上海市虹口区麻风腮疫苗接种前后腮腺炎发病流行病学分析

目的 为了解麻风腮疫苗接种前后腮腺炎发病流行病学变化，为腮腺炎免疫策略提供科学依据。方法 采用前后比较的方法，对虹口区疫苗接种前（1992～1996年）与疫苗接种后（1997～2005年）腮腺炎发病情况进行分析比较。结果 腮腺炎发病率以学龄前儿童最高，平均1899．51／10万，其次是学生，186．84／10万，其中学龄前儿童中，幼托儿童发病率2376．79／10万显著高于散居儿童501．20／10万；疫苗接种后1997～2000年腮腺炎发病率逐年明显下降到最低水平，2000～2004年发病率维持在最低水平，年均发病率22．05／10万，较疫苗接种前腮腺炎年均发病率216．04／10万，下降约90％，经比较差异有非常显著性；同时接种后腮腺炎病例中，学生比例由接种前的20％增加到50％；接种后腮腺炎季节性高峰不明显，呈全年发病；在腮腺炎暴发疫情病例中，（10～69）％的儿童有1针麻风腮疫苗史。结论 对儿童推荐接种麻风腮疫苗，能有效控制腮腺炎野毒株的传播；并且12～18月龄儿童接种1剂麻风腮疫苗后，4～6岁时（学龄前）有必要再加强1剂。     

合肥市 2011 年健康人群麻疹、风疹、流行性腮腺炎抗体水平调查

目的研究人群麻疹、风疹、流行性腮腺炎免疫状况,为制定免疫对策提供科学依据。方法随机抽取1422名0～30岁健康人员及部分育龄期女性,用酶联免疫吸附试验检测麻疹、风疹、流行性腮腺炎IgG抗体水平,并进行分析。结果1422名健康人员麻疹抗体阳性1071人,抗体阳性率为75．3％;风疹抗体阳性1149人,抗体阳性率为80．8％;流腮抗体阳性1097人,抗体阳性率为77．1％。结论合肥市麻疹有出现散发和小范围流行的可能,风疹和流行性腮腺炎学龄组出现暴发的可能性较高。在认真完成麻疹疫苗的常规接种的前提下,对大年龄组儿童进行MMR疫苗的强化免疫或查漏补种是消除麻疹和控制风疹及流行性腮腺炎的有效方法和途径。     

Swedish experience of two dose vaccination programme aiming at eliminating measles, mumps, and rubella

In 1982 a two dose regimen was introduced in Sweden for the combined vaccination against measles, mumps, and rubella of children aged 18 months and 12 years. Since 1977 about half of the preschool children were vaccinated against measles annually, and since 1974 about 80% of 12 year old girls were vaccinated against rubella. During the period 1982 to 1985 90-93% of the eligible age cohorts of 18 month old children and 88-91% of the 12 year old children were immunised with the new combined vaccine. A study in 1982 of about 140 18 month old children who were nearly all seronegative before vaccination showed that 96%, 92%, and 99% seroconverted against measles, mumps, and rubella, respectively. A second study was carried out in 1983 of 247 12 year old children, of whom 11% lacked antibodies to measles, 27% to mumps, and 45% to rubella. This showed seroconversion in 82% and 80% against measles and mumps, respectively, and all children seroconverted against rubella. In the latest study in 1985 of 496 12 year olds 9% and 13% were seronegative against measles and mumps before vaccination, and 41% against rubella. Of these, 88% seroconverted to measles and 80% to mumps, and all converted to rubella when sera were tested by the haemolysis in gel method. After a neutralisation test against measles as well all children showed immunity to the disease. A low incidence of measles and declining figures for mumps and rubella were reported in 1984 to 1986. An outbreak of rubella during 1985 affected mainly boys in age cohorts in which only the girls had been vaccinated during the 1970s.     

Measles,mumps, and rubella: A cross-sectional study of susceptibility to vaccine-preventable diseases among young people in India

BackgroundGlobal elimination of vaccine preventable diseases, such as measles, mumps and rubella is a priority. Many countries have reported diminishing of antibody titres against these diseases among young population as immunization coverage of adolescents and adults in not monitored. The objective of this study was to determine the susceptibility against measles, mumps and rubella among young adults.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study serological evidence of susceptibility to measles, mumps and rubella was determined by qualitative detection of IgG antibody titres by commercially available enzyme linked florescence assay (VIDAS, bioMerieux) in serum samples young adults.ResultsA total of 335 young individuals (mean age: 20.54 ± 1.37 years) participated voluntarily between May 2017 to September 2018, of which 183 (54.63%) were males. Seroprotection against measles, mumps and rubella were 87.16%, 82.69% and 79.10% respectively.ConclusionSerological surveillance is important to monitor immune status in population. Susceptibility of young adults to measles, mumps, and rubella indicates need for booster vaccination. With the recent launch of measles-rubella vaccination campaign in India, country specific data will be required to plan periodicity of such campaign, which in turn would be based on accumulation of susceptible individuals in a community. Lastly, inclusion of mumps vaccine in the national universal immunization program needs consideration.     

某部队麻疹、腮腺炎和风疹发病分析及其疫苗接种效果

目的了解某部队2011-2017年麻疹、流行性腮腺炎和风疹发病情况,及疫苗接种前后3年该部队3种传染病的发病差异,为部队科学制定相关免疫规划提供参考。方法通过收集全军疫情直报系统和军区医疗日报系统上报的传染病资料对某部队2011-2017年麻疹、流行性腮腺炎和风疹疫情进行分析,并比较疫苗接种前后该部队这3种传染病的发病差异。结果 2011-2017年某部队共报告麻疹、流行性腮腺炎和风疹病例665例,其中麻疹237例、流行性腮腺炎326例、风疹102例,病例以≤30岁为主,占81. 80%;士兵是发病数最多的,占发病总数的55. 04%(366/665),其次是学员,占25. 56%(170/665),再次是现役干部,占18. 20%(121/665),三者合计657例,占发病总数的98. 80%;麻疹和风疹有明显的季节性发病高峰,分别在4月和5月。接种麻疹-流行性腮腺炎-风疹三联疫苗后,该部队这3种传染病的发病数均少于接种前,差异有统计学意义(u=6. 86、15. 80、20. 65,P <0. 01),风疹和麻疹的发病数迅速下降,2017年发病数降为1例,腮腺炎在接种疫苗后发病数虽有所下降,但最低年发病数为22例。结论某部队接种麻疹-流行性腮腺炎-风疹三联疫苗取得了显著的防控效果,但流行性腮腺炎仍需进一步加强防控。     

Mass vaccination programme aimed at eradicating measles, mumps, and rubella in Sweden: first experience

General vaccination with a combined measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine was introduced in Sweden in 1982. The immunisation schedule comprises two vaccine injections, given at 18 months and 12 years of age, respectively. A controlled field study was carried out in 150 children aged 18 months using two different batches of the vaccine. Seroconversion was seen in 96% against measles, 93% against mumps, and 99% against rubella--the same rates with both vaccine lots. Nevertheless, a difference was noted between the two batches with respect to postvaccination reactions. Fever and rash were recorded mainly five to 12 days after vaccination. Moderate fever (38.5-39.4 degrees C) was observed in 22 children, high fever (greater than or equal to 39.5 degrees C) in 33, and rash in 35. Preliminary results obtained by follow up of routinely vaccinated schoolchildren aged 12 indicated considerably lower rates of fever and rash during the postvaccination period, occurring in 3-10% of cases only. These findings show that complete eradication of measles, mumps, and rubella in Sweden is entirely practicable by the mass vaccination programme and that side effects of vaccination are likely to be few and mild.     

营山县2014年健康人群麻疹、风疹、腮腺炎抗体水平监测结果分析

目的:了解营山县健康人群麻疹、风疹、腮腺炎抗体水平,评价疫苗接种效果和人群免疫状况,为制定免疫规划策略和相应传染病防制措施提供依据。方法:按照分层随机抽样的原则,分<1岁、1岁~、3岁~、5岁~、7岁~、15岁~、≥20岁7个年龄组,每个年龄组随机抽取30人作为监测对象,共210人,采用酶联免疫吸附实验(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)法检测麻疹IgG、风疹IgG、腮腺炎IgG。结果:共检测210份血清标本,麻疹IgG阳性率为86.19%,风疹IgG阳性率为80.48%,腮腺炎IgG阳性率为63.81%。结论:营山县健康人群麻疹IgG抗体水平1岁以上年龄组人群均达到《预防接种规范》要求的85%免疫成功率指标,建立了有效免疫屏障。风疹IgG抗体和腮腺炎IgG抗体水平较低,不足以达到有效免疫屏障,提示我们要加强风疹、腮腺炎接种率和接种质量。     

孕妇孕期增重对新生儿出生体质量和出生身长的影响

目的 研究孕妇孕期增重对新生儿出生体质量和出生身长的影响.方法 选取解放军第三二四医院收治的400例足月单胎产妇,回顾性记录其身高、孕前体质量和孕晚期体质量,并记录新生儿的出生体质量和出生身长,分析孕期增重与新生儿出生身长和出生体质量的关系.结果 孕期增重超标组巨大儿发生率显著高于增重正常组(x2 =9.320,P＜0.01),该组新生儿出生体质量也显著高于增重正常组(F=48.572,P＜0.01),而新生儿出生身长则没有显著变化(F=3.541,P＞0.05).与增重正常组相比,孕期增重不足组的巨大儿发生率(x2 =0.072,P＞0.05)、新生儿出生体质量(F=0.02,P＞0.05)和新生儿出生身长(F=1.052,P＞0.05)均没有显著变化.结论 孕期增重对新生儿出生体质量存在重要影响,孕妇应根据自身情况,合理控制孕期增重,以获得良好的妊娠结局.     

Low birth weight in relation to sex of baby, maternal age and parity: a hospital based study on Tangsa tribe from Arunachal Pradesh.

Records of 151 Tangsa singleton live births over a period of 4 years at the Nampong Primary Health Centre of Nampong Circle of the Changlang district of Arunachal Pradesh were analysed to examine the effect of sex of baby, mother's age and parity on the incidence of low birth weight. The occurrence of low birth weight was 28.48% and only 4.64% of newborns weighed 2000 g or less. The mean birth weight was found to be 2806.95 +/- 39.32 g. Female babies had a significantly higher incidence of low birth weight than male babies. Parity was found to be significant influence on the incidence of low birth weight. An increase of low birth weight babies was noticed after 4th parity and the best outcome was also observed at this parity. The higher incidence of low birth weight was found in the 5+ parity. Young mothers (< 20 years) had also higher incidence of low birth weight and mother's age had no significant effect on the incidence of low birth weight.