；ＨＰＶ１６占４６％；ＨＰＶ１８占６％；ＨＰＶ１６和ＨＰＶ１８混合感染占６％。该法简便快速     

肺癌组织中人乳头瘤病毒16和18型DNA相关序列的检测

采用聚合酶链反应技术（ＰＣＲ）及用ＰＣＲ法制备生物素标记探针的斑点杂交法,检测５０例肺癌、１８例肺良性病及４例胎肺组织中高危险型人乳头瘤病毒（ＨＰＶ）１６、１８型ＤＮＡ相关序列,以探讨ＨＰＶ与肺癌之间发生的关系。结果３２％的肺癌组织中检测出ＨＰＶ１６、１８ＤＮＡ,其中ＨＰＶ１６ＤＮＡ阳性１０例,ＨＰＶ１８ＤＮＡ阳性５例,１例同时含ＨＰＶ１６、１８ＤＮＡ。２７例鳞癌组织中ＨＰＶＤＮＡ阳性率为４８．２％。而肺良性病组织及胎肺组织均未发现ＨＰＶＤＮＡ。ＨＰＶＤＮＡ呈阳性的肺癌患者绝大多数为重度吸烟者。提示原发性肺癌的发生可能与ＨＰＶ感染有关。     

人乳头状瘤病毒感染与食管癌的关系

人类乳头状瘤病毒（ＨＰＶ）的感染是上皮性肿瘤发生的一个重要原因。特别是ＨＰＶ１６和ＨＰＶ１８型感染与宫颈癌的发生。但ＨＰＶ的感染与食管癌的关系仍不清楚。我们采用免疫组织化学和敏感的ＨＰＶ共同引物、ＨＰＶ１６和ＨＰＶ１８型特异性引物的ＰＣＲ方法及３２Ｐ标记特异性探针Ｓｏｕｒｈｅｒｎ杂交检测食管癌中的ＨＰＶ及其亚型。结果显示，１２７例食管鳞癌标本免疫组化方法检测，ＢＰＶ阳性者占６０．６（７７／１２７），ＨＰＶＥ６蛋白抗原阳性者占４３％（５４／１２７）。其阳性染色明确定位于鳞癌组织内，并与肿瘤的分化有着密切的关系。经β球蛋白引物扩增证实不含ＰＣＲ抑制标本共１０３例，其中ＨＰＶ共同引物ＰＣＲ扩增阳性者为３７例，占３５．９％，经型特异ＰＣＲ及Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交证实其中ＨＰＶ１６阳性者２１例，占２０．４％；ＨＰＶ１８阳性者８例，占７．８％。仅一例为ＨＰＶ１６和１８均阳性。以上结果显示ＨＰＶ感染的确存在于食管癌中，并可能在食管癌发生中起一定的作用。     

人乳头状瘤病毒不同型别与宫颈病变的相关性研究

目的探讨人乳头状瘤病毒（ＨＰＶ）不同型别与宫颈病变性质的关系。方法应用ＰＣＲ技术和原位杂交方法对６１例宫颈上皮内瘤（ＣｅｒｖｉｃａｌｉｎｔｒａｅｐｉｔｈｅｌｉａｌＮｅｏｐｌａｓｉａＣＩＮ）和１２例宫颈鳞癌（ＳＣＣ）进行ＨＰＶ６Ｂ／１１、１６、１８ＤＮＡ检测。结果ＰＣＲ检测结果显示ＨＰＶ６、１１主要分布于低度鳞状上皮内病变（６１９％）和一部分ＣＩＮⅡ中（２０％），而在ＣＩＮⅢ和ＳＣＣ中检测不到；ＨＰＶ１６、１８的检出率随ＣＩＮ级别增高而增加，在ＳＣＣ中高达８３３％。原位杂交结果显示在低度鳞状上皮内病变中，地高辛（Ｄｉｇ）标记的ＨＰＶ６Ｂ／１１、１６、１８ＤＮＡ杂交物质在核中均呈细颗粒状，为“游离型”。上述杂交阳性信号形态亦出现于ＣＩＮⅡ的所有ＨＰＶ６Ｂ／１１及部分ＨＰＶ１６、１８型感染中，而ＣＩＮⅢ和宫颈鳞癌及部分ＣＩＮⅡ中，其杂交阳性信号均为非颗粒状的“整合型”。结论低度鳞状上皮内病变是以ＨＰＶ６、１１低危型为主的多型别病毒的繁殖性感染，ＣＩＮⅢ和宫颈鳞癌为ＨＰＶ１６、１８高危型病毒的整合型感染，而在ＣＩＮⅡ中存在着ＨＰＶ６，１１和ＨＰＶ１６，１８的繁殖性感染及ＨＰＶ１６，１８的整合型感染     

Human papillomavirus infection and anal carcinoma. Retrospective analysis by in situ hybridization and the polymerase chain reaction.

To examine the association of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection with anal squamous cell carcinoma, the authors applied the highly sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and in situ hybridization (ISH) techniques to detect HPV DNA in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from 18 patients. The presence of HPV types 16/18 in 3 (16.7%) of 18 patients with anal carcinoma was found, using a colorimetric ISH technique for HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 35, and 51. Results from one of these three patients were also positive for HPV 31, 35, 51 by ISH techniques. When the same series was analyzed using the PCR and consensus primers to the L1 open reading frame of the HPV genomes, the frequency of positive patients rose to 14 (77.8%) of 18. PCR analysis of the 14 lesions containing HPV DNA, using type-specific primers and probes for HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, and 33, showed that 1 contained HPV 6, 1 contained HPV 11, 4 contained HPV 16, 1 contained HPV 18, 1 contained HPV 33, 5 contained HPV of unclassified type(s), and 1 contained a mixture of three HPV types. There was concordance between typing of cases that were positive by ISH and PCR methods. These data agree with the concept that HPV, in particular type 16, is implicated in the pathogenesis of anal cancer.     

Detection of integrated high risk human papillomavirus in adenoid cystic carcinoma of the uterine cervix.

AIM: To investigate the role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in adenoid cystic carcinoma of the uterine cervix. METHODS: Eleven archival, paraffin wax embedded specimens were analysed by non-isotopic in situ hybridisation (NISH) for HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, and 33 using digoxigenin labelled probes. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out on each of the cases using consensus primers to HPV. RESULTS: A total of eight adenoid cystic carcinomas harboured the HPV genome by NISH, of which five were PCR positive. Integrated HPV 16 DNA was demonstrated in seven of the eight NISH positive cases. One adenoid cystic carcinoma showed integrated HPV 31. HPV DNA was not detected in the three remaining cases. CONCLUSIONS: Integrated high risk HPV genome, in particular type 16, is associated with this uncommon type of primary cervical cancer.     

Multiple HPV genotypes in cervical carcinomas: improved DNA detection and typing in archival tissues.

BACKGROUND: Human papillomaviruses (HPV) have been considered to be the necessary and central agents of cervical carcinoma. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and genotypes of HPV in archival cervical carcinomas. STUDY DESIGN: The study included 152 paraffin-embedded, formaldehyde-fixed cervical carcinoma specimens. To improve the detection and typing of HPV in archival tissues, we conducted a comprehensive study in which, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods using E7 type-specific (TS) and L1 modified general primers (MY11/GP6+ and GP5+/GP6+) were employed. RESULTS: Overall HPV prevalence was 98% in the cervical carcinomas. HPV 16 was detected in 66% of the tumors, HPV 18 in 22%, HPV 31 in 13%, HPV 33 in 9%, and HPV 58 in 9%. Notably, multiple HPV types were present in 44 (28.9%) of the 152 cervical carcinomas. The most common co-infections were HPV types 16/18 (12 cases), followed by HPV types 16/31 (7 cases). Additionally, HPV 18 was more frequent in adenocarcinomas and adenosquamous carcinomas (86%) than in squamous cell carcinomas (15.8%) (P = 0.0002). CONCLUSIONS: The combination of L1 general primers and E7 type-specific primers can be of use in detecting HPV DNA in archival tissues. The present study showed a high frequency of multiple HPV infections in cervical carcinomas. Hence, relevant HPV typing information in cervical carcinoma is very important for further HPV vaccine design and application.     

Detection of human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 and 52b in cervical cancer tissues by Southern blot hybridization and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

DNA samples from cancer tissues diagnosed histologically as squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix were examined for the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) genome DNA by Southern blot hybridization. Of 63 specimens, 32 were found to hybridize with HPV DNA probes; 23 specimens (35%) with HPV type 16 (HPV16), one (2%) with HPV type 18 (HPV18), four (7%) with HPV type 52b (HPV52b), and four others (7%) weakly with HPV52b. Specimens negative for HPV DNA with Southern blot hybridization were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to determine the presence of HPV DNA under more sensitive conditions. After PCR using one set of primers specific for HPV16 and HPV52b, 7 out of 31 specimens were found to have HPV16 DNA. None was positive for HPV52b DNA. Our results indicate that HPV52b, as well as HPV16 and HPV18, is associated with squamous cell carcinoma of uterine cervix, and more sensitive determination of HPV infection can be made by amplification of the viral genome by PCR.     

A new nonisotopic detection of human papillomavirus DNA using polymerase chain reaction.

A novel technique using a two-step polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with specific primers detecting human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA of types 6/11, 16, and 18 and a final nonisotopic colorimetric detection has been developed. Sixty formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded sections were treated with this methodology and the results compared with those obtained with in situ hybridization (ISH). Twenty cases displaying HPV DNA with ISH were positive with PCR. Seven (35%) of 20 cases negative for ISH but evocative of HPV infection with classic histology displayed HPV DNA with the two-step PCR. Only one case (5%) of 20 normal tissues and/or inflammatory lesions not evocative of HPV infection and negative upon ISH showed HPV DNA. This original technique allows rapid, highly sensitive, and specific detection of HPV DNA and is suitable for most laboratories.     

Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: low incidence of human papillomavirus DNA detected by the polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization

Viral studies on mammalian urothelium have shown an association between the bovine papillomavirus and cancer of the bladder in cattle. However, the evidence for human papillomavirus (HPV) involvement in urinary bladder in man is less clear. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between HPV DNA and transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, using the highly sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and non-isotopic DNA in situ hybridization on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues from 76 patients. An HPV type specific set of primers was localized on the E6-gene for HPV 16/18 DNA. The second and third set of primers were specific for HPV 6/11 DNA. A biotinylated DNA probe which recognizes HPV 6/11, 16/18, and 31/33/35 was used for in situ hybridization. Of the 76 cases investigated, PCR analysis showed positive signals in seven (9.2%) of cases–six for HPV 16 DNA, and one for HPV 16 DNA and HPV 6 DNA. Four (5.2%) were also reactive for HPV 16/18 DNA using in situ hybridization. Most transitional cell carcinomas (71.4%) associated with HPV DNA were of high pathological grade/stage. One case had koilocytosis. Our results suggest that HPV DNA in transitional cell carcinoma is probably a rare occurrence, although the finding of the high risk HPV 16 DNA may indicate a role for it in this tumour's aetiology.     

应用基因芯片诊断宫颈石蜡组织样本中人乳头状瘤病毒感染及其临床意义

目的探讨应用基因芯片检测宫颈石蜡组织标本中人乳头状瘤病毒（HPV）感染的可能性及其临床意义。方法收集解放军总医院诊断为宫颈鳞状上皮病变的石蜡组织标本40例,其中宫颈浸润性鳞癌18例,宫颈上皮内瘤变（CIN）Ⅲ12例,CINⅠ4例,CINⅡ6例。从组织中提取DNA后采用基因芯片检测23种常见HPV基因亚型,即PCR扩增后产物在基因芯片上进行杂交。同时选用10例经基因芯片检测16型和18型基因阳性的宫颈鳞癌的石蜡组织切片做原位杂交。基因芯片检测结果与部分原位杂交结果进行比较并分析。结果基因芯片检测的18例宫颈鳞癌HPV高危亚型均为阳性（100％）,其中1例为混合阳性;12例CINⅢ中11例为高危亚型阳性（91．7％）,1例阴性;6例CINⅡ的宫颈病变中高危型5例阳性,低危型1例阳性;4例CINⅠ中有2例低危型阳性、2例阴性;宫颈鳞癌和CINⅢ组与CINⅠ和Ⅱ组比较,差异有统计学意义（U=80．0,P〈0．01）。10例宫颈鳞癌基因芯片HPV16型和18型阳性组织中,原位杂交同型探针6例检测显示阳性。结论HPV基因芯片技术可用于检测多种亚型,特异性强,敏感性高,对HPV感染亚型的鉴别及宫颈癌的预防和治疗具有重要意义。     

Detection of human papillomavirus types 6, 11, 16 and 18 in mucosal and cutaneous lesions by the multiplex polymerase chain reaction.

A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based on the simultaneous amplification of human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6/11, 16 and 18 in a single-step procedure was developed, using primers chosen in the E6-E7 region. The specificity and sensitivity of this technique have been proved by amplifying mixtures or various amounts of plasmid-containing HPV DNA; it allowed the detection of as few as 5-25 HPV DNA copies. Application of the multiplex PCR to 71 clinical samples showed that HPV DNA was detected in 80% (45/57 cases) of mucosal biopsies and 35% (5/14 cases) of cutaneous specimens. HPV 16 was predominant in high-grade CIN whereas HPV 6 and 11 were detected more frequently in genital condylomas and laryngeal papillomas. In cutaneous Bowen's disease HPV 16, 18 or 6/11 + 16 were detected and in squamous cell carcinomas HPV 6/11 or 16 were found. After sequence amplification with primers of one HPV type, the clinical samples displayed the same HPV types but the frequency of positive and coinfected lesions increased. Thus, multiplex PCR is a valuable technique for typing HPV DNA but coinfections may be underestimated.     

Occurrence of multiple types of human papillomavirus in genital tract lesions. Analysis by in situ hybridization and the polymerase chain reaction.

More than 22 types of human papillomavirus (HPV) have been detected in genital tract squamous cell intraepithelial lesions. Seven of two hundred eighty-six (2.4%) genital tract tissues in which HPV DNA was detected by in situ hybridization contained two or more different HPV types. When analyzed by site, 5 of 204 (2.4%) of cervical intraepithelial lesions were infected by more than one type, compared with 2 of 82 (2.4%) of vulvar lesions. The rate for low-grade lesions was similar (5/218; 2.3%) to that for high-grade lesions (2/68; 2.9%). In contrast, two different HPV types were detected in 6/33 (18%) of tissues by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using type-specific primers for eight HPV types. It is concluded that infection by one HPV type is rarely associated with concurrent 'active' infection by a second HPV type, even though DNA of a different viral type can be detected by PCR in about one fifth of such cases. Further study is required to determine if an existing HPV infection can inhibit replication by a different HPV type.     

Human papillomavirus 6, 11, and 16 in laryngeal papillomas.

Twenty-seven cases of benign laryngeal papillomas, both single and multiple variants, were analysed for human papillomavirus (HPV) by DNA slot-blot hybridization chiefly to determine the pattern of infection in Hong Kong Chinese. DNA was extracted from paraffin blocks of formalin-fixed tissue and probed separately for HPV 6, 11, 16, and 18. Sixteen cases (59 per cent) showed the presence of at least one of these four HPV genomes. Thirteen cases (48 per cent) were positive for HPV 11 only. Three other cases (11 per cent) showed triple positivity for HPV 6, 11, and 16. None were positive for HPV 18. The predominance of HPV 11 infection contrasts with other series which have shown either an almost equal distribution of HPV 6 and 11 or a predominance of HPV 6. The finding of HPV 16 in three cases was unexpected. Using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers complementary to the upstream regulatory region of the HPV 16 viral DNA, the presence of HPV 16 genome was confirmed in all three cases. As the number of HPV 16-positive cases in this study is small, analysis of more cases using fresh biopsy material and a wider range of HPV type-specific PCR primers is warranted to determine the relative incidence of HPV subtypes in these benign laryngeal papillomas.