角蛋白,波形蛋白,神经细丝蛋白在人胎内耳的定位表达

本文对合法引产９￣３２周胎龄的人内耳中角蛋白、波形蛋白、神经细丝蛋白的表达进行了免疫组织化学定位研究。结果发现增殖期的前庭器和Ｃｏｒｔｉ器始基细胞均有这三种中间纤维的表达。随着内耳分化的进行，角蛋白表达部位限于表皮板、网板、支持细胞、血管纹和前庭壁细胞。波形蛋白的表达部位分布在Ｃｏｒｔｉ器始基细胞、一些支持细胞、环绕的结缔组织、软骨细胞、骨组织、血管纹缘细胞、螺旋神经节细胞和神经纤维，前庭感觉上皮     

内耳免疫反应中细胞凋亡的研究

目的探讨内耳免疫反应过程是否引起细胞凋亡以及Fas和FasL、Bcl-2和Bax的表达情况。方法选用雌性白色豚鼠16只，随机分为实验组和对照组各8只，以钥孔蛾血蓝蛋白全身免疫后，实验组以相同抗原进行内耳免疫，对照组内耳注射等量的磷酸盐缓冲生理盐水，在内耳免疫7d后处死动物，取内耳免疫侧耳蜗做石蜡切片。通过电镜和脱氧核糖核苷酸末端转移酶介导的缺口末端标记技术(terminal-deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated nick end labeling，TUNEL)检测内耳凋亡细胞，免疫组化检测内耳Fas和FasL以及Bcl-2和Bax的表达。结果透射电镜观察发现实验组术后7d内耳外毛细胞、血管纹细胞及螺旋神经节细胞都出现了凋亡细胞的特征性改变，而对照组未发现具有上述特征的细胞。实验组内耳Corti器毛细胞，血管纹的缘细胞和螺旋神经节细胞存在TUNEL染色阳性细胞，TUNEL染色阳性细胞具有凋亡细胞的典型形态学特征，对照组内耳的任何结构中都没发现TUNEL染色阳性细胞。免疫组化染色实验组Corti器、螺旋神经节细胞、血管纹和螺旋韧带Fas和FasL蛋白表达阳性，而对照组只有螺旋神经节细胞和血管纹有较弱的Fas蛋白表达，FasL蛋白表达阴性。实验组Corti器、螺旋神经节细胞、侧壁Bcl-2蛋白表达阴性，对照组的Corti器、侧壁和螺旋神经节细胞Bcl-2蛋白表达阳性。实验组Corti器、侧壁和螺旋神经节细胞Bax蛋白表达阳性，对照组只有螺旋神经节细胞Bax蛋白表达弱阳性，Corti器、侧壁表达阴性。结论内耳免疫反应可诱导细胞凋亡发生，Fas-FasL是此过程的信号转导途径之一，Bcl-2和Bax蛋白在其中起了重要调节作用。     

内耳免疫反应中细胞凋亡的研究

目的　探讨内耳免疫反应过程是否引起细胞凋亡以及Fas和FasL、Bcl 2和Bax的表达情况。方法　选用雌性白色豚鼠 16只 ,随机分为实验组和对照组各 8只 ,以钥孔血蓝蛋白全身免疫后 ,实验组以相同抗原进行内耳免疫 ,对照组内耳注射等量的磷酸盐缓冲生理盐水 ,在内耳免疫 7d后处死动物 ,取内耳免疫侧耳蜗做石蜡切片。通过电镜和脱氧核糖核苷酸末端转移酶介导的缺口末端标记技术 (terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferasemediatednickendlabeling ,TUNEL)检测内耳凋亡细胞 ,免疫组化检测内耳Fas和FasL以及Bcl 2和Bax的表达。结果　透射电镜观察发现实验组术后7d内耳外毛细胞、血管纹细胞及螺旋神经节细胞都出现了凋亡细胞的特征性改变 ,而对照组未发现具有上述特征的细胞。实验组内耳Corti器毛细胞 ,血管纹的缘细胞和螺旋神经节细胞存在TUNEL染色阳性细胞 ,TUNEL染色阳性细胞具有凋亡细胞的典型形态学特征 ,对照组内耳的任何结构中都没发现TUNEL染色阳性细胞。免疫组化染色实验组Corti器、螺旋神经节细胞、血管纹和螺旋韧带Fas和FasL蛋白表达阳性 ,而对照组只有螺旋神经节细胞和血管纹有较弱的Fas蛋白表达 ,FasL蛋白表达阴性。实验组Corti器、螺旋神经节细胞、侧壁Bcl 2蛋白表达阴性 ,对照组的Corti器、侧壁和     

利尿酸、速尿、丁尿胺对豚鼠耳毒作用的比较

对豚鼠进行静脉注射不同剂量的利尿酸、速尿、丁尿胺后观察听神经动作电位、耳蜗血管纹及Corti氏器毛细胞形态学的改变。随着用药剂量的增大,AP振幅下降,三种利尿剂对内耳超微结构的毒性作用基本相似,病损主要在血管纹的边缘细胞及中间细胞,外毛细胞次之。实验证实三种利尿剂均具耳毒作用。文中对三种袢利尿剂的耳毒作用机制进行了探讨与比较。     

凋亡及其相关基因在实验性自身免疫性内耳病小鼠内耳组织中的表达

目的探讨凋亡及其相关基因在自身免疫性内耳病形成和发展中的作用。方法选用近交系C57BL／6小鼠随机数字表法分为正常对照组和免疫7、14、21、28d组，每组16只。提取豚鼠内耳膜迷路组织为抗原，与等量完令弗氏佐剂，百日咳杆菌一次免疫实验组动物，制备自身免疫性内耳病动物模型，应用末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶介导的dUTP缺口末端标记技术（terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase—mediated d-UTP nick end—labing，TUNEL）检测内耳中的细胞凋亡，应用免疫组化和逆转录聚合酶链反应（RT—PCR）技术检测Fas、FasL及bcl-2在内耳的表达。结果正常小鼠内耳组织中，TUNEL染色阳性细胞极为少见，偶尔在Corti器或球囊斑的支持细胞发现。免疫7d后，内毛细胞和少量的血管纹边缘细胞TUNEL染色阳性，14d后TUNEL染色阳性的细胞数量及种类显著增加，但外毛细胞、螺旋神经节细胞与前庭神经节细胞免疫前后均未见凋亡表达。免疫组化染色显示，正常小鼠内耳中Fas表达广泛，FasL存部分螺旋神经节细胞与前庭神经节细胞表达，bcl-2仅在螺旋神经节细胞、前庭神经节细胞有较强表达。免疫后FasL在各种组织均有较强表达，bcl一2在外毛细胞出现表达，在耳蜗神经无细胞的表达增加。RT—PCR检测正常小鼠内耳组织的Fas mRNA、FasL mRNA、bcl-2mRNA均为阳性，FasL mRNA低水平表达，免疫后升高，在2周达到高峰后逐渐下降；bcl-2 mRNA在免疫后进行性升高。结论Fas／FasL信号系统介导的凋亡与自身免疫性内耳病的发生、发展过程关系密切，bcl-2对内耳中Fas／FasL介导的凋亡有重要的调节作用。     

Smad5 基因在小鼠耳蜗胚胎发育中的作用

目的检测Smad5基因在小鼠耳蜗胚胎发育中的作用。方法选用耳廓反应灵敏、健康的C57BL／6小鼠作为种鼠交配．用观察阴栓方法获得胚胎9天到20天的胎鼠，≤17天取胚胎头，≥18天在显微镜下取耳蜗，胚胎头水平冰冻切片，耳蜗平行于蜗轴冰冻切片，HE染色方法观察小鼠内耳发育形态演变过程，免疫组织化学方法检测Smad5蛋白在小鼠胚胎10～20天的表达情况。结果胚胎10天，听泡发育，胚胎12天听泡下部有蜗管始基形成并开始发育。胚胎18天，蜗管发育了2圈，形成了可以辨认的内、外毛细胞，血管纹开始分化。Smad5在小鼠内耳胚胎发育全程均有阳性表达，且表达比较广泛，尤其早期在整个听囊均有表达。在胚胎15～17天．主要集中在即将发育成基底膜听觉感受器的部分。在胚胎发育中后期在内外毛细胞、螺旋神经节细胞、支持细胞、血管纹、基底膜、前庭膜等也有表达。结论Smad5参与小鼠耳蜗胚胎发育全过程，它可能为听觉的发生所必需的基因。     

内耳免疫反应中的细胞凋亡活性及其与FasL表达的相关性

目的 观察内耳免疫反应过程中是否存在细胞凋亡以及细胞凋亡活性与FasL表达相关性。方法16只雌性白色豚鼠。随机分为实验组与对照组，每组各8只。所有动物均先以钥孔虫戚血蓝蛋白全身免疫。然后，实验组再以相同抗原进行单侧内耳局部免疫，对照组则于单侧内耳注射等量磷酸盐缓冲生理盐水。3天后处死动物，取内耳免疫侧（或对照注射侧）耳蜗制备石蜡切片，脱氧核糖核苷酸末端转移酶介导的缺口末端标记技术检测内耳细胞凋亡活性，免疫组化法检测内耳FasL表达水平。结果实验组动物内耳Cord器毛细胞、血管纹的缘细胞和螺旋神经节细胞中存在阳性着色的凋亡细胞，对照组豚鼠内耳则否。实验组动物内耳Corti、蜗管侧壁、螺旋神经节细胞FasL表达阳性。对照组则为阴性。结论 内耳免疫反应可诱导局部细胞凋亡活性增高，FasL在此过程中可能发挥重要作用。     

正常豚鼠内耳水通道蛋白的表达及意义

目的：检测正常豚鼠内耳组织中水通道蛋白（aquaporins,AQPs）的表达,探讨其在内耳液体平衡中的意义.方法：用免疫组织化学方法,以兔抗大鼠AQP0、1、2、3、5、7、8的多克隆抗体,检测正常豚鼠内耳组织中水通道蛋白亚型0、1、2、3、5、7、8的表达.结果：水通道蛋白亚型0、1、2、3、5、7、8在豚鼠内耳有不同程度、不同模式的表达,其中AQP0仅在血管纹上皮细胞、螺旋神经节细胞有较弱的表达,AQP1的分布见于包绕骨迷路、内淋巴囊、内淋巴管的纤维细胞,基底膜鼓阶面细胞、螺旋韧带纤维细胞、螺旋缘纤维细胞、Corti器、内外螺旋沟、血管纹、椭圆囊壁、球囊壁、螺旋神经节细胞等.AQP2表达在血管纹、Corti器、螺旋神经节细胞和内淋巴囊中.AQP3、7、8的分布类似,在螺旋神经节和包绕膜迷路的组织中均有表达,其中Corti器、内外螺旋沟、血管纹、螺旋神经节表达较强,在螺旋韧带、螺旋缘纤维细胞表达较弱.AQP5则在Corti器、内外螺旋沟、螺旋神经节细胞表达较强,在螺旋韧带纤维细胞表达稍弱.结论：在正常豚鼠内耳中,尤其是膜迷路中有多种水通道蛋白亚型,以不同的方式表达,他们可能在维持膜迷路液体平衡中起着协同作用.     

水通道蛋白-2在大鼠内耳的定位及其意义

目的：探讨水通道蛋白-2(Aqp-2)在大鼠内耳中的定位，分析其在内耳水代谢中的作用机制。方法：使用正常成年SD大鼠15只，制备颞骨组织标本，采用SP免疫组织化学技术，检测Aqp-2蛋白在大鼠内耳的表达情况。结果：Aqp-2在大鼠的内淋巴囊、血管纹、螺旋神经节有较强表达，在Corti器、基底膜、螺旋缘的前庭唇和鼓唇、盖膜、螺旋凸也有表达。结论：Aqp-2主要分布在与内淋巴代谢有关的结构(内淋巴囊和血管纹)，它在Corti器的表达为膜迷路积水时伴有的听力下降提供了又一解释；Aqp-2在螺旋神经节的表达，提示它可能与正常听觉的维持有关。     

耳蜗毛细胞与血管纹的相互依存关系的研究

目的通过对Atoh1条件基因敲除小鼠及Mitf基因突变小鼠两个动物模型的研究,来验证毛细胞及血管纹两者的存活是否相互依赖,以及在内耳中是否存在钾离子从血管纹—毛细胞—支持细胞—血管纹循环通路。方法分别对一月龄两种模型小鼠进行ABR、CM、CAP和EP的测量。并用免疫组化和共聚焦显微镜以及耳蜗铺片、切片对两种模型小鼠的耳蜗Corti’s器和血管纹进行形态学观察。结果内淋巴的缺损可造成外毛细胞的凋亡,但内毛细胞依然能够存活。20 mV的内淋巴电位是外毛细胞存活所必须的。血管纹的生存及功能并不需要功能正常的Corti’s器的支持,同时内淋巴电位的产生及维持并不依赖毛细胞及支持细胞的钾离子循环的支持。结论成熟毛细胞的存活依赖于正常的血管纹功能和内淋巴的离子环境。然而,血管纹的存活及功能却并不依赖Corti’s器的功能。     

Developmental stage-dependent pattern of inner ear expression of intermediate filaments

The expression of vimentin, cytokeratins (CKs) and neurofilament (NF) proteins was analysed (using monoclonal antibodies) in the mouse inner ear at the otocyst stage (13th gestational day), when organogenesis was largely completed (16th gestational day) and at birth (21st gestational day). Co-expression of vimentin and CKs occurred at the otocyst stage. On the 16th gestational day, most epithelial cells lacked immunoreactivity for vimentin and considerable variation in CK positivity was found between different regions of the epithelial lining. At birth, CK positivity was lacking in the developing organ of Corti but was present in other types of epithelium lining the scala media. In the vestibular half of the labyrinth, positivity for CKs was found at the apical surfaces of both sensory cells and supporting cells and in epithelia lining the membranous labyrinth. Vimentin positivity occurred in the greater epithelial ridge of the differentiating organ of Corti. Even at this stage the statoacoustic ganglion comprised two subpopulations of ganglion cells: those staining for NF proteins and those lacking this immunoreactivity. Thus, as the inner ear matures, a pattern of cytoskeletal reorganization occurs that is dependent on developmental stage.     

Intermediate filament proteins in the embryonic inner ear of mice under normal conditions and after exposure to ototoxic drugs

The expression of the intermediate filament subclasses cytokeratins (CKs), vimentin, and neurofilament triplet proteins (NFs) was analysed in the embryonic inner ear of the CBA/CBA mouse, in vivo and in vitro, using well-defined monoclonal antibodies. Some of the cultured inner ears were exposed to 1-10 micrograms/ml of the ototoxic drugs gentamicin, ethacrynic acid or cisplatin. There was no difference in the expression of IF pattern in the cultured inner ears as compared with the in vivo developed labyrinths. Exposure to the ototoxic drugs did not affect the expression of CKs, vimentin, or NFs. CKs 8 and 18 were identified in all inner ear epithelia. In the mature hair cells, only the apical surfaces showed immunoreactivity to CKs. In addition, CKs 7 and 19 were visualized in the epithelia involved in maintaining endolymph homeostasis. The ganglion cells showed co-expression of CKs, vimentin and NFs, each having a characteristic localization in the cells.     

Intermediate filaments in the newborn inner ear of the mouse

The presence of intermediate filaments in the inner ear of the newborn mouse was analyzed with immunofluorescence techniques using antibodies against the five classes of intermediate filaments: cytokeratins, vimentin, desmin, neurofilaments and glial fibrillary acid protein (GFA). Neurofilaments were found in all nerve fibers from the ganglion cell to the hair cell. In the vestibular ganglion two subpopulations of ganglion cells were identified: a minor part staining intensively with neurofilament and the major part of cells lacking this immunofluorescence. Vimentin occurred in a number of supporting structures in the membranous labyrinth, but not in vestibular or cochlear ganglion cells. Cytokeratins, desmin or GFA were not identified in the inner ear.     

Localization of substance P in middle ear mucosa and peripheral auditory pathways in guinea pigs]

The distribution and intracellular localization of substance P (SP) in middle ear mucosa (MEM), cochlea and spiral ganglion (SG) were studied by immunohistochemical technique and immunoelectron microscopy. There was a widespread distribution of SP positive nerve fibers (NF) along the median and small vessels of MEM. SP-immunoreactivity (SP-IR) positive cells could be seen in the MEM near the promontorium tympani. In the Corti's organ, SP-IR positive products were located at the base of inner hair cells. The majority of positive NF emerged like strings of beads and were radially distributed from osseous spiral laminal to the Corti's organ. About 50% of the SG cells were SP-IR positive. Two types of SP-IR positive NF were found in the VIII cranial nerve by light microscopy. Small clear vesicles with a diameter of 50-70nm were localized in the cytoplasm of the type-I SG cells by immunoelectron microscopy. In the outer membrane and inside the mitochondria, SP-IR positive substances could be distinguished as an electron dense matter. The possibility of SP as an afferent neurotransmitter or modulator in cochlea and the significance of its presence in the MEM were discussed.     

Transient receptor potential channels in the inner ear: presence of transient receptor potential channel subfamily 1 and 4 in the guinea pig inner ear

CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that transient receptor potential subfamily 1 (TRPV1) may play a functional role in sensory cell physiology and that TRPV4 may be important for fluid homeostasis in the inner ear. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the expression of TRPV1 and -4 in the normal guinea pig inner ear. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Albino guinea pigs were used. The location of TRPV1 and -4 in the inner ear, i.e. cochlea, vestibular end organs and endolymphatic sac, was investigated by means of immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of TRPV1 in the hair cells and supporting cells of the organ of Corti, in spiral ganglion cells, sensory cells of the vestibular end organs and vestibular ganglion cells. TRPV4 was found in the hair cells and supporting cells of the organ of Corti, in marginal cells of the stria vascularis, spiral ganglion cells, sensory cells, transitional cells, dark cells in the vestibular end organs, vestibular ganglion cells and epithelial cells of the endolymphatic sac.     

重组腺病毒构建及转染培养耳蜗Corti器和螺旋神经节细胞的实验研究

目的构建携带绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）基因的重组腺病毒,观察GFP基因在体外培养的新生大鼠耳蜗Corti器和螺旋神经节细胞的表达。方法通过细菌内同源重组方法构建携带有绿色荧光蛋白基因的重组腺病毒（Ad-GFP）,观察重组腺病毒转染培养的新生大鼠耳蜗Corti器和螺旋神经节细胞后,不同时间内绿色荧光蛋白基因的表达情况、表达部位及病毒对培养耳蜗Corti器和螺旋神经节细胞的影响。结果构建的重组腺病毒经酶切电泳鉴定正确;荧光显微镜下观察腺病毒转染体外培养的新生大鼠耳蜗Corti器和螺旋神经节细胞后,12 h即开始表达绿色荧光蛋白基因,24 h达到高峰,表达时间可持续1周;倒置显微镜观察转染后的Corti器和螺旋神经节细胞形态结构及生长无明显改变。结论本实验成功构建了携带绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）基因的重组腺病毒,通过该方法构建的腺病毒可以介导绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）基因在体外培养的新生大鼠耳蜗Corti器和螺旋神经节细胞中表达,但腺病毒本身对体外培养的耳蜗Corti器和螺旋神经节细胞生长无明显影响,为通过腺病毒进行内耳基因治疗提供了理论依据。     

Transient receptor potential channels in the inner ear: presence of transient receptor potential channel subfamily 1 and 4 in the guinea pig inner ear

Conclusion. The results of this study indicate that transient receptor potential subfamily 1 (TRPV1) may play a functional role in sensory cell physiology and that TRPV4 may be important for fluid homeostasis in the inner ear. Objective. To analyze the expression of TRPV1 and -4 in the normal guinea pig inner ear. Material and methods. Albino guinea pigs were used. The location of TRPV1 and -4 in the inner ear, i.e. cochlea, vestibular end organs and endolymphatic sac, was investigated by means of immunohistochemistry. Results. Immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of TRPV1 in the hair cells and supporting cells of the organ of Corti, in spiral ganglion cells, sensory cells of the vestibular end organs and vestibular ganglion cells. TRPV4 was found in the hair cells and supporting cells of the organ of Corti, in marginal cells of the stria vascularis, spiral ganglion cells, sensory cells, transitional cells, dark cells in the vestibular end organs, vestibular ganglion cells and epithelial cells of the endolymphatic sac.