阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的脑ReHo和ALFF研究

目的采用局部一致性(regional homogeneity,ReHo)及低频振幅(amplitude of low frequency fluctuation,ALFF)方法探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)患者的脑功能变化。材料与方法搜集青海大学附属医院的OSAHS患者31例,并招募健康志愿者32名。对以上OSAHS患者及健康对照组均进行多导睡眠监测(polysomnography,PSG),并进行静息态功能磁共振成像(resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging,rs-f MRI)检查,获取血氧水平依赖(blood oxygen level dependent,BOLD)信号,运用ReHo和ALFF方法将OSAHS患者与正常对照组进行对比。结果 OSAHS组与正常组相比较,ReHo及ALFF均有显著差异。ReHo值增高(P0.05)的脑区有:右侧内侧和旁扣带回、右侧背外侧额上回、左侧背外侧额上回、右侧额中回、右侧内侧额上回、左侧内侧额上回、右侧海马;ReHo值减低(P0.05)的脑区有:右侧舌回、左侧颞中回、左侧中央后回、右侧颞下回、左侧楔前叶、右侧颞中回、右侧楔前叶、右侧枕上回;ALFF值增高(P0.05)的脑区有:右侧背外侧额上回、右侧海马、右侧脑岛、右侧海马旁回、左侧海马、右侧内侧和旁扣带回、右侧额中回;ALFF值减低(P0.05)脑区有:右侧枕中回、右侧枕下回、左侧枕中回、右侧舌回、左侧舌回、左侧枕下回、左侧颞中回、右侧枕上回。结论 OSAHS患者多个脑区的ReHo和ALFF值有变化,说明了OSAHS对患者的多个脑区的脑功能有着一定程度的影响。     

鞍区占位视力受损患者与视觉皮层相关的静息态fMRI研究

目的静息态功能磁共振成像探索鞍区占位视力受损患者引起的脑功能活动改变情况。方法筛选21例鞍区占位视力受损患者,并选择与之年龄和性别相匹配的健康对照者21名。计算ALFF、ReHo、FC值,然后采用双样本t检验统计学方法进行研究。结果与正常对照组相比,鞍区占位视力受损患者组双侧楔叶、左侧舌回、右侧SMA区域ALFF值降低,双侧豆状核ALFF值升高。双侧楔叶ReHo值降低,楔前叶、左侧岛叶皮层和左侧豆状核ReHo值升高,并且楔前叶和左侧岛叶皮层的ReHo值与常规磁共振手动测量的占位的左右直径存在明显正相关性。在功能连接结果中,高级视觉皮层与双侧楔叶、双侧顶上小叶、双侧颞上回、双侧缘上回、中央前回、中央后回及SMA存在功能连接减弱。结论鞍区占位视力受损患者存在视觉以及视觉以外相关脑区神经元活动异常。     

功能磁共振观察烧伤后应激障碍患者静息态脑功能改变

目的 采用低频振幅（ALFF）方法观察烧伤后应激障碍（PTSD）及无应激障碍（Non-PTSD）患者静息态脑功能的改变。方法 对性别、年龄及受教育程度相匹配的PTSD组、Non-PTSD组各16例和正常对照组16名行静息态fMRI（rs-fMRI）,应用ALFF方法分析各组大脑自发活动的差异,并对PTSD组存在差异脑区的ALFF值与临床用PTSD诊断量表（CAPS）评分进行相关分析。结果 与正常对照组相比,PTSD组左侧额下回/额中回、右侧额下回/岛叶、双侧海马旁回/前扣带回/额内侧回ALFF增高,左侧舌回、双侧后扣带回/楔前叶ALFF减低,而Non-PTSD组ALFF显著增高的脑区分布于右侧小脑后叶、颞中回、眶额叶、岛叶及左侧海马旁回,Non-PTSD组中未发现ALFF减低脑区;与Non-PTSD组相比,PTSD组右侧丘脑ALFF显著减低,未发现ALFF增高脑区。PTSD患者右侧丘脑平均ALFF值与CAPS分数呈显著负相关（r=-0.637,P=0.008）。结论 烧伤患者静息态下脑活动存在异常,可能与严重烧伤后复杂的应激反应有关。     

对比单相抑郁与双相障碍抑郁期患者脑自发性神经元活动

目的 采用静息态功能MRI(rs-fMRI)对比观察单相抑郁(UD)与双相障碍(BD)抑郁期患者脑自发性神经元活动(SNA)的异同。方法 纳入40例病程<24个月的UD患者(UD组)、43例BD抑郁期患者(BD组)及44名健康人(对照组),采集颅脑rs-fMRI,观察3组间及每2组间局部一致性(ReHo)存在显著差异的脑区;采用Pearson相关性分析观察上述脑区的ReHo值与基本资料的相关性。结果 3组间双侧楔前叶、左侧前扣带回及顶上小叶、右侧小脑前叶、顶上、顶下小叶及角回ReHo值存在明显差异(P均<0.05)。相比对照组,BD组右侧小脑前叶ReHo值降低(P<0.05),左侧顶上小叶及右侧顶上、顶下小叶、角回ReHo值增高(P均<0.05);UD组双侧楔前叶及右侧小脑前叶ReHo值降低(P均<0.05)。相比BD组,UD组右侧顶上、顶下小叶ReHo值降低(P均<0.05),左侧前扣带回ReHo值增高(P<0.05)。以上组间存在显著差异的脑区ReHo值与年龄、受教育年限及汉密尔顿抑郁量表-24项评分均无明显相关(P均>0.05)。结...     

封闭隔离环境暴露对海员脑功能影响的静息态fMRI研究

目的  探讨海上封闭隔离环境及暴露年限对海员脑功能活动的影响,为预防职业环境暴露对海员脑功能损伤提供依据。方法  于2023年8月招募30名长期从事海上作业的男性职业海员作为海员组,年龄19~29岁,工作年限1~11年,在三亚市人民医院采用Magneton Skyra 3.0 T磁共振扫描仪进行静息态脑功能磁共振成像;匹配无海上作业经历的普通被试30名作为对照组,年龄18~28岁,Magneton Skyra 3.0 T静息态磁共振数据从OpenNeuro公共数据库下载。计算两组静息态ALFF、fALFF和ReHo指标,采用双样本t检验比较两组间脑区ALFF、fALFF和ReHo的差异,进一步采用偏相关分析法分析ALFF、fALFF和ReHo值与海员工作年限和出海年限的相关性。结果  与对照组相比,海员组右侧中央后回和右侧小脑脚1区的ALFF值较高,左侧嗅皮质的ALFF值较低;左内侧和旁扣带脑回以及右颞级颞上回的fALFF值较高,右侧枕中回、左侧顶下缘角回、左侧中央前回和右侧中央前回的fALFF值较低;右侧海马旁回ReHo值增高,右侧颞下回、右侧眶部额中回、左侧顶下缘角回、左侧角回、右侧颞中回和左侧颞中回ReHo值降低,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）,采用GRF校正,体素水平P < 0.001,团块水平P < 0.05。海员组右侧中央后回ALFF值与海员工作年限呈弱正相关（r=0.369,P=0.049）,右侧枕中回fALFF值与海员工作年限呈弱负相关（r=-0.370,P=0.048）。结论  长期职业封闭隔离环境暴露对海员多个脑区的脑功能活动造成影响,海员右侧中央后回的ALFF值与工作年限存在弱正相关性,右侧枕中回的fALFF值与海员的工作年限呈弱负相关。     

经颅直流电刺激改善传导性失语复述能力的fMRI研究

目的：采用静息态功能磁共振成像(rs-fMRI)技术评估经颅直流电刺激(tDCS)改善传导性失语患者复述功能的价值并探究其机制。方法：选取16例传导性失语患者（病例组）及18例健康受试者（对照组）为研究对象,对其rs-fMRI检查的静息态数据进行局部区域一致性分析(ReHo),得到病例组ReHo信号减低脑区,并选择左侧Wernicke区作为感兴趣区,比较病例组tDCS治疗前、后汉语失语症心理语言评价(PACA)复述测验、ReHo及功能连接(FC)的变化;比较病例组（治疗前）与对照组ReHo及FC的差异。结果：病例组较对照组ReHo值增高脑区为右侧中央后回,减低脑区为左侧颞上回、后扣带回及楔前叶;与Wernicke区呈正相关的脑区为左侧顶下缘角回,右侧中央盖、颞上回、中央前、后回,呈负相关的脑区为右侧直回、额中回、顶下缘角回,左侧前扣带回和旁扣带回、背外侧额上回。tDCS治疗后,患者复述能力明显提高（t=10.30,P＜0.01）;ReHo值增高脑区为左侧内侧额上回及右侧角回,未发现明显减低脑区;与Wernicke区呈正相关的脑区为左侧杏仁核、楔前叶、中央后回及眶部额中回,右侧后扣带回、颞上回;呈负相关的脑区为右侧额下回三角部。结论：tDCS刺激左侧Wernicke区可有效改善传导性失语患者复述功能,其机制可能与左侧Wernicke区FC模式的转变有关,同时受损功能脑区神经元活性的增高可能对语言的恢复起一定的代偿作用。     

低频振幅算法功能磁共振成像观察屈光参差性弱视患者脑活动

目的 应用基于低频振幅(ALFF)算法的功能磁共振成像(fMRI)观察屈光参差性弱视患者脑活动的变化。方法 对9例左眼单眼屈光参差性弱视患者(弱视组)和12名健康志愿者(对照组)在黑白棋盘格刺激下行fMRI,应用t检验对ALFF脑图进行组间和组内统计学分析。结果 1例弱视组患者数据在预处理后被剔除。左眼接受刺激时,弱视组较对照组左侧舌回、右侧枕中回、右侧中央前回、左侧后扣带回、左侧顶上小叶、左侧楔前叶和楔叶等区域ALFF减弱,左侧额中间回、左侧额上回、左侧颞上回、右侧杏仁体和右侧壳核等区域ALFF显著增强;右眼接受刺激时,弱视组较对照组胼胝体和左侧颞中回ALFF减弱,双侧枕叶、右侧额中回和右侧尾状核等区域ALFF显著增强。弱视组中,与右眼接受视觉刺激时比较,左眼接受视觉刺激时右侧额下回、左侧尾状核、丘脑及前扣带回等脑区ALFF显著增强,双侧枕叶ALFF显著减弱。结论 任务状态下基于ALFF算法的fMRI不仅可反映弱视患者视皮层的功能损害,还可反映多脑区神经活动的变化。     

体重超重的2型糖尿病患者静息态脑功能局部一致性研究

目的探讨静息状态下体重超重合并2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者脑功能异常改变的特点。方法对20例体重超重合并2型糖尿病患者(OW+T2DM)、20例体重正常2型糖尿病患者(NW+T2DM)及19例健康受试者(HC)行静息态功能磁共振检查及神经心理学量表测试,观察组间ReHo改变的脑区及神经心理学量表差异。结果相对于HC组,OW+T2DM组ReHo值减低的脑区为右侧枕中回/枕下回、左侧距状回、左侧楔叶、左侧小脑,左侧岛叶ReHo值增高;NW+T2DM组双侧枕中回/枕下回、双侧距状回、左侧舌回、左侧梭状回和左侧小脑ReHo值减低。与NW+T2DM组相比,OW+T2DM组右侧额中回、右侧中央前回及左侧小脑ReHo值减低。三组被试MMSE评分、MOCA评分、CDT和TMT-A评分均无统计学差异。结论超重及T2DM对患者脑功能可能存在联合损伤效应,受损脑区主要位于额叶(额中回、中央前回)及小脑,超重及T2DM可能加剧了患者执行控制功能损伤。     

基于局部一致性算法的周围性面瘫针刺治疗静息态功能MRI研究

目的：研究在静息状态下周围性面瘫患者临床针刺治疗不同病程状态下的脑区局部一致性(regional homogeneity,ReHo)变化特点,探讨针刺治疗周围性面瘫的可能中枢整合机制。材料与方法采用静息态fMRI技术,采集32例健康志愿者及47例面瘫患者临床针刺治疗不同病程状态下(面瘫早期组、后期组及治愈组)的BOLD数据,采用ReHo的数据后处理方法进行分析,将面瘫早期组、后期组及治愈组分别与健康志愿者ReHo值比较,获取有统计学意义的差异脑区。结果(1)面瘫早期组ReHo增高的脑区有右侧额上回、额中回、额下回,左侧楔前叶、后扣带回和颞上回,ReHo值减低脑区有右侧颞下回、楔叶和楔前叶;(2)面瘫后期组ReHo增高的脑区有左侧SII、颞上回、额上回、中央旁小叶、楔叶、楔前叶和右侧额下回;(3)面瘫治愈组ReHo增高的脑区有左侧中央旁小叶、梭状回和颞上回。结论大脑皮层运动前区(PMA)、辅助运动区(SMA)是周围性面瘫患者脑功能重组及代偿的关键区域,也是针刺治疗周围性面瘫患者重要的调制和关键代偿区域。     

功能磁共振成像评价帕金森患者静息状态下脑功能连接

目的 采用功能磁共振成像(fMRI)评价帕金森病(PD)患者静息状态下脑功能连接的特点. 方法 对14例符合PD诊断标准的患者及14名健康者行静息态脑fMRI,选双侧壳核为感兴趣区,PD患者与正常对照组间脑功能连接的差异用随机效应两样本t检验.结果 与正常对照组相比,PD患者在静息状态下前额叶中内侧、双侧尾状核头部、左侧脑岛、左侧梭状回等脑区功能连接减低;双侧小脑半球、双侧舌回、双侧颞中回、右中央前回、右侧额上回、右侧额下回、右侧扣带回后部、左侧额中回等脑区功能连接增强.结论 PD患者在静息状态下存在异常的脑功能连接网络.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.