多普勒超声评价大型室间隔缺损肺动脉高压的类型

目的：以多普勒超声评价大型室间隔缺损（ＶＳＤ）肺动脉高压的类型。方法：多普勒超声测量３６例大型ＶＳＤ患者右室和左室射血前期、加速期和心输出量比值的比值（Ｒ ＰＥＰ：ＡＴ：Ｑｐ／Ｌ ＰＥＰ：ＡＴ：Ｑｓ），与高分流型和高肺阻型ＢＳＤ心导管测量的肺循环和体循环阻力比值（ＰＶＲ／ＳＶＲ＿相比较。结果：超声测量高分流型和高肺阻型ＶＳＤ患者的Ｒ ＰＥＰ：ＡＴ：Ｑｐ／Ｌ ＰＥＰ：ＡＴ：Ｑｓ与心导管测量的ＰＶ 值     

脉冲多普勒测量肺动脉血流速度对小儿室间隔缺损血流动力学研究

运用脉冲多普勒超声技术测量46例空间隔缺损（VSD）患者的肺动脉峰值流速（VP）和41例肺动脉平均流速（Vm），将检查结果与心导管检查的肺循环流量和体循环流量比值（Qp／Qs）相对照。肺动脉Vp与Qp／Qs呈正相关（r=0．74，P＜0．01，Y=-0．7682＋1．8944x），肺动脉Vm也与Qp／Qs呈正相关（r=0．82，P＜0．01，Y=-0．6021＋3．59x）。脉冲多普勒测定肺动脉Vm和肺动脉Vp为评价VSD患者的左向右分流量提供了简便、快捷的计算方法，比常用的超声测量Qp／Qs方法有更广的适用范围，特别适合于主、肺动脉直径＜1．0cm的婴儿。本组46例VSD病人中，大型VSD16例，其中肺总阻力（PVR）≤450dyn·s·cm-510例，为PVR无显著增高组，PVR＞450dyn·s·cm－56例，为PVR显著增高组，两组患者的肺动脉Vp及肺动脉Vm经均值t检验P＜0．01，有显著差异。这为诊断大型VSD的PVR有无显著增高提供了依据。     

血流向量成像技术在房间隔缺损右房流场可视化及肺体循环血流量比定量中的价值

目的探讨血流向量成像(VFM)技术观察房间隔缺损(ASD)患者右房流场分布的可行性及定量肺、体循环血流量比(Qp/Qs)的准确性。方法应用VFM观察50例健康体检者(正常组)和30例ASD患者(病例组)右房流场分布;分别应用VFM法及频谱多普勒法测算病例组Qp/Qs值并与右心导管测值比较。结果①正常组剑突下双房切面示收缩期右房内来自上下腔静脉的血流并不直接相汇,而是前旋共同形成顺时针方向的大涡流;病例组整个心动周期右房内涡流受到ASD分流束冲击而消失。②VFM法定量Qp/Qs对角度依赖性不高,正常组VFM法心尖三腔心及五腔心切面Qp/Qs测量均值为0.84～1.15(0.99±0.08),与无左向右分流理论值1吻合;病例组VFM法及频谱多普勒法测得Qp/Qs均值与心导管测值比较差异均无统计学意义〔(2.18±0.48)vs.(2.29±0.76),P=0.29;(2.30±0.91)vs.(2.29±0.76),P=0.86〕。③VFM法Qp/Qs测值与右心导管测值相关性高于频谱多普勒法(r=0.71,P<0.001vs.r=0.38,P<0.05)。④VFM法Qp/Qs测值具有良好的一致性,观察者内及观察者间变异系数分别为9.84%和9.86%。结论 VFM能真实地呈现出右房内血流的流场分布,其定量Qp/Qs较频谱多普勒法更接近于右心导管测值。     

超声直接测量小儿肺循环和体循环流量比值

目的：探讨超声准确测量肺循环和体循环流量比值（Ｑｐ／Ｑｓ）的方法。方法：超声测量２４例先天性心脏病患儿的肺动脉和主动脉瓣口面积和直径,分别结合流速时间积分（ＶＴＩ）计算Ｑｐ／Ｑｓ,与心导管测量的Ｑｐ／Ｑｓ比较。结果：超声直接测量肺动脉和主动脉瓣口面积结合ＶＴＩ计算的Ｑｐ／Ｑｓ与心导管测量的Ｑｐ／Ｑｓ比较,ｒ＝０．９２,Ｐ＜０．００１。超声测量肺动脉和主动脉瓣口直径结合ＶＴＩ计算的Ｑｐ／Ｑｓ与心导管测量的Ｑｐ／Ｑｓ比较,ｒ＝０．６８,Ｐ＜０．０１。结论：超声直接测量肺动脉和主动脉瓣口面积结合ＶＴＩ是准确计算Ｑｐ／Ｑｓ的方法。     

一种简便有效的心内左向右分流动物模型建立方法

目的　探讨室间隔缺损的实验动物模型的建立方法。方法　 15只幼猪在全麻下经右心耳行室间隔穿刺造口术。术后 3天行超声心动图检查 ,测定最大分流速率。术后 1个月行心导管检查 ,测定肺 -体循环血流比 (Qp Qs)。结果　有 9只猪建模成功。超声心动图示最大分流流速Vmax为 1.7～ 4 .4m s。血流动力学指标测定结果示肺动脉压无显著升高 ,Qp Qs1.6 8～ 2 .12 ,平均 1.84± 0 .2 4。结论　采用改良的Synhorst方法成功地建立了幼龄室间隔缺损动物模型。     

室间隔缺损动物模型的建立

目的　建立室间隔缺损动物模型。方法　取幼龄猪 15只 ,在全麻下经右心耳行室间隔穿刺造口术。术后 3d行超声心动图检查 ,测定最大分流速率。术后 1月行心导管检查 ,测定肺 -体循环血流比 (Qp/Qs)。结果　有 10只猪建模成功。超声心动图示最大分流流速 Vmax为 1.7～ 4 .4 m /s,平均 2 .6 3± 0 .92 m /s。血流动力学指标测定结果示肺动脉压无显著升高 ,Qp/Qs为 1.6 8～ 2 .12 ,平均 1.84± 0 .2 4。结论　采用改良的 Synhorst方法在国内首次成功地建立了幼龄猪室间隔缺损动物模型     

室间隔缺损左向右分流量的无创性测定

采用二维超声与右心导管对15例空间隔缺损患者进行对比研究,证明左房径指数与肺、体循环比值无明显相关(r=0.45,P>0.05);左房内径与主动脉内径比值与肺、体循环比值呈密切相关(r=0.87,P<0.001),并推导出由左房内径与主动脉内径比值推算肺、体循环比值的回归方程,为无创性定量估计室间隔缺损分流量大小提供了一种计算方法。     

超声检测腺苷急性血管扩张试验在先天性室间隔缺损合并重度肺动脉高压中的应用

目的应用彩色多普勒超声心动图评价腺苷急性血管扩张试验在先天性室间隔缺损合并重度肺动脉高压中的应用价值。方法选取先天性室间隔缺损并重度肺动脉高压患者68例,肘静脉注射腺苷75μg.kg-1.min-1,应用彩色多普勒超声心动图检测主动脉平均压、肺动脉平均压、肺动脉收缩压、肺动脉舒张压、肺血管阻力、体循环阻力、肺循环阻力/体循环阻力比值、肺动脉/主动脉收缩压比值、肺循环/体循环血流量比值,注射5min后,与用药前比较,肺血管阻力下降>30%和肺动脉平均压下降>10%为急性血管扩张试验阳性。结果肺动脉平均压、肺动脉压、肺血管阻力、肺循环阻力/体循环阻力比值、肺动脉/主动脉收缩压比值用药后较用药前均明显下降(P<0.05),肺循环/体循环血流量比值明显增加(P<0.05),体循环阻力下降不明显(P>0.05),其中39例急性血管扩张试验阳性者,通过临床药物降压治疗有效后成功手术;29例急性血管扩张试验阴性者继续降压治疗无效并非手术适应证而行保守和对症治疗。结论腺苷选择性作用于肺血管,在先天性室间隔缺损合并重度肺动脉高压中,是急性血管扩张试验中较好的药物。     

超声心动图预测动脉导管未闭左向右分流

The assessment of left-right ductal shunting flow in 35 children with PDA by 2-DCE with 35 normal children as a control was shown in the study. A close relationship was demonstrated between the grade of the diastolic negative contrast at the distal ends of the pulmonary artery and Q p/Qs. The diastolic negative contrast effect of 2-DCE could be used as a new important index in the assessment of left-to-right ductal shunting flow. Four parameters which were closely correlated with Qp/Qs were selected from 8 parameters by the stepwise multilinear regression procedure. The 4 parameters were grade II DNCE, LVPWER, grade I DNCE, LADR. A regression equation which was capable of assessing Q p/Qs noninvasively in children with PDA was derived from the 4 parameters. The accuracy of calculation of Qp/Qs by the regression equation was 80%.     

PDE评价硝苯吡啶对先心病肺体循环血流量的影响

应用脉冲多普勒超声心动图(FDE),评价硝苯吡啶对30例单纯左向右分流型先天性心脏病患儿的左心搏血量(Vs)、右心搏血量(Vp),体循环血流量(Qs)、肺循环血流量(Qp)及肺,体循环血流比值(Qp/Qs)的影响。结果发现,用药后中到大量分流组的Vs、Qs增加和Qp/Qs比值减小,经统计学处理,均有非常显著性意义(P<0.001);小分流组的Vs、Qs和Qp/Qs的变化均无显著性意义。研究表明,PDE容积血流测定技术是评价儿科临床心血管药物疗效的可靠手段;硝苯吡啶可增加中到大量左向右分流型先心病的Vs和Qs,减少左向右分流,改善心功能。     

多普勒超声测量非限制性缺损先心病肺血管阻力的可靠性分析

目的 探讨超声心动图测量非限制性先心病患者肺血管阻力的可靠性.方法 选择先天性非限制性三尖瓣后型缺损患者19例(室间隔缺损患者13例,非限制性动脉导管未闭患者6例),对照组患者19例作为研究对象.用连续多普勒测量三尖瓣最大返流速度,右室流出道前向血流频谱并测量流速时间积分TVIRVOT.按照公式1 PVRecho=TRV/TVIRVOT+0.16和公式2 PVRecho2=TRV2/TVIRVOT*5.19-0.4计算PVR.全部患者超声检查完毕后3日内完成右心导管检查.对两种测量结果行相关性分析.结果 非限制性室间隔缺损多数呈现双向分流,公式2测量的结果与右心导管检查结果高度相关,对于右室流出道增大患者,这种相关性减弱.超声与右心导管测量肺血管阻力在非限制性动脉导管未闭患者中无显著相关.结论 超声心动图多普勒能够较可靠测量非限制性室间隔缺损先心病,尤其是双向分流可疑艾森曼格综合征患者肺血管阻力,并可能成为有用且性价比高的无创评价和跟踪肺血管阻力变化的工具.     

高血流性肺动脉高压模型大鼠建立及病理生理改变

目的 建立大鼠颈总动脉与颈外静脉吻合高血流性肺动脉高压模型。方法 健康雄性SD大鼠45只分为分流组、结扎组和假手术组(n=15)。12 周后检查大鼠一般状态;超声心动图观察心脏情况、心排量及分流通畅情况;右心导管检查右心室收缩压,抽血气分析计算肺循环/体循环血流量比值(Qp/Qs); 右心室肥厚指数;肺组织HE染色及弹力纤维EVG染色。统计数据采用SPSS 16.0软件,对各组数据进行单因素方差验分析。结果 各组体重增加未见明显差异,吻合通畅率84.6%。分流组大鼠心脏明显增大,与假手术组、结扎组相比心排量明显增加[(309.8±33.1)mL/min·kg比(245.6±31.9)mL/min·kg,(240.8±30.9)mL/min·kg相比,P<0.05];分流组Qp/Qs 为2.16±0.38,右心室收缩压增加至(35.8±4.9)mmHg。分流组右心室肥厚指数0.3263±0.0342,比其它两组增加明显。与假手术组相比,分流组肺动脉中膜厚度明显增加[(22.3±1.7)% 比(10.6±1.7)%, P<0.05]。结论 大鼠颈总动脉与颈外静脉吻合法可以建立良好的高肺血流肺动脉高压模型。     

彩色多普勒血流显像诊断小儿先天性心脏病(附418例手术对比)

本文采用彩色多普勒血流显像(DCFI)诊断小儿先天性心脏病428例。全部患儿均接受手术治疗。将DCFI检查结果与手术发现进行了比较。本组有35％施行心导管和(或)心血管造影。418例中有340例为单一心血管畸形,DCFI与手术结果完全一致,符台率100％。复合心血管畸形78例中有70例两者结果基本相符,1例误诊(0.2％),7例有部分漏诊(1.7％)。本组有3例危重新生儿先心病,经DCFI诊断后立即施行急诊手术治疗,术中所见与DCFI诊断完全一致。观察结果显示,单一先心病及某些复合畸形,DCFI基本可取代创伤性检查而直接接受手术治疗。DCFI不仅诊断准确,而且对手术方案的选择有指导和参考价值,更重要的是为危重型婴幼儿先心病的早期诊断、及时手术治疗开辟了令人鼓舞的前景。     

先天性心脏病合并重度肺动脉高压非手术与手术治疗生存分析

目的 确定先天性心脏病合并重度肺动脉高压(CHDSPH)手术治疗的远期效果与其术前肺循环阻力(PVR)及肺体循环血流比(Qp/Qs)之间的关系,以探讨CHDSPH手术指征.方法 1990年2月至2008年7月,安贞医院心外科收治1212例CHDSPH进行非手术治疗或手术治疗,本文回顾性将其分为非手术组(n=297)和手术组(n=915).对全部病例计算归入手术治疗组的倾向分数,按相同倾向分数±0.05对两组进行配组,形成245个3人组,按PVR在120 kPa·L-1·S-1水平或Qp/Qs在1.25水平分层,分别建立Kaplan-Meier生存曲线进行统计学分析.结果 全组随访(97±57)个月,非手术组有65例晚期死亡,手术组有44例晚期死亡.对245个倾向分数配对3人组生存曲线分析,当PVR≥120 kPa·L-1·S-1,两组间Log-rank检验表明x2=0.54,P=0.4611;而当PVR＜120 kPa·L-1·S-1,两组间Log-rank检验表明x2=51.68,P=0.000,差异有统计学意义.当Qp/Qs＜1.25,两组间Log-rank检验表明x2=0.97,P=0.3254;而当Qp/Qs≥1.25,两组间Logrank检验表明x2=62.77,P=0.000,差异有统计学意义.结论 当PVR＜120 kPa·L-1·S-1和(或)Qp/Qs≥1.25是CHDSPH的手术指征.     

Cost-effectiveness analysis of two-dimensional/Doppler echocardiography, cardiac catheterization and angiography in the diagnosis of congenital heart disease

To compare the costs and effectivenesses of 2-dimensional/Doppler echocardiography (2D/DE), cardiac catheterization (CC) and angiography (CA) in the evaluation of cardiac anatomy in patients with congenital heart disease, these three kinds of examinations were performed in 100 patients before operation. The 100 patients had 120 separate cardiovascular abnormalities, of which 100 (83.3%) were prospectively identified by 2D/DE. The sensitivity and specificity of 2D/DE were: ASD, 87.9% and 100%; VSD, 97.9% and 96.1%; PDA, 86.7% and 98.2%, Tetralogy of Fallot, 6 of 6 patients; the overall sensitivity and specificity of the less common defects, 31.6% and 95.8%. Ninety-seven (80.8%) were prospectively identified by catheterization. The sensitivity and specificity of catheterization were: ASD, 87.9% and 100.0%; VSD, 80.9% and 94.6%; PDA 93.3% and 96.6%; Tetralogy of Fallot, 6 of 6 patients, the less common defects, 52.6% and 95.5%. Forty-five (81.8%) were prospectively identified by angiography in 55 patients. The sensitivity and specificity of angiography: ASD, 5 of 7 patients, VSD, 88.0% and 94.3%; PDA, 2 of 2 patients; Tetralogy of Fallot, 5 of 5 patients; the less common defects, 68.8% and 100.0%. The economic evaluations were performed. The costs of the depreciation (including equipments and houses), hospital bed, water and electricity, management and staffs' wage were: 2D/DE, RMB 46.09 per patient; catheterization, RMB 314.17 per patient; angiography, RMB 314.17. The ratios of cost to outcome (cost per correct diagnosis) of 2D/DE, CC and CA were: 55.33, 388.82 and 384.07 respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

婴幼儿肌部多发室间隔缺损的手术治疗

目的报告经心房径路再心内膜化技术修补单纯多发室间隔缺损手术和近期随访结果。方法回顾阜外医院从2006年8月至2009年1月间采用体外循环下经心房径路再心内膜化技术行多发室间隔修补术的病例资料和随访资料。结果8个患儿均实施了经右心房径路再心内膜化手术，避免了左心室或者右心室切口。年龄3～27（8．9）m，体重6．3～14．5（9．9）kg。所有的病例均痊愈出院，术后平均Qp：Qs为1．07：1。平均随访时间1～19（15）m。1例患儿因出现重度的肺动脉高压重新入院接受肺高压治疗外，其他患儿均恢复良好。所有患儿均没有显著的室缺残余分流。结论心房径路再心内膜化技术修补多发室间隔缺损避免了分期手术，无需心室切口，保存了心室功能，可以取得很好的手术效果。     

肺动脉高压致双向分流性先天性心脏病的手术指征

目的:研究重度肺动脉高压致双向分流性先天性心脏畸形患者血流动力学特点及其治疗方法选择。方法:漂浮导管动态监测肺动脉压,评估血流动力学、急性肺血管反应试验和药物敏感试验,分析双向分流量;采用单向活瓣补片修补室间隔缺损、房间隔缺损或未闭动脉导管,改良DeVega术或人工成形环成形三尖瓣。结果:先天性心脏病合并重度肺动脉高压,尚未发展到艾森门格氏综合征的患者71例,术前肺、体循环血量比为1.11-2.61(平均1.65±1.38),肺、体动脉收缩压比为1.21±0.30,肺、体动脉平均压比为0.97±0.13,全肺血管总阻力为(12.3±3.7)Wood单位,急性肺血管反应试验阳性为67例,肺、体循环血流量比≥1.25为69例,左向右分流量和右向左分流量均超过30%心排量为7例;术后平均肺动脉压显著下降[(90.4±22.6)mmHg比(73.7±28.1)mm-Hg,P<0.05],体动脉氧分压显著升高[(60.1±9.6)mmHg比(76.8±12.4)mmHg,P<0.01],手术并发症发生率为19.7%(14/71),其中呼吸道感染为7.0%(5/71),右心功能不全11.3%(8/71),5例经治疗好转后出院,3例死亡,手术死亡为5.3%(4/71),主要死亡原因为右心功能衰竭。结论:伴有重度肺动脉高压致双向分流的先天性心脏病,漂浮导管检查提示急性肺血管反应试验阳性和/或大量双向分流的患者,外科治疗有助于改善右心功能和缺氧。     

体外循环空室隔缺损修补术后残留杂音的临床意义

本文对体外循环室缺修补术后残留杂音的临床资料进行了分析,探讨了其发生机理及临床特征。结果表明,补片成形术后其残留杂音发生率高于单纯间断及褥式垫片加固缝合法(P<0.05;P<0.01),作者强调指出,为减少术后残留杂音的发生,术中应注意手术径路的选择、严密关闭室缺及防止三尖瓣和主动脉瓣的损伤。就其治疗而言,如果术后残留杂音其心衰症状不著,可随访观察;如残余分流量大,Qp/Qs>1.5者,应积极考虑再手术治疗。     

Types of obstructions in double-chambered right ventricle: mid-term results

BACKGROUND: The double-chambered right ventricle (DCRV) is increasingly recognized as a distinct obstruction entity. The nature of the obstruction is not well defined. METHODS: Patients with DCRV were prospectively studied during the last 4 years according to the following criteria: 1) pressure gradient by echo Doppler and cardiac catheterization within the right ventricle; 2) angiographic demonstration, and 3) surgical confirmation. RESULTS: From March 1997 to March 2001, 10 new cases were included. Age ranged from 2 to 14 years (mean 9.5 +/- 4.4 years), weight ranged from 9.9 to 75 kg (mean 23 +/- 13.6 kg), and height from 0.85 to 1.48 m (mean 114 +/- 19 cm). Systolic gradient by echo Doppler ranged from 20 to 135 mmHg (mean 86 +/- 44 mmHg) and by cardiac catheterization, 18 to 130 mmHg (mean 78 +/- 35 mmHg). In terms of angiographic findings, in six patients the right ventriculogram showed an oblique and low obstruction; in four patients the obstruction was high and horizontal. With regard to surgical findings, angiographic findings were confirmed by the surgeon except in one patient, in whom both types of obstruction were present. No mortality was observed. With follow-up 4 to 40 months after surgery (mean 24 +/- 15 months), 8 of 10 patients were evaluated; all corresponded to class I NYHA. Systolic gradient by echo Doppler ranged from 0 to 11 mmHg (mean 4 +/- 6 mmHg). CONCLUSIONS: DCRV IS PRODUCED BY THE FOLLOWING THREE TYPES OF MUSCULAR OBSTRUCTIONS: low and oblique obstruction; high and horizontal obstruction, and mixed obstruction. Mid-term surgical results are satisfactory.     

Post procedural complications of cardiac implants done in a resource limited setting under ‘C’ arm: A single centre experience

Background

Cardiology interventions in peripheral hospitals is a challenging task where cardiologist have to fight against time and limited resources. Most of the sudden cardiac deaths occur due to arrhythmia and heart blocks/sinus node dysfunction. Our study is a single peripheral center experience of cardiac devices implantation using a ‘C’ Arm. The aim of this study was to post procedural complications of cardiac implants done in aresource limited setting under ‘C’ arm.