Polypoid adenomyomas: sonohysterographic and color Doppler findings with histopathologic correlation.

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to describe the sonographic features of polypoid adenomyomas of the uterus and to determine the diagnostic role of sonohysterography and color Doppler sonography in the evaluation of these lesions. METHODS: The sonographic findings for 46 histologically proved cases of polypoid adenomyomas of the uterus, accumulated over 10 years, were reviewed retrospectively. The pathologic diagnoses included typical polypoid adenomyoma (n = 36), atypical polypoid adenomyoma (n = 7), and low-grade adenosarcoma arising in polypoid adenomyoma (n = 3). RESULTS: Of 46 total uterine tumors, 31 were in the corpus, 12 were in the fundus, and 3 were in the isthmus. The mean tumor size was 3.5 cm (range, 0.5-9 cm). The tumors were polypoid in 30 cases, pedunculated in 11 cases, and sessile in the remaining 5 cases. Of the pedunculated tumors, 5 protruded into the endocervical canal and 2 had prolapsed into the vagina. Three distinct sonographic patterns were identified with respect to the presence of cystic areas: a solid mass (pattern 1) in 12 cases, a solid mass with cystic areas (pattern 2) in 32 cases, and a predominantly cystic mass (pattern 3) in 2 cases. The characteristic sonographic features of polypoid adenomyomas included heterogeneous or homogeneous isoechogenicity relative to the myometrium, a smooth surface, a poorly defined margin with the underlying myometrium, hemorrhagic foci, posterior shadowing, a single vascular pedicle entering the mass, and associated adenomyosis in the myometrium. CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge of the sonographic appearance of polypoid adenomyomas may facilitate diagnosis and may help distinguish these tumors from other polypoid uterine tumors.     

Sonographic appearances of malignant lymphoma of the salivary glands.

PURPOSE: We undertook this retrospective study to describe the sonographic findings in patients with malignant lymphoma of the major salivary glands. METHODS: We reviewed the sonograms and medical records of 7 patients with histologically proven lymphoma of the parotid (3 patients) or submandibular glands (4 patients). RESULTS: Primary lymphoma was found in 1 parotid gland and 2 submandibular glands. The remaining 4 cases were secondary lymphomas. One patient had been diagnosed with Sj?gren's syndrome and had been followed up with sonography. In parotid glands, both parenchymal and intraparotid nodal lymphomas were found. All submandibular gland tumors were parenchymal. Intraparotid nodal involvement appeared as multiple small nodules with relatively smooth margins, whereas the parenchymal parotid and submandibular gland lymphomas were larger (25 to 45 mm in longitudinal diameter) and showed various degrees of margin irregularity. All tumors were hypoechoic relative to the normal parenchyma. The primary parotid lymphoma and intraparotid nodal lymphomas had a homogeneous echotexture; the secondary parotid lymphomas and submandibular gland lymphomas were heterogeneous. One submandibular gland lymphoma showed intratumoral echogenic stripes. Neither calcification nor cystic degeneration was observed within the lesions. CONCLUSIONS: Lymphomas of the salivary glands present a variety of sonographic appearances, ranging from multiple small, hypoechoic nodules to an irregularly shaped heterogeneous mass without cystic areas or calcifications.     

Sonographic findings of solid and papillary epithelial neoplasm of the pancreas.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the sonographic findings of solid and papillary epithelial neoplasm of the pancreas, a rare tumor occurring in young women. METHODS: The sonographic findings of 11 cases of pathologically proven solid and papillary epithelial neoplasm of the pancreas were retrospectively evaluated. RESULTS: In 6 cases (55%), combined cystic and solid portions of the masses were observed, whereas only solid-looking masses without anechoic cystic portions were seen in 4 cases (36%). One case (9%) had marginal calcification, consequently, the internal architecture was not evaluated by sonography. Internal echoes were seen in 3 of 6 cystic and solid masses. Septa were seen in 3 cases. Among 11 cases of solid and papillary epithelial neoplasm, tumor margins were well defined in 10, and tumor capsules were detected in 9 (echogenic in 7 and hypoechoic in 2). Calcifications were seen in 3 cases (27%). CONCLUSIONS: The characteristic sonographic findings of solid and papillary epithelial neoplasm were well-encapsulated, cystic, and solid masses, but sometimes the mass was seen as a pure solid-looking mass or had internal septations or calcifications.     

Transvaginal sonographic appearance of endometriomata: spectrum of findings

The spectrum of transvaginal sonographic findings was evaluated in 37 surgically proved endometriomas. Sonographic features assessed included lesion size, acoustic enhancement, wall thickness, wall contour, presence of a fluid-fluid level, and presence of internal echoes. A very characteristic finding seen in 31 (82%) cases is the presence of a homogeneous hypoechoic "carpet" of low-level echoes. This may be present diffusely or in one or several loculations of a multiloculated cystic mass. We consider this finding characteristic of an endometrioma, although not pathognomonic, as on occasion we have encountered other pathologic conditions that have the same appearance.     

Mature mediastinal teratoma: sonographic imaging patterns and pathologic correlation.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the sonographic patterns of teratomas located within the mediastinum and to correlate them with pathologic findings, because there have been few reports concerning the application of sonography in the diagnosis of mediastinal teratoma. METHODS: Over a 9-year period, we carried out an image analysis of the sonographic findings of 28 mediastinal teratomas whose diagnoses were proved surgically. RESULTS: Sonography showed that 18 patients had a complex mass of heterogeneous echogenicity, including regional bright echoes (n = 12), acoustic shadows (n = 8), hyperechoic lines and dots (n = 7), soft tissue septa (n = 9), dermoid plugs (n = 6), and hypoechoic areas (n = 11). This type of mediastinal teratoma revealed, in pathologic findings, varying combinations of fat, sebaceous and mucinous materials, hair, mineralized elements, and multiple compartments. Eight patients had a homogeneous hyperechoic mass, and the 2 remaining patients had floating spherules within a cystic mass. Pathologically, the homogeneous mass mainly contained hair and sebaceous material. The floating spherules were also composed of sebaceous tissue and were above the fluid of the cyst. CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of the evaluation of the sonographic and pathologic findings, we described 3 major patterns of mediastinal teratoma: a complex mass of heterogeneous echogenicity, homogeneous high echogenicity within a solid mass, and floating spherules within a cystic mass. Thus, sonography can improve the diagnosis of mediastinal teratoma. However, additional prospective studies are needed to test the sensitivity and specificity of these sonographic patterns in the diagnosis of mediastinal teratoma.     

Characteristic sonographic findings of Warthin's tumor in the parotid gland

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to define the characteristic sonographic features of Warthin's tumors in the parotid gland, thus enhancing the ability to make a preoperative diagnosis of this disease process. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated the sonograms of Warthin's tumors of the parotid gland that had been confirmed by histopathologic examination of surgically excised specimens from patients treated at our institution over a 2-year period. We recorded the echogenicity, shape, margin, and internal structure of the tumors and categorized them into 2 groups on the basis of size (< 5 cm versus > or =5 cm in the largest diameter). RESULTS: Eighteen patients (16 men and 2 women) with a mean age of 57 years (range, 29-82 years) were included in the analysis. One patient had 2 tumors (1 in each parotid gland); the other 17 patients each had only 1 tumor. Our review of the sonographic findings revealed that all 19 tumors were hypoechoic compared with the normal parenchyma of the affected parotid glands. Most of the tumors were ovoid, had well-defined margins, and contained multiple irregular, small, sponge-like anechoic areas. Tumors that were 5 cm or greater in diameter had a higher proportion of cystic content than smaller lesions had and in some cases were composed almost entirely of cystic material. CONCLUSIONS: Our evidence suggests that the sonographic appearance of a Warthin's tumor in the parotid gland is distinctive: a well-defined round or ovoid hypoechoic mass containing microcystic anechoic areas. These sonographic features constitute useful criteria in the preoperative diagnosis of Warthin's tumor in the parotid gland, although sonographically guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy may be needed to confirm the diagnosis.     

脂肪肉瘤彩色多普勒超声特征分析

目的 探讨脂肪肉瘤的超声声像图特征。方法 回顾性分析我院经手术切除病理证实为脂肪肉瘤的31例患者资料、超声声像图特征。结果 31例患者中,去分化脂肪肉瘤13例,高分化脂肪肉瘤10例,多形性脂肪肉瘤4例,粘液样脂肪肉瘤4例,肿瘤平均最大长径约(16.97±9.70)cm,病灶以等-高回声为主61.3%(19/31),回声分布不均匀90.3%(28/31),多表现为乏血供,以Adler血流分级为0级51.6%(16/31)和I级41.2%(14/31)为主。主要的病理亚型高分化脂肪肉瘤超声特征以高回声为主70.0%(7/10),去分化脂肪肉瘤则表现为低回声46.2%(6/13)和高回声30.8%(4/13)的双相模式。结论 脂肪肉瘤超声声像图表现具有一定的特征性,对于超声准确诊断该病能够提供一定的帮助。     

Peripheral pulmonary lesions: ultrasonic features and ultrasonically guided fine needle aspiration biopsy

When transthoracic biopsy is required for diagnosing lung diseases, radiographic procedures are the methods of choice, sonographic application being still limited. Sixty-four consecutive patients with pulmonary lesions adjacent to the chest wall underwent sonography. Findings showed hypoechoic homogeneous lesions (56 cases) with posterior regular margin (57 cases). Increasing echoes deep to the mass and sonographic interruption of hyperechoic surface were seen in all patients. In two cases, chest wall invasion had been diagnosed. Histologic diagnosis was made in 55 of the 64 patients (85.9%). Two pneumothoraces occurred. Sonography is a useful, accurate, and safe technique for diagnosing selected pulmonary lesions.     

乳腺癌肝转移的超声特点及穿刺活检的价值

目的探讨超声引导下穿刺活检在乳腺癌肝转移诊断中的应用价值及乳腺癌肝转移的超声声像图特点。方法对105例乳腺癌肝转移患者的超声特点及穿刺活检结果进行回顾性分析。按转移灶最大径3cm和≤3cm分为两组进行声像图比较。结果 105例乳腺癌肝转移灶超声特点为实性结节或肿块,多数为低回声(91例,86.7%),≤3cm组的肝转移灶形态多规则(48例,88.9%),边界清晰(37例,68.5%),内部回声多分布均匀(40例,74.1%);3cm组肝转移灶形态多不规则(36例,70.6%),边界不清晰(34例,66.7%),内部回声多分布不均匀(38例,74.6%),两组肝转移灶形态、边界、内部回声均匀性的检出率比较差异均有统计学意义(P均0.01)。105例肝转移灶彩色多普勒可探及血流信号56例(53.3%),3cm组肝转移灶可探及血流信号48例(94.1%)。超声引导下穿刺活检1次穿刺确诊率为99.0%(104/105)。超声引导下穿刺活检后均无严重并发症发生。结论乳腺癌肝转移灶超声表现多为低回声结节或肿块,不同大小的转移灶声像图各有特点,彩色多普勒超声引导下穿刺活检术操作安全、简便、快速,成功率高,并发症少,是乳腺癌肝转移定性诊断的首选方法。     

The sonographic appearances of gastric lymphoma

The sonographic images obtained from 17 patients with gastric lymphoma were reviewed. In 15/17 cases the tumor presented as an abdominal mass, either with a "target-like" pattern or with a solid, homogeneous structure; in the remaining two cases only thickening of portions of the gastric wall was seen. Two features that may help to differentiate lymphoma from other gastric diseases were observed in patients of this series. In eight cases thickened mucosal folds could be identified within the gastric mass, outlined by strong luminal echoes arranged like the spokes of a wheel. A hypoechoic appearance of hte infiltrated gastric wall was seen in 13/17 cases; it was less echogenic than the adjacent liver parenchyma and, often, it was almost echo-free. Sonography is often used as the first imaging method in cases of patients with abdominal complaints and clinically unsuspected tumors of the stomach may be visualized first by it. In such cases, identification of these features within a gastric mass may allow sonography to suggest the lymphomatous nature of the disease.     

Leydig cell tumors of the testis: gray scale and color Doppler sonographic appearance.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the gray scale and color Doppler sonographic features of Leydig cell tumors of the testis in a series of patients. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the sonographic appearance of 10 proven Leydig cell tumors in 9 patients aged 26 to 47 years. Sonographic features that were reviewed included the size and echogenicity of the tumors, presence of cystic areas or calcifications, and distribution pattern of detectable blood flow on color or power Doppler imaging. RESULTS: The tumors ranged from 0.4 to 3.0 cm in diameter, but most were less than 1.0 cm in diameter. In 1 testis, 2 discrete Leydig cell tumors were found. Nine (90%) of the 10 tumors were homogeneously hypoechoic. Only 1 tumor was isoechoic with the testis. None of the tumors contained calcifications. Of 8 tumors with color Doppler imaging, 7 (88%) showed a characteristic pattern of increased peripheral blood flow, which was either circumferential or punctate. Only 1 tumor was found with internal hypervascularity. CONCLUSIONS: Peripheral hypervascularity in a hypoechoic testicular tumor that has little or no internal color Doppler flow should suggest the possibility of a Leydig cell tumor, and consideration should be given to testicle-sparing surgery.     

Numerous intracystic floating balls as a sonographic feature of benign cystic teratoma: report of 5 cases.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this series was to describe the unusual but unique sonographic pattern of mature cystic teratoma. METHODS: Five patients of reproductive age with clinical manifestations of a pelvic mass were evaluated with sonography for treatment planning. RESULTS: All 5 cases showed the similar sonographic pattern of a large cystic tumor filled with multiple echogenic spherical structures floating in the cystic background. Of the 5 patients, 3 had rather large balls varying in size between 1 and 4 cm in the same tumor masses, whereas the other 2 had numerous smaller balls of about 0.5 cm in diameter. The numerous crowded very small echogenic balls in the last 2 cases mimicked solid nodules representing malignancy. However, there was no vascularization in the balls, which suggested a benign nature. The postoperative pathologic diagnosis was mature cystic teratoma without any malignant component in all cases. CONCLUSIONS: The sonographic feature of intracystic floating echogenic balls is probably pathognomonic for mature teratoma and is easily detected in most cases. Color Doppler sonography is helpful in differentiating these benign nodules (small balls) from malignant tumors.     

Color Doppler sonographic findings in splenic hamartoma

We present the gray-scale and color Doppler sonographic findings in a case of a splenic hamartoma in a 40-year-old man. Gray-scale sonograms showed a 2 x 2 cm, hypoechoic splenic mass that was homogeneous without evidence of cystic change or calcification. Color Doppler sonograms showed multiple radial blood-flow signals inside the mass, and spectral analysis confirmed arterial and venous flow. Arteriograms showed multiple small, hypervascular masses with fine tumor vessels and tumor stains within the spleen. Histologic analysis following a splenectomy showed dilated vessels and congestion consistent with the color Doppler sonographic findings.     

Hurthle cell neoplasms of the thyroid: sonographic appearance and histologic characteristics

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the sonographic features of Hürthle cell neoplasms (HCNs) of the thyroid. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the sonographic appearance of 15 histologically proven HCNs in 15 patients aged 16 to 70 years (mean age, 44 years). Sonographic features that were reviewed included the size and echogenicity of the tumors, the presence of cystic areas or calcifications, and detectable blood flow on color Doppler imaging. Correlation of sonographic findings with pathologic results was performed. RESULTS: The tumors ranged from 0.4 to 7 cm in diameter, but most were less than 3 cm in diameter. Four (27%) of the 15 tumors were homogeneously hypoechoic. Two tumors (13%) were predominantly hypoechoic with isoechoic areas to thyroid parenchyma. Two (13%) neoplasms were isoechoic to thyroid parenchyma. Four (27%) tumors were predominantly isoechoic, containing hypoechoic areas, and 3 (20%) tumors were hyperechoic. Three neoplasms contained cystic components. None of the tumors contained calcifications. One tumor was avascular on Doppler examination. One neoplasm showed only peripheral blood flow. Thirteen tumors showed internal vascularity, 7 of them with peripheral blood flow. Twelve HCNs were benign, and 3 were malignant on pathologic examination. CONCLUSIONS: Hürthle cell neoplasms show a spectrum of sonographic appearances from predominantly hypoechoic to hyperechoic lesions and from peripheral blood flow with no internal flow to extensively vascularized lesions. Pathologic criteria differentiating benign and malignant HCNs (absence or presence of a capsular breach, vascular or extrathyroidal tissue invasion, nodal involvement, and distant metastasis) are beyond the resolution of sonography and fine-needle aspiration biopsy and require removal of the entire lesion. This precludes diagnosis and characterization of HCNs by sonography.     

腹部囊状淋巴管瘤的CT与超声诊断(附九例报告)

笔者报告9例经手术病理证实的腹部囊状淋巴管瘤CT及超声表现,指出CT上肿瘤是沿腹部纵轴走向的长袋状囊性肿块,壁薄密度均匀,可含脂类物质。超声上呈囊状无回声暗区,内可有分隔。文中还讨论了腹部囊状淋巴管瘤需与网膜或肠系膜囊性病变及腹膜后囊性病变相鉴别的问题。     

肾上腺皮质大腺瘤超声表现

目的分析肾上腺皮质大腺瘤（直径≥4．0em）超声声像图表现。方法回顾性分析2006年1月至2012年8月中国医学科学院肿瘤医院经手术及病理证实的13例肾上腺皮质大腺瘤（直径≥4．0cm）患者的超声声像图表现。结果13例肾上腺皮质大腺瘤患者均为单侧单发。13个肾上腺皮质大腺瘤均有完整包膜,肿瘤直径为4．0～8．8cm,平均（5．5±1．6）cm。3个呈均匀低回声,10个内部回声不均,其中7个肿瘤内部呈结节样低回声及高回声分隔;3个肿瘤内见无回声区;3个肿瘤内见粗大强回声伴后方声影;2个肿瘤内见斑片状高回声。彩色多普勒血流成像示肿瘤内部无或少量血流信号。结论肾上腺皮质大腺瘤具有包膜完整,回声混杂,可伴分隔、钙化、液化坏死等特点,以上特点均与常见肾上腺腺瘤超声表现不同,超声医师应提高对该病的认识。     

Papillary renal cell carcinoma: Ultrasonic/pathologic correlation

Papillary renal cell carcinoma represents a separate clinicopathologic entity distinguished from nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma by angiography, microscopic pathology, and biological behavior. We correlated retrospectively 11 surgically proven papillary renal cell carcinomas with ultrasound patterns and gross pathologic findings. In addition, we reviewed retrospectively 65 surgically proven cases of nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma for sonographic patterns. Seven of 11 (64%) of the papillary tumors were less echogenic than the ipsilateral renal cortex (hypoechoic). Only 23% of the nonpapillary tumors were hypoechoic. These data suggest that renal papillary carcinoma tends to be hypoechoic on ultrasound. In most of the papillary cases, this hypoechoic pattern was due to a large central area of cystic necrosis within the tumor.     

肾上腺髓样脂肪瘤的超声诊断

目的 探讨肾上腺髓样脂肪瘤的声像图特点和超声诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析10例经病理证实的肾上腺髓样脂肪瘤患者超声表现,对病变的大小、包膜、内部回声特点及血流特点进行总结.结果 1例左肾上腺病变漏诊,其余9例的声像图特点为边界清晰,形态基本规则,内部呈均匀中等强回声或中等强回声与低回声相间,肿瘤内部未见无回声区,内部未测及血流信号.结论 肾上腺髓样脂肪瘤具有特征性的声像图表现,超声检查可作出正确诊断.     

儿童胰腺囊实性乳头状瘤的超声诊断

目的:分析总结小儿胰腺囊实性乳头状瘤的超声图像特点,以提高对本病的认识,从而能够早期正确诊断并积极治疗。方法:回顾性分析13例胰腺囊实性乳头状瘤的临床、病理及超声图像特征,并结合文献加以讨论。结果:13例中男1例,女12例。年龄9~14岁,平均11岁。超声显示肿瘤边界清晰,均可分辨出是来自胰腺,内部回声不均匀,3例以中等偏强回声为主,4例以低回声为主,其中6例可见大小、数量不等,形态不一的囊变区,13例均未见钙化及包绕血管。13例均经手术和病理证实。结论:胰腺囊实性乳头状瘤的超声表现为肿瘤边界清晰,内部为中等或低回声为主的不均质回声,内有不同程度的囊变区,亦可为实性,病理均可见到出血坏死而形成的大小不一的囊变为本病的特征。本病为具有特殊临床病理特点的胰腺交界性肿瘤,儿童好发于大龄女孩,AFP阴性。