喉罩全麻下纤维支气管镜取儿童支气管异物的临床应用

目的评估全麻经喉罩行纤维支气管镜取儿童气管支气管异物的安全性及效果。方法回顾性分析6年间该院在喉罩全麻下纤维支气管镜取儿童气管支气管异物57例。结果 57例气管支气管异物均1次手术取出成功,全部病例经皮血氧饱和度、心率等生命体征平稳,有5例钳取肉芽组织出现少量出血,未出现喉水肿、喉痉挛和心跳呼吸骤停等并发症。结论喉罩全麻下纤维支气管镜取儿童支气管异物手术安全有效,值得推广。     

全身麻醉下内镜视频监视系统辅助支气管镜诊治小儿气管支气管异物

目的 回顾分析中山大学附属第一医院耳鼻咽喉科近3年来全身麻醉下内镜视频监视系统辅助支气管镜诊治小儿气管支气管异物病例.方法 患儿均接受气管插管全身麻醉,利用肌松剂阻断患儿呼吸,呼吸机辅助通气,将直径2.7mm,长40 cm支气管内镜套入专用的异物钳中,再将其内已套入内镜的异物钳自支气管镜内置入,即可在视频监视系统下利用异物钳调整好钳取位置顺利取出异物.结果 所有46例病例均利用此方法顺利取出异物,手术所需时间5～40min.所有病例均未发生气胸、喉痉挛、窒息等并发痘.结论 在全身麻醉肌松剂阻断呼吸辅助通气的麻醉条件下,利用支气管内镜、专用的异物钳、支气管镜组合一起,于内镜视频监视系统辅助下,可以获得比较清晰的视野,可以很准确方便地取出异物,防止并发症的发生,取得满意的疗效.     

喘息为表现的支气管异物25例误诊分析

【目的】婴幼儿气道异物发病率高、误诊率高,该文探讨婴幼儿支气管异物误诊的临床特点及早期诊断问题。【方法】回顾性分析25例支气管异物的临床特点及延误诊断情况。【结果】25例分别诊断为喘憋性肺炎14例,喘息性支气管炎5例,支气管哮喘3例,咳嗽变异性哮喘1例,先天性喉喘鸣1例,支气管内膜结核1例。误诊时间达2周以上。最终25例都经支纤镜取出异物后好转出院。【结论】婴幼儿支气管异物吸入史并不可靠,对于反复咳嗽、喘息的婴幼儿,经抗感染平喘治疗不见好转者,虽然无异物吸入史,也应考虑是否有支气管异物。在治疗当中反复复查胸透或是作CT仿真支气管内窥镜检查及早排查异物,必要时作支纤镜检查,减少误诊。     

电子支气管镜诊治儿童气管支气管异物的临床价值

目的分析儿童气管支气管异物的临床特点、诊断及治疗作用,探讨电子支气管镜在儿童气管支气管异物诊治中的价值。方法选择该院2014年3月-2016年3月605例气管支气管异物患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果儿童气管支气管异物以1~3岁患儿居多(84.63%),与其他年龄段比较差异具有统计学意义,男女之比为2∶1。农村患儿516例,占85.29%,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。好发部位:右侧支气管(49.42%)略高于左侧(42.14%);以植物性异物居多(76.52%);症状主要为咳嗽、喘息、发热;20例硬质支气管镜未能取出的深部异物也经电子气管镜成功取出。结论电子支气管镜是诊断及治疗儿童气管支气管异物安全有效的方法,是深部支气管异物及硬质气管镜无法取出异物的有效治疗手段,值得推广。     

气管支气管异物取出术临床体会

目的探讨气管支气管异物的临床特点及治疗方法。方法对本院1998-2007年间收治的气管支气管异物病例进行回顾性分析。结果144例气管支气管异物患者中，81．9％为3岁以下儿童，异物种类以花生类为最多，占51．4％，89．6％的患儿在全身麻醉下经支气管镜取出异物。结论在全身麻醉下经支气管镜行气管支气管异物取出术是一种安全可靠的手术方法。     

成人支气管异物误诊原因分析

支气管异物在成人少见,临床表现缺乏特异性,胸部影像学检查有时难以发现异物直接征象,对支气管异物吸入史不典型的患者,极易于误诊及漏诊.我科2000年7月至2006年2月,共有9例支气管异物患者,临床均误诊为其他呼吸道疾患,其中8例经纤维支气管镜(flexible bronchoscope,FB)确诊,7例经FB钳出异物,1例手术后取出异物后确诊并治愈.为提高对支气管异物诊断的认识,使此类患者获得及时治疗,特将本组病例回顾性总结,分析其误诊原因,现报告如下.……     

儿童气管或支气管异物的临床处理--附56例报告

目的:探讨儿童气管、支气管异物的临床处理方法,以提高治疗成功率.方法:56例气管或支气管异物患儿,在全身麻醉下,根据异物种类分别行不同的手术处理方法.结果:53例经支气管镜直接取出异物,2例经气管切开取出,1例经开胸取出,56例患儿术后均痊愈,治疗成功率100%.结论:对气管、支气管异物患儿,须针对不同种类异物行不同的手术处理方法,并重视围手术期的综合治疗,方可明显提高治疗的成功率.     

喉罩通气全麻下经气管镜冷冻治疗支气管结核56例的护理体会

本文报告了喉罩通气全麻下经气管镜冷冻治疗支气管结核的临床资料和护理操作配合。56例患者经过术前准备,采用静脉全身麻醉后,在喉罩通气下行气管镜下冷冻局部治疗。56例患者护理配合好,经过平均(4±3)次的气管镜下冷冻治疗,总有效率为100％,无严重的并发症,取得了较好的疗效。喉罩通气全麻下经气管镜冷冻治疗支气管结核的疗效好,而护理配合则是保证患者完成喉罩通气全麻和支气管下检查的重要保证。     

三通喉罩通气在急诊科支气管镜治疗的应用

目的 探讨三通喉罩(three-way laryngeal mask airway,TLMA)通气在急诊科支气管镜治疗的应用.方法 实施气管异物取出或支气管肺灌洗术的患者18例,年龄4.5～51岁.在快速诱导麻醉下实施三通喉罩插入.插入成功后,三通喉罩的标准端口连接呼吸机(或麻醉机)进行机械或人工控制通气,从三通喉罩另一带有密封胶帽端口置入纤维支气管镜,经声门进入气管、支气管,实施气管异物取出或支气管肺灌洗术.记录患者麻醉前5 min时(T0),插管后即刻(T1),插管后3 min(T2),通气5 min时(T3)、通气10 min时(T4)、通气20 min时(T5)、拔管时(T6)的收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、心率(HR)和脉搏氧饱和度(SpO2);记录T1、T2、T3、T4 、T5 及T6时的潮气量(VT)、气道峰压(Ppeak)及呼气末二氧化碳分压(PETCO2);于T0、T2、T4及T6时间点采集动脉血做血气分析.记录麻醉、手术效果和过程.结果 全部病例手术顺利完成.TLMA通气不同时间点血流动力学指标稳定,通气效果良好,无明显并发症.结论 TLMA用于急诊科气管异物取出或支气管肺灌洗术具有安全可靠、效果满意及并发症少等优点,保证了良好的通气和氧供,提高了麻醉安全性.     

1例支气管镜检术后异物残留患儿的抢救及护理

儿童咀嚼功能不够完善，喉的保护作用不够健全，常因进食时嬉笑哭闹而发生气管异物。支气管镜检术在明确诊断的同时能为患儿提供积极有效的治疗。患儿经气管镜取出异物后大多数痊愈，但仍有部分患儿发生镜检后异物残留，使病情变得更加凶险。我科于2005年3月成功救治了1例支气管镜检术后异物残留合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭、中毒性脑病及电解质紊乱的患儿，现报道如下。     

Measurement of L-carnitine and acylcarnitines in body fluids and tissues in children and in adults

We have developed a reliable and validated radio-enzymatic method for the assay of L-carnitine and acylcarnitines, using a modification of existing methods. The sensitivity of the assay is 10 mumol/l using 10 microliters of plasma or urine. It is also suitable for measurements of carnitine in a 10 mg sample of liver or muscle obtained by percutaneous biopsy. The use of N-ethylmaleimide in the reaction mixture together with an excess of [1-14C]acetyl CoA ensures that the reaction proceeds to completion and a linear response is obtained. Using this method control ranges have been established for plasma and urine carnitine concentrations in healthy children and adults, and for the carnitine content of liver and muscle in adults. No significant difference was found between fasting and post-prandial plasma carnitine levels. An age-related increase was found in urinary total carnitine and acylcarnitine concentration throughout childhood. These data provide a reliable basis for studies of patients with abnormal carnitine and acylcarnitine metabolism, distribution and excretion.     

Erythropoietin and uremic platelet aggregation in vivo and in vitro

Erythropoietin treatment is known to correct anemia and to improve hemostasis. Since platelets may contribute to thromboembolic complications, we assessed platelet aggregation in whole blood and platelet-rich plasma from chronically hemodialyzed patients treated with erythropoietin and evaluated in vitro effects of this drug on aggregatory responses of uremic and normal platelets. Recombinant human erythropoietin was given to uremic patients at a dose of 2.000 IU subcutaneously three times a week. Platelet aggregation in whole blood and platelet-rich plasma was induced by collagen, ADP, arachidonic acid, and ristocetin. In uremic patients, erythropoietin therapy resulted in an enhancement of platelet sensitivity to various agonists, particularly in platelet-rich plasma, reaching values comparable to those of healthy volunteers. In vitro studies we were unable to show any direct effect of erythropoietin, used at concentrations that occurred post intravenous administration, on platelet aggregation both in whole blood and in platelet-rich plasma.     

Responses in extracellular and intracellular calcium and magnesium in aldosteronism

We hypothesized the hypercalciuria and hypermagnesuria that accompany aldosteronism could be pharmacologically attenuated to prevent shifts in extracellular and intracellular levels of these divalent cations and the adverse outcomes associated with them. Accordingly, rats administered aldosterone/salt treatment (ALDOST) were cotreated with either hydrochlorothiazide (Hctz), to selectively reabsorb urinary Ca2+, or with Hctz plus spironolactone (Hctz+Spi), where Spi retards the excretion of these cations in both urine and feces. We monitored urinary excretion and responses in extracellular and intracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+, together with indices of oxi/nitrosative stress in plasma and ventricular tissue. At 4 weeks ALDOST we found the following: (1) hypercalciuria was reduced by Hctz and normalized by Hctz+Spi, and this combination, unlike Hctz alone, also rescued hypermagnesuria; (2) the decrease in plasma-ionized [Ca2+]o was not seen with Hctz or Hctz+Spi, whereas Spi cotreatment protected against a decline in [Mg2+]o; (3) the Ca2+ loading of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and cardiac tissue was not seen with Hctz+Spi; and (4) the induction of oxi/nitrosative stress, expressed as reduced plasma alpha1-antiproteinase activity and activation of gp91(phox) subunit of NADPH oxidase in inflammatory cells invading intramural coronary arteries of the right and left ventricles, together with vascular fibrosis, was completely prevented by Spi cotreatment. In rats with aldosteronism, cotreatment with Hctz+Spi more effectively (vis-à-vis Hctz alone) protects against adverse iterations in extracellular and intracellular concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+, as well as the appearance of oxi/nitrosative stress to prevent the proinflammatory vascular phenotype.     

Rosamicin in Urethral and Vaginal Secretions and Tissues in Dogs and Rats

In animal studies we investigated the distribution of rosamicin in plasma and urethral and vaginal tissues in rats as well as in urethral and vaginal secretions in dogs. We found concentration ratios between urethral secretion and plasma of 1.9 and between vaginal secretion and plasma of 2.4. The rosamicin concentrations in urethral and vaginal tissue significantly exceeded the levels of all other tissues investigated. Because rosamicin could be valuable for the treatment of bacterial urethritis and the colonization of the vaginal introitus with fecal bacteria in women, it should be investigated clinically in this respect.     

Similarities and differences in clients treated and in medications prescribed by APRNs and psychiatrists in a CMHC

This study is part of a larger study comparing prescribing practices of psychiatrists and advanced practice psychiatric nurses (APRNs) using the following three groups of patients: patients treated by psychiatrists, those treated by APRNs, and those treated by both APRNs and psychiatrists at different times in 1 year. Demographics for 5507 patients were examined. A subsample of APRNs and psychiatrists prescribed similar total numbers of medications. Psychiatrists prescribed more types of antidepressant medications other than the SSRI antidepressants, and they prescribed more than twice the number of benzodiazepines. APRNs prescribed more SSRIs and spent more time with clients during medication visits.     

Racial differences in oxidative stress and inflammation: in vitro and in vivo

African American race is an independent risk factor for enhanced oxidative stress and inflammation. We sought to examine whether oxidative-stress and inflammatory markers that are typically measured in humans also differ by race in cell culture. We compared levels between African American and Caucasian young adults and then separately in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) from both races. We found heightened oxidative stress and inflammation in the African Americans both in vitro and in vivo. African American HUVECs showed higher nitric oxide (NO) levels (10.8 ± 0.4 vs. 8.8 ± 0.7 μmol/L/mg, p = 0.03), Interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels (61.7 ± 4.2 vs. 23.9 ± 9.0 pg/mg, p = 0.02), and lower superoxide dismutase activity (15.6 ± 3.3 vs. 25.4 ± 2.8 U/mg, p = 0.04), and also higher protein expression (p < 0.05) of NADPH oxidase subunit p47phox, isoforms NOX2 and NOX4, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS), inducible NOS, as well as IL-6. African American adults had higher plasma protein carbonyls (1.1 ± 0.1 vs. 0.8 ± 0.1 nmol/mg, p = 0.01) and antioxidant capacity (2.3 ± 0.2 vs. 1.1 ± 0.3 mM, p = 0.01). These preliminary translational data demonstrate a racial difference in HUVECs much like that in humans, but should be interpreted with caution given its preliminary nature. It is known that racial differences exist in how humans respond to development and progression of disease, therefore these data suggest that ethnicity of cell model may be important to consider with in vitro clinical research.