超声内镜引导下胰管引流术治疗进展

各种原因引起的胰管梗阻,易诱发腹痛和胰腺炎,需要胰管引流治疗。随着内镜微创介入技术发展,无法手术切除的胰腺肿瘤和良性病变所致的胰管梗阻首选内镜下的引流已形成共识。超声内镜引导下胰管引流术(endoscopic ultrasound-guided pancreatic duct drainage, EUS-PDD)可以较好解决无法行经内镜逆行胰造影术(endoscopic retrograde pancreatography, ERP)或ERP失败的患者,丰富和完善了胰管引流的内镜下治疗手段。本文主要对病例选择、术式和手术器件选择、操作成功率、并发症及长期疗效的新进展进行总结,期望有助于临床医师对EUS-PDD有全面了解。     

超声内镜在胰管结石诊断中的价值

目的探讨超声内镜对胰管结石的诊断价值及相关治疗方法。方法回顾性分析2008年1月～2010年12月间我院收治的4例胰管结石的临床资料。结果 4例患者超声内镜检查均有慢性胰腺炎的影像学表现,胰腺内点状或弧形强回声,伴声影,胰管壁不规则,胰管扩张或囊性扩张。2例合并胰腺癌,1例合并壶腹癌,1例单纯胰管结石。治疗方法：1例行胰十二指肠切除术;1例行胆肠吻合术;1例行全麻下胰管切开取石,胰肠吻合术;1例行ERCP＋EST＋支架植入术。结论影像学检查是确诊胰管结石的主要手段,且超声内镜更具优势;胰管结石易合并胰腺癌,应该加以重视;治疗方法应根据具体情况采取不同的措施。     

乳腺癌的超声声像图分析

目的探讨乳腺癌的超声声像图特点。方法本次共选择30例乳腺癌患者,均为我院2012年1月至2013年12月收治,采用高频超声诊断,分析声像图特点。结果组30例患者中,以浸润性导管癌为主,共16例,占53.3%;其次为浸润性癌,共4例,占13.3%;小叶癌2例,占6.7%;其余导管内癌伴浸润、黏液腺癌、神经内分泌癌、乳头状瘤癌变、淋巴瘤、混合来源肿瘤、髓样癌、鳞形细胞癌各1例,分别占3.3%。良性肿瘤3例,占10%,恶性26例,占86.7%;未明确定性1例,占3.3%。声像图特点:包块纵横比1、形态不规则、回声衰减、毛刺样改变、簇状钙化斑、高回声晕环等表现有较高超声确诊价值;肿块10mm、形态规则、囊实性、后方回声增强、边界清晰及中高回声表现的病例,超声诊断价值较低。结论乳腺癌诊断中,经高频超声检查,若包块形态不规则、边缘呈毛刺样或蟹足样改变,内见簇状钙化斑,后方回声衰减,纵横比1,多可诊断。鉴别困难者,可用彩色多普勒及弹性成像协助,并结合病理活检,以获得理想的诊断效果。     

超声内镜对胰管扩张性疾病的诊断价值

目的 探讨内镜超声检查术(EUS)在胰管扩张病因及恶性疾病邻近脏器浸润的诊断价值。方法 分析129例EUS检查发现胰管扩张的病因，并与同期接受CT检查(n＝40)与ERCP检查(n＝42)的结果相比较。对其中72例胰腺癌引起的胰管扩张病例，分析EUS对邻近脏器浸润检出率，并与CT、ERCP结果相比较。结果 129例胰管扩张病例中，胰腺癌、壶腹癌、慢性胰腺炎为常见病因。EUS对病因检出率较CT及ERCP高。EUS对胰腺癌邻近血管侵犯及淋巴结转移检出率较CT及ERCP高。结论 EUS对胰管扩张的病因诊断较CT及ERCP有明显的优越性，并能全面评估肿瘤的可切除性，指导制定治疗方案。     

小儿肝胆超声声像图特点

小儿肝胆疾病,究其病因、先天发育特点、以及病理生理特点有其特殊性,不同于成人肝胆疾病,其超声影像学检查因此亦不同于成人超声影像特点。根据病因分为5类。（1）感染相关疾病;（2）先天发育异常疾病;（3）代谢性疾病;（4）肝脏占位性病变;（5）肝脏血管疾病。本文从这5个方面系统回顾儿科肝胆疾病超声特点,并对特征性疾病超声特点给予阐述。     

胰管内超声在鉴别胰腺癌和慢性胰腺炎中的临床应用价值

目的与常规影像学检查对比,评价胰管内超声对胰腺癌和慢性胰腺炎的诊断价值;方法对１８例经手术证实和临床诊断为胰癌和慢性胰腺炎的患者行胰管内超声检查,且与常规腹部超声、计算机断层扫描、逆行胰胆管造影作比较;结果胰管内超声对胰癌和慢性胰腺炎的诊断符合率明显优于常规影像学检查;结论胰管内超声在胰癌和慢性胰腺炎的临床鉴别诊断中是一种可行且有效的检查方法。     

超声内镜引导下胰管穿刺术联合经内镜逆行副胰管造影术治疗胰腺分裂症1例

1例慢性胰腺炎、胰管结石伴梗阻性黄疸患者,因经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术主乳头胰管反复插管困难,副乳头开口难辨,最后选择在全麻下行超声内镜引导下胰管穿刺术联合经内镜逆行副胰管造影术+副乳头扩张术+胰管探条扩张术+胰管支架置入术,术中补充诊断：胰腺分裂。本文报道了该疑难病例的内镜治疗过程及护理配合要点。     

超声内镜引导下胰管穿刺引流术治疗慢性胰腺炎合并胰管结石一例

<正>患者,男,66岁,因“间断腰背部疼痛2年余”于2022年3月29日首次收入我院。患者2年前出现间断双侧腰背部疼痛,呈针刺样疼痛、左侧较为显著,疼痛与进食、体位变化无关,可自行缓解且无其他伴随症状,后因疼痛发作频繁就诊外院,2022年3月21日外院腹部MRI胰胆管成像(MRCP)检查示胰腺明显萎缩,主胰管扩张并胰管结石,考虑慢性胰腺炎(CP)。为求进一步治疗转至我院。既往史:曾患结核性胸膜炎,已治愈,有肺气肿及高血压病病史十余年,收缩压最高达190 mm Hg,平素口服非洛地平缓释片降压。体格检查:心肺听诊无明显异常,腹部无压痛、反跳痛及肌紧张,腰背部无明显叩击痛。2022年3月30日辅助检查结果:空腹血糖:6.30 mmol/L(3.90～6.10 mmol/L,括号内为正常参考值范围,以下相同),血常规、血淀粉酶、脂肪酶等结果均正常;腹部CT检查结果:胰管结石伴胰管扩张、胰腺实质萎缩,考虑诊断:1. CP; 2．胰管结石。经患者及家属同意后于2022年3月31日首次行经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP),术中导丝进入主胰管后,经反复操作导丝仍无法通过狭窄段,遂结束操作。...     

超声内镜诊断罕见胰管囊肿1例

胰管囊肿为腹侧胰管、背侧胰管局限性扩张, 包括腹侧胰管末端局限性扩张及背侧胰管末端局限性扩张两种类型。本文报道1例老年男性患者在超声内镜下确诊腹侧胰管末端局限性扩张, 供临床参考。     

改良型一体式胰管支架在胰管狭窄中的应用

目的评估改良型一体式胰管支架置入治疗胰管狭窄的有效性和安全性。方法选取2018年6—12月在上海长海医院消化内镜中心因胰管狭窄,首次行经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术+胰管支架置入术的患者共200例,其中改良组（置入改良型一体式胰管支架）100例,传统组（置入传统胰管支架）100例。记录并分析手术一次成功率、胰管支架置入时间、医生及护士满意度评价及成本效益。结果改良组与传统组在一次手术成功率[100%(100/100)比78%(78/100)]、胰管支架置入时间 [(7.66±1.64)min比（34.11±15.32）min]、医师满意度[100%(100/100)比34%(34/100)]、护士满意度[100%(100/100)比23%(23/100)]及手术材料费[（5 817.12±548.09)元比(7 533.51±878.72)元]等方面,差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。结论采用改良型一体式胰管支架置入治疗胰管狭窄,在治疗效果及成本控制上均明显优于传统方法,值得临床推广。     

Characteristics of pancreatic carcinoma in the elderly

Summary Conclusion Lymphogenous as well as hematogenous metastases were significantly less frequent in the elderly group of patients, although local invasion was comparable. Survival was comparable between both groups although palliative therapy alone was significantly more frequent in the elderly. Background The relative and absolute numbers of elderly patients continue to increase, as does the incidence of pancreatic carcinoma. To determine the optimal therapy for elderly patients with pancreatic carcinoma, we examined their clinicopathological features. Methods The clinical and histopathological features of pancreatic carcinoma in patients 70 yr of age or older (n=89) were compared with those in patients aged 69 yr or less (n=184). Results A total of 273 patients showed histologically tubular adenocarcinomas and their major variants. The male: female ratio peaked at 1∶0.3 in patients under 49 yr old but gradually decreased to 1∶1.2 in those aged over 80 yr. There were no significant differences between the two groups in the resectability, prognosis, location, or histology of the tumor. Hematogenous and lymphogeneous metastases were detected at autopsy in 68 and 61% of patients older than 70, and in 82 and 80% of the younger group.     

Transpapillary incision of refractory circumscript pancreatic duct stricture using wire-guided snare forceps

Endoscopic therapy of pancreatic duct(PD)strictures using balloon dilation and pancreatic duct stent(PS) placement has been reported to improve the severity of abdominal pain in selected patients with chronic pancreatitis(CP).However,some strictures are refractory and require frequent PS exchange to control symptoms.We describe two cases of successful endoscopic PD incision for difficult PD stricture using a wireguided snare.The snare is partially opened within the strictured pancreatic duct while applying ...     

Clinical significance of main pancreatic duct dilation on computed tomography： Single and double duct dilation

AIM: To study the patients with main pancreatic duct dilation on computed tomography (CT) and thereby to provide the predictive criteria to identify patients at high risk of significant diseases, such as pancreatic cancer, and to avoid unnecessary work up for patients at low risk of such diseases. METHODS: Patients with dilation of the main pancreatic duct on CT at Emory University Hospital in 2002 were identified by computer search. Clinical course and ultimate diagnosis were obtained in all the identified patients by abstraction of their computer database records. RESULTS: Seventy-seven patients were identified in this study. Chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer were the most common causes of the main pancreatic duct dilation on CT. Although the majority of patients with isolated dilation of the main pancreatic duct (single duct dilation) had chronic pancreatitis, one-third of patients with single duct dilation but without chronic pancreatitis had pancreatic malignancies, whereas most of patients with concomitant biliary duct dilation (double duct dilation) had pancreatic cancer. CONCLUSION: Patients with pancreatic double duct dilation need extensive work up and careful followup since a majority of these patients are ultimately diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. Patients with single duct dilation, especially such patients without any evidence of chronic pancreatitis, also need careful follow-up since the possibility of pancreatic malignancy, including adenocarcinoma and intraductal papillary mucinous tumors, is still high.     

Endoscopic pancreatic duct stent placement for inflammatory pancreatic diseases

The role of endoscopic therapy in the management of pancreatic diseases is continuously evolving; at present most pathological conditions of the pancreas are successfully treated by endoscopic retrograde cholangio- pancreatography （ERCP） or endoscopic ultrasound （EUS）, or both. Endoscopic placement of stents has played and still plays a major role in the treatment of chronic pancreatitis, pseudocysts, pancreas divisum, main pancreatic duct injuries, pancreatic fistulae, complications of acute pancreatitis, recurrent idiopathic pancreatitis, and in the prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis. These stents are currently routinely placed to reduce intraductal hypertension, bypass obstructing stones, restore lumen patency in cases with dominant, symptomatic strictures, seal main pancreatic duct disruption, drain pseudocysts or fluid collections, treat symptomatic major or minor papilla sphincter stenosis, and prevent procedure-induced acute pancreatitis. The present review aims at updating and discussing techniques, indications, and results of endoscopic pancreatic duct stent placement in acute and chronic inflammatory diseases of the pancreas.     

胰管刷检标本K-ras基因突变检测在胰腺癌诊断中的价值

目的 探讨胰管刷检标本K-ras基因突变检测在胰腺癌诊断中的价值。方法 应用突变富集聚合酶联反应（PCR）－单链构象多态性（SSCP）法，检测胰腺疾病胰管刷检标本K-ras基因第一外显子第12密码子点突变。结果 35例胰管刷检标本PCR扩增均获成功，成功率为100％。20例胰腺癌中14例K-ras突变（70％），7例慢性胰腺炎中1例K-ras突变（14％），两组间差异有显著性（P＜0．05）。胰腺囊腺瘤，十二指肠乳头癌均未见K-ras突变。胰管刷检标本K-ras突变与胰腺癌部位无关。胰管刷检K-ras突变检测诊断胰腺癌的敏感性，特异性和准确性分别为70％，90％和83％。结论 检测胰管刷检标本中K-ras基因突变有助于胰腺癌的诊断，具有良好的临床应用前景。     

Stent-induced symptomatic pancreatic duct stricture after endoscopic prophylactic pancreatic duct stent placement for the normal pancreas

Background/ObjectivesStent-induced pancreatic duct stricture (SI-PDS) is a complication associated with pancreatic stent placement. However, symptomatic SI-PDS associated with prophylactic pancreatic duct stents has not been sufficiently investigated.MethodsWe examined the incidence and characteristics of symptomatic SI-PDS in patients who underwent pancreatic duct stent placement to prevent post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis (PEP) between April 2007 and March 2017.ResultsWe examined 124 patients with normal pancreases consisting of 75 men and 49 women with a median age of 67.5 years [interquartile range (IQR): 61–74 years]. The median main pancreatic duct (MPD) diameter was 3.3 mm (IQR: 2.6–4.1 mm). The median duration of stent placement was 7 days (IQR: 3–14 days). Spontaneous dislodgment stents were placed in 43.5% of cases (54/124). The diameter of the stent was 5 Fr in 93.5% of cases (116/124) and 7 Fr in 6.5% of cases (8/124). Symptomatic SI-PDS was observed in 2.4% (3/124) of patients overall: 6.5% of patients with an MPD diameter of <3 mm and 0% of patients with an MPD diameter of ≥3 mm. Univariate analysis revealed that an MPD diameter <3 mm was a significant factor for symptomatic SI-PDS (p = 0.048). All cases of symptomatic SI-PDS improved with endoscopic treatment.ConclusionsSymptomatic SI-PDS occurred in 2.4% of patients who underwent prophylactic pancreatic duct stent placement for normal pancreases. Patients with an MPD diameter of <3 mm may be susceptible to symptomatic SI-PDS.     

胰管良恶性狭窄的内镜治疗

目的 探讨内镜治疗胰管狭窄的临床疗效。方法 36例影像学检查确诊的胰管狭窄患者,病因包括慢性胰腺炎、胰腺分裂症、胰头癌、胰腺假性囊肿等,分别在内镜逆行胰胆管造影基础上行内镜治疗,包括胰管支架置入、气囊扩张、探条扩张以及经内镜胰管括约肌切开术（EPS）、经内镜乳头括约肌切开术（EST）,同时观察术后症状缓解情况（如腹痛缓解率）、并发症发生率以及近期与远期疗效。结果36例分别进行了胰管支架引流术、气囊扩张、探条扩张、EPS和EST,术后腹痛症状有不同程度的改善,并发症发生率较低。随访1个月～36个月,平均15个月。术后近期（≤3个月）腹痛缓解率为72.2％（26/36）,长期（>3个月）随访显示47.2％（17/36）的患者腹痛缓解无复发,63.9％（23/36）的患者体重增加,生活质量改善。高淀粉酶血症、出血的发生率分别为13.9％（5/36）和5.6％（2/36）,均经一般内科治疗于3日内缓解。支架阻塞、支架脱落的发生率分别为12.5％（3/24）和4.2％（1/24）。结论 经内镜治疗胰管狭窄是安全而有效的方法。     

胰管刷检标本P53蛋白检测在胰腺癌诊断中的价值

目的：探讨胰管刷检标本p53蛋白检测在胰腺癌诊断中的价值。方法：应用免疫组化法检测26例胰腺及壶腹疾病患者胰管刷检标本p53蛋白的表达,并与常规细胞学检查作比较。结果：苏木精－伊红染色常规细胞学检查诊断胰腺癌的敏感性为53％,特异性为100％,准确性为70％。胰管刷检标本p53蛋白检测诊断胰腺癌的敏感性为59％,特异性为100％, 准确性为74％。二者联合诊断胰腺癌的敏感性为71％,特异性为100％,准确性为81％,与单项细胞学检查相比差异有非常显著性（P＜0．01）。结论：胰管刷检标本细胞学检查的同时,进行p53检测可提高胰腺癌的诊断率,有助于胰腺良、恶性疾病的鉴别。     

胆胰管良恶性梗阻的双支架联合引流

目的 探讨胆、胰管良恶性狭窄或梗阻时内镜双支架联合引流的操作技术及其临床疗效。方法 所有患者先行经内镜逆行胰胆管造影，了解胆、胰管狭窄或梗阻的部位、程度，并确定置入支架的外径及长度；然后胆、胰管分别置入导丝，并在导丝引导下按常规分别置入胆管和胰管引流支架。术后观察血清淀粉酶变化及黄疸、腹痛、腹泻等临床症状的改善情况。结果 14例胆、胰管并存狭窄或梗阻患者（壶腹癌5例、胰头癌4例、乳头部癌3例及胰头部慢性炎症2例）均一次操作成功，置入胆管塑料支架14根（12例1根，1例2根），置入金属支架1根；同时还置入胰管支架14根。术后2周、1个月及3个月黄疸消失率分别为50．0％、71．0％和93．0％，术后2周上腹痛缓解率为75．0％；7例腹泻患者，术后1个月5例症状消失，2例明显减轻。未发生与操作相关的早期并发症，术后3个月未发现支架移位及阻塞情况。结论 胆、胰管良恶性狭窄患者经内镜双支架联合引流是一种简便、安全、有效的治疗方法，既能解除黄疸，又能减压止痛，改善胰腺外分泌功能。