多普勒超声检测缺氧胎儿血流动力学改变的临床价值

目的评价胎儿腹主动脉（AA）、肺动脉（PA）、脐动脉（UMA）、颈内动脉（ICA）和升主动脉（AAO）的血流动力学改变与胎儿宫内缺氧的关系。方法采用高分辨率彩色多普勒超声诊断仪检查98例缺氧胎儿及116例非缺氧正常胎儿,测量并计算脐动脉、腹主动脉及颈内动脉血流的收缩期最高速度（Vs）、舒张末期最低速度（Vd）、收缩期速度与舒张期速度的比值（S／D）及阻力指数（RI）。测量升主动脉和肺动脉血流的收缩期峰值速度（PFV）。结果①缺氧胎儿脐动脉和腹主动脉的S／D以及RI明显高于正常胎儿（P〈0．01）,颈内动脉的S／D和RI则低于正常组（P〈0．05）;②缺氧胎儿升主动脉与肺动脉的PFV明显低于非缺氧胎儿（P〈0．01）,并且,肺动脉的PFV降低幅度明显大于升主动脉（P〈0．01）。结论通过检测胎儿血流动力学的改变,可了解正常和异常胎儿体内血流动力学的特征,从而为检测胎儿宫内缺氧及心功能状态提供依据。     

Reference values for Doppler velocimetric indices from the fetal and placental ends of the umbilical artery during normal pregnancy

A range-gated Doppler ultrasound system combined with a real-time imaging system was used to determine arterial blood velocity values from the fetal and placental ends of the umbilical cord in 269 normal pregnancies between 17 and 40 weeks, menstrual age. The systolic–diastolic ratio (S/D), pulsatility index (PI), and resistance index (RI) were higher at the fetal end compared to the placental end of the cord. The individual differences in these Doppler indices, obtained between the fetal and placental recording sites, were inversely related to menstrual age: S/D: r = ?0.38, p < 0.001; PI: r = ?0.25, p < 0.001; and RI: r = ?0.15, p < 0.01. After normalization for the angle of insonation, the peak systolic velocity was higher and the enddiastolic velocity was lower at the fetal than at the placental end of the cord. It is concluded that routine recordings for Doppler velocimetric indices should take into account the recording site on the umbilical cord in order to reduce methodological sources of variance, especially during midgestation. Furthermore, the data presented here in the form of the median and percentile values are proposed as normal reference values to facilitate this procedure. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Doppler sonography of normal fetal vertebral and internal carotid arteries during pregnancy

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the resistance index (RI) in the fetus in both the vertebral artery and the internal carotid artery and to evaluate the relationship of those RIs with that of the umbilical artery. METHODS: In this prospective study, color Doppler examinations of the vertebral, internal carotid, and umbilical arteries were performed in fetuses with normal growth between 17 and 41 weeks' gestational age. For every week, the 10th, 50th, and 90th percentiles of the RIs in the 3 arteries plus the ratios of the RIs of the vertebral and umbilical arteries and of the internal carotid and umbilical arteries were calculated. RESULTS: In 225 examinations in 114 women, the vertebral and internal carotid arteries showed similar RI patterns, with higher RIs at mid gestation. The only difference was that the RIs in the internal carotid artery reached maximum values at a slightly later gestational age (26-28 weeks) than did those in the vertebral artery (24-25 weeks). Also, the RIs in the vertebral artery were slightly higher than were those in the internal carotid artery. RI values in the umbilical artery decreased progressively throughout gestation. Conversely, the ratios of the RIs in the vertebral and umbilical arteries and those of the RIs in the internal carotid and umbilical arteries increased slightly until the end of pregnancy, with the former ratios always higher than the latter ones. CONCLUSIONS: In normal fetuses, the pattern of blood flow resistance in the vertebral artery resembles that in the internal carotid artery. However, compared with the internal carotid artery, the vertebral artery shows higher absolute RIs with maximum values appearing earlier in the course of pregnancy.     

超声多普勒超评价肝癌射频治疗后肝脏及肿瘤内血液动力学变化

目的：利用彩色、能量、频谱多普勒显像技术对肝癌集束电极射频治疗术前后肿瘤的血供情况,肝动脉、门静脉血动力学进行观察,评价肝癌射频治疗效果。方法：采用Sequoia512型彩色,能量多普勒血流显像对56例肝癌69个肿块集束电极射频治疗术后1周、1月及3月肝脏及肿瘤的血流动力学变化进行观察。结果：集束电极射频治疗后1周、1月肝脏动脉、瘤周动脉血流速度较术前明显降低,门脉血流速度无明显变化,治疗前56例肝癌69个结节中60个可测及血流信号,以动静脉混合供为主;治疗后有血流的60个肿块中18个血流减少,33个完全消失,9例无变化,肿瘤内Ⅱ-Ⅲ级供血明显减少,21例3个月复,3列出现血供,2例再次治疗血流信号消失。结论：彩色、能量多普勒对观察肝癌射频治疗前后血流的变化可以评价肝癌射频治疗效果。为再次治疗提供依据。     

Three-dimensional power Doppler ultrasonography during pregnancy.

OBJECTIVES: To present the appearance of fetal and placental vascular anatomic structures by three-dimensional power Doppler ultrasonography. METHODS: Three-dimensional multiplanar imaging, surface rendering, and volume rendering were combined with power Doppler ultrasonography to show the methods, imaging artifacts, and diagnostic potential of this technology during pregnancy. RESULTS: Fetuses with normal and abnormal vascular anatomic structures were evaluated by three-dimensional power Doppler ultrasonography. The combination of several imaging modalities (e.g., three-dimensional multiplanar imaging, surface rendering, and volume rendering) with power Doppler ultrasonography is shown. CONCLUSIONS: Three-dimensional power Doppler ultrasonography is an important adjunctive method that can be used to characterize normal vascular development and circulatory anomalies of the fetus.     

Assessment of right hepatic artery involvement in patients with biliary tract cancer using color Doppler ultrasonography

The accuracy of color Doppler ultrasonography (CDUS) in diagnosing right hepatic artery (RHA) involvement was preoperatively evaluated in 23 patients with biliary tract cancer. When a tumor partially or completely surrounded the RHA, the circumferential involvement was diagnosed as positive. With B-mode ultrasonography imaging alone in the 10 nonsurgical patients, the correspondence rates with angiography for the presence of invasion, absence of invasion, and overall were 33%, 0%, and 10%, respectively. However, CDUS allowed clearer visualization of the RHA than did B-mode imaging, and the correspondence rates of CDUS with angiography were 100%, 43%, and 60%, respectively. In the 13 surgical patients, the accuracy levels of B-mode imaging, CDUS, computed tomography, and angiography for the detection of RHA involvement were 46%, 77%, 58%, and 92%, respectively, when compared with surgical and histopathologic findings. Although the accuracy of CDUS was lower than that of angiography, it can be performed repeatedly and noninvasively. CDUS is expected to be useful for the initial assessment of RHA involvement. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 25:317–323, 1997     

妊高征患者子宫动脉血流动力学的超声研究

目的：探讨妊娠高血压综合征（妊高征）患者子宫动脉血流动力学变化规律及临床意义。方法：应用彩色多普勒超声对47例中晚期妊娠妇女的子宫动脉进行前瞻性研究。根据临床最后诊断将受检查者分为妊高征组（41例）和正常妊娠组（106例）,对比分析两组受检查子宫动脉血流动力学变化及超声图表现,结果：（1）在妊娠21周以前,两组受检者子宫动脉血流参数相差不显著（P＞0．05）。（2）妊娠21周以后,妊高征组子宫动脉收缩期峰血流速度（Vp)较正常妊娠组快,舒张期最小血流速度（Vmin)和平均血流速度（Vmin)减慢（P＞0．01）,妊高征组子宫动脉阻力指数（RI）和搏动指数（PI）比正常妊娠组高（P＜0．01）,收缩期加速度（ACC）增快（P＜0．01）,妊高征组子宫动脉阻力指数（RI）和搏动指数（PI）比正常妊娠组高（P＜0．01）,收缩期加速度（ACC）增快（P＜0．01）,加速时间（AT）和射血时间（ET）缩短（P＜0．05）,妊高征组子宫动脉多普勒频谱表现典型者出现舒张早期“V”切迹,结论：妊高征患者子宫动脉血流动力学和多普勒频谱形态与正常妊娠妇女有明显的不同,常规定期监测中晚期妊娠妇女子宫动脉血流动力学变化及多普勒频谱形态,对早期发现和治疗妊高征,保障母婴健康具有极其重要的意义。     

Doppler ultrasonography of normal neck veins

Doppler ultrasonography was used to examine 198 neck-vein systems (67 right, 131 left) in 148 patients. The vessel lumen is usually echo-free: the veins are supple, and the internal jugular and sometimes the subclavian veins can be compressed. The venous confluence is Y-shaped. Blood flow was symmetrical and biphasic in 57% of cases, continuous in 29% of cases, and monophasic in 13% of cases. Blood flow velocity was less than 1 m/s in all cases and varied with respiration and heart rate. Color Doppler allows flow imaging and increases the speed and reliability of the procedure. This investigation is useful for following-up patients with indwelling venous catheters and is the investigation of choice whenever pathology of the neck veins is suspected. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

胎儿脐动脉血流S/D用于预测帆状胎盘妊娠结局的价值

目的分析合并帆状胎盘时妊娠不良结局与产前超声检查脐动脉血流收缩期峰值流速和舒张末期流速比值(S/D)的相关性。方法对经临床及病理检查证实的90例单胎妊娠合并帆状胎盘产妇的产前超声检查结果及临床资料进行回顾性分析,根据彩色多普勒超声检查脐动脉血流S/D测值将病例分为S/D增高组及S/D正常组(对照组),就产妇特征、新生儿出生体重及妊娠不良结局发生率比较组间差异。结果脐动脉血流S/D增高组21例,S/D正常组69例。S/D增高组平均新生儿出生体重(2603.8±834.5)g,低于对照组平均新生儿出生体重(3164.0±436.6)g,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。S/D增高组的胎儿宫内窘迫所致急诊剖宫产率(9/21,42.9%)、早产发生率(7/21,33.3%)、小于孕龄儿出生率(10/21,47.6%)、新生儿低Apgar评分发生率(4/21,19.0%)这4项指标均高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论当产前超声检查提示帆状胎盘时,脐动脉血流S/D可被认为是预测妊娠结局的有效指标。     

彩色多普勒超声评价肾动脉狭窄血流动力学参数间的比较研究

目的 应用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线探讨不同血流动力学参数对内径减少≥60%肾动脉狭窄（RAS）的诊断价值.方法 采用彩色多普勒血流成像并经肾动脉数字血管减影（DSA）检查的110条肾动脉进行分析研究,测量并计算肾动脉峰值流速（PSV）、肾动脉主干与叶间动脉PSV比值（RIR）、肾动脉与腹主动脉PSV比值（RAR）、肾动脉内径（RAD）,以DSA检查结果为＂金标准＂,绘制各血流动力学参数诊断RAS（内径减少≥60%）的ROC曲线,并计算曲线下面积.比较联合参数对RAS（内径减少≥60%）诊断的准确性.结果 RIR、肾动脉主干PSV、RAR、RAD诊断RAS（内径减少≥60%）ROC曲线下面积分别为0.932、0.911、0.903、0.779.根据ROC曲线结果RIR＞5.9、肾动脉主干PSV＞177 cm/s、RAR＞2.8是诊断RAS（内径减少≥60%）的最好阈值,敏感性分别为87.3%、85.5%、82.5%,特异性分别为87.8%、90.5%、80.5% .采用肾动脉主干PSV＞177 cm/s联合RIR＞5.9或联合RAR＞2.8的敏感性相对提高分别为92.1%和90.3%,特异性分别为82.9%和85.7%.结论 ROC曲线结果显示不同血流动力学参数对RAS的诊断效力由高到低依次为RIR、肾动脉主干PSV、RAR、RAD,其中RIR、肾动脉PSV、RAR是较好的参数,RAD是相对较差的参数.联合参数诊断RAS较单一参数提高了诊断敏感性和阴性预测值,减少了漏诊和误诊率.     

彩色多普勒超声检查在正常成人肠系膜上动脉血流参数测定中的应用

目的测量正常人肠系膜上动脉（SMA）的血流参数。方法应用彩色多普勒血流显像测量160例健康人SMA的血流参数。结果SMA直径（D）、收缩期峰值流速（PSV）、平均流速（Vmean）、阻力指数（RI）、搏动指数（PI）男女性别之间、年龄组之间差异无显著性。结论确定了正常人SMA血流参数的正常值范围。     

冠状动脉病变与颅内动脉狭窄的相关性分析

目的分析冠心病患者冠状动脉病变程度与颅内动脉狭窄患病率的关系。方法收集我院干部科因怀疑冠心病或原有冠心病需要介入治疗而作经皮冠状动脉造影(CAG)的病例,利用经颅多普勒超声(TCD)探查颅内动脉狭窄情况。所有病例根据CAG受累血管数分为4组:正常组、1、2、3支病变组。结果82例患者CAG冠状动脉正常组17例,1、2、3支病变组分别为25、22、18例。4组患者颅内动脉狭窄患病率分别为23.5%、28.0%、59.1%、66.7%;趋势卡方检验结果,P<0.01,上升趋势有统计学意义。多支冠状动脉病变组颅内动脉狭窄率(62.5%)高于单支病变组(28%),P<0.05。多因素分析结果,冠状动脉多支病变是冠心病患者发生颅内动脉狭窄的独立危险因素,P=0.01(OR 4.542,95%CI为1.434~14.393;P<0.05)。结论随冠状动脉病变部位的增加,颅内动脉狭窄率有增加趋势。     

血管多普勒超声预测不良妊娠结局

妊娠高血压、糖尿病和其他可能导致母体和胎儿血液循环异常的妊娠并发症均可导致不良妊娠结局.多普勒超声可通过测量母体及胎儿重要血管血流动力学参数评估宫内胎儿情况,及时为临床诊断和治疗提供依据.本文对血管多普勒超声预测不良妊娠结局临床应用进展进行综述.     

彩色多普勒超声对高度近视眼血流动力学研究

目的:研究高度近视眼血流动力学及其在近视眼病理改变机制中的作用。方法:应用ATL超9型彩色多普勒诊断仪对26例高度近视眼、17例轻中度近视眼及26例正常对照眼的眼动脉(OA)、视网膜中央动脉(CRA)、睫状后动脉(PCA)进行检测。结果:高度近视组、轻中度近视组与正常对照组血流参数比较:OA血流参数无显著性差异(P>0.05)。CRA、PCA的收缩期(PSV)、舒张期(EDV)、平均血流速度(AV)流速均减低, CRA的阻力指数(RI)升高(P<0.05)。轻中度近视组与对照组比较,无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:高度近视眼患者CRA、PCA血流速度减低,表明视网膜及睫状血管系统血液灌注不足,可能是引起其病理性眼底改变的因素之一。彩色多普勒超声用于研究眼底血管、高度近视眼血流动力学变化具有临床意义。     

Evaluation of renal artery stenosis with velocity parameters of Doppler sonography.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of velocity parameters for the diagnosis of renal artery stenosis (RAS) with color Doppler sonography and to determine the optimal threshold values for these parameters. METHODS: The study group was composed of 187 renal arteries, which were examined by color Doppler sonography and angiography. Four Doppler parameters, including the peak systolic velocities (PSVs) in the renal and interlobar arteries, the renal-aortic ratio, and the renal-interlobar ratio (RIR), were measured. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to determine the optimal parameter. The sensitivity, specificity, and negative and positive predictive values at various threshold values were calculated. RESULTS: Doppler sonographic examination was technically successful in 96% of renal arteries (180/187). The RIR was determined to be the best parameter. With threshold values of RIR greater than 5, PSV greater than 150 cm/s in the renal artery, renal-aortic ratio greater than 2, and PSV less than 25 cm/s in the interlobar artery, the sensitivity values were 88%, 81%, 70%, and 74%, respectively. An RIR greater than 5 and PSV less than 15 cm/s in the interlobar artery provided the optimal combination of parameters, with sensitivity and specificity of 91% and 87%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The RIR is the best velocity parameter in the detection of RAS (> or =50%), and its best cutoff is 5. Valuing influencing factors of PSV in the renal artery will help reduce misdiagnosis. The combination of RIR greater than 5 and PSV less than 15 cm/s in the interlobar artery provides the best diagnostic efficiency of RAS.     

彩色多普勒超声检测老年高血压患者颈动脉重构与血流动力学变化

目的 探讨老年高血压患者颈动脉结构及血流动力学特征.方法 老年高血压患者81例,按高血压类型分为单纯收缩期高血压组42例(A组),收缩压和舒张压均增高组39例(B组).对照组为30名健康老年人.二维超声测量颈总动脉内膜-中层厚度(IMT)、收缩期、舒张期内径,观察颈总动脉斑块情况;脉冲多普勒超声测量颈总动脉收缩期峰速度(PSV)、舒张末期流速(EDV)、平均流速(Vmean)、阻力指数(RI)、搏动指数(PI).结果 与对照组比较,A、B组颈总动脉IMT、僵硬度、RI升高(P<0.01),扩张性、EDV、Vmean降低(P均<0.05),A组PI升高(P<0.01),B组PSV降低(P<0.05);A组颈总动脉僵硬度、PSV、RI、PI高于B组(P均<0.05),扩张性和EDV低于B组(P<0.01);A、B组斑块发生率均高于对照组(P均<0.05);收缩压、脉压与颈总动脉内径、IMT、EDV、Vmean、RI、PI密切相关.结论 老年高血压患者颈动脉发生重构及血流动力学改变,单纯收缩期高血压患者血管壁顺应性差于收缩压和舒张压均增高患者.收缩压及脉压对颈动脉重构及血流动力学影响较大.     

彩色多普勒超声检查评价高海拔地区居住不同年限人群肱动脉内皮功能

目的应用彩色多普勒超声检查评价高海拔地区居住不同年限人群血流介导血管舒张功能。方法应用高频彩色多普勒超声检查检测海拔高度3000m以上294例居住不同年限人群肱动脉反应性充血前后血管内径、血流速度、血流量、血管阻力指数(RI)、心率,分析肱动脉血管内皮依赖性舒张(EDD)功能,并与100例海拔高度1560m居民(对照组)进行比较。结果高海拔地区居住1～2年组人群肱动脉基础内径为(3.97±0.41)cm,3～4年组为(3.87±0.30)cm,≥5年组为(3.69±0.57)cm,前2组与对照组比较差异无统计学意义,≥5年组肱动脉基础内径低于对照组(P0.05)。1～2年组反应性充血时肱动脉内径的扩张程度为(12.42±3.13)%,3～4年组为(11.62±1.03)%,与对照组的(10.30±1.02)%相比无统计学差异;而≥5年组为(12.58±1.90)%,显著低于对照组(P0.01)。结论高海拔地区居住时间不同肱动脉检测指标也不同,久居高原低氧环境EDD功能下降。     

彩色多普勒超声对缺血性脑血管病患者颈动脉的检查价值

目的 探讨缺血性脑血管病患者颈动脉的声像图特点,评价彩色多普勒超声对颈动脉疾病的诊断价值.方法 对临床已确诊的135例缺血性脑血管病患者颈动脉进行彩色多普勒超声检查,测量颈动脉内膜中层厚度(intima media thickness,IMT),观察管壁有无斑块、斑块的形态及回声,分析血流动力学变化.结果 135例缺血性脑血管病患者的颈动脉发生粥样硬化性变者115例,阳性率为85.2%(115/135),其中斑块形成102例,占75.6%(102/135).结论 颈动脉粥样硬化斑块与缺血性脑血管病密切相关.彩色多普勒超声能清晰显示颈动脉病变情况,为临床诊治提供重要依据.