支气管异物在全麻高频喷射通气下取出术的临床应用

目的观察全麻下高频喷射通气在小儿气管、支气管异物取出术的临床效果。方法患儿进手术室建立静脉通道后缓慢注射丙泊酚等静脉复合麻醉药物,术中采用国产HDP-B高频通气呼吸机,电控气动进行喷射通气,频率根据缺氧程度选用120～200次/min,气源驱动压0.6～1.2kg/cm2。结果术中麻醉平稳、缺氧状况明显改善,265例气管、支气管异物的患儿在静脉复合全麻下行高频喷射通气均顺利完成手术。结论全麻下行高频喷射通气在小儿气管、支气管异物取出术安全、有效,值得推广。     

三种静脉麻醉法用于小儿气管异物取出术的效果比较

目的观察小儿气管异物取出术常用麻醉方法的临床效果,并探讨肌肉松弛药和控制呼吸用于小儿气管异物取出术的可行性。方法回顾小儿气管异物取出术110例,采用三种麻醉法。A组33例,肌肉注射硫喷妥钠10mg／kg或氯胺酮5mg／kg,入睡后静脉注射γ-羟基丁酸钠（γ—OH）100mg／kg;B组42例,静脉注射芬太尼2μg／kg、丙泊酚2mg／kg、γ—OH 80mg／kg;C组35例,静脉注射芬太尼3μg/kg、丙泊酚2mg／kg、阿曲库铵0．25mg／kg。A、B组保留自主呼吸并辅助高频喷射通气,C组采用高频喷射通气或麻醉机控制呼吸。结果110例全部成功取出异物。术中呛咳和（或）屏气例数、术中SpO2〈90％的例数C组显著低于A、B组,手术医师满意度C组显著高于A、B组（P〈0．01）。而A、B之间上述数据均无显著差异（P〉0．05）。麻醉恢复时间C组明显短于A、B组（P〈0．01）,B组又短于A组（P〈0．05）。结论三种麻醉方法均适用于小儿气管异物取出术,但C组由于选择了短效麻醉药物、中短效肌肉松弛剂和控制呼吸,麻醉更平稳,生理干扰小,术后苏醒快。     

婴幼儿气管支气管异物手术685例的临床分析

目的 探讨全麻无气管插管结合高频喷射通气下视频支气管内镜在婴幼儿气管支气管异物取出的临床效果,寻找一种快速、有效、安全的手术方法。方法 收集685例确诊婴幼儿气管支气管异物患儿,其中349例设为A组,采用全麻气管插管下传统硬质支气管镜手术,336例设为B组,采用全麻无气管插管结合高频喷射下视频支气管内镜手术。根据手术平均持续时间、总手术成功率、一次手术成功率、术后并发症发生率和死亡率对两组进行疗效判定。结果 B组总手术成功率和一次手术成功率均高于A组,手术平均持续时间、术后并发症发生率低于A组,差别均具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论 全麻无气管插管结合高频喷射下视频支气管内镜气管异物取出术,具有操作空间较大、视野清晰、快速的优点,可以有效提高气管支气管异物取出的成功率,并降低术后并发症发生率。     

气管异物取出术应用高频通气的临床研究

目的探讨高频喷射通气(HFJV)在小儿气管异物取出术中应用的疗效及其对于呼吸、循环的影响。方法对2001-2008年治疗的小儿气管异物223例进行临床分析。结果所有患儿均顺利取出异物,无一例因窒息而循环衰竭或者被迫终止手术。结论高频通气应用于小儿气管异物取出术安全有效,成功率高,并发症少,具有其他传统通气方式不能替代的优越性。     

儿童气管异物取出术麻醉方法分析

目的 探讨儿童气管异物取出术中采用静脉复合麻醉和高频通气的方法.方法 46例患儿在氯胺酮基础麻醉后,静脉给予咪达唑仑和芬太尼、喉头喷雾充分表面麻醉,术中应用高频喷射通气供氧.结果 46例中,44例术中麻醉均平稳,异物全部顺利取出.2例因反复多次置镜,导致血氧饱和度低于40％,经吸氧、气管喷雾麻醉、气管切开后,均顺利取气管异物.无1例呼吸暂停、心跳骤停等.结论 采用静脉麻醉、充分表面麻醉和高频喷射通气等麻醉方式,可有效抑制咽喉、气管对置入气管镜的不良反射,提高麻醉的安全性和成功率.     

高频喷射通气在小儿气管异物取出术中的应用

目的 :观察高频喷射通气在小儿气管异物取出时的使用效果。方法 :采用静脉复合麻醉 ,所用药物为硫贲妥钠、三碘季胺酚、氯胺酮、安定、异丙酚等。插入支气管镜后接高频喷射通气 ,驱动压为 0 6kg/cm2 ,通气频率为 6 0次 /min ,有 2 9例先用 10 3型麻醉机供氧 ,后因发生呼吸停止而改用高频喷射通气供氧。术中行血氧饱和度监测。结果 :181例异物全部顺利取出 ,术中氧饱和度在正常范围。结论 :高频喷射通气在小儿气管异物取出术的使用是一种较好的供氧方法。     

高频喷射通气在小儿气管异物取出术中的应用

目的：观察高频喷射通气在小儿气管异物取出时的使用效果。方法：采用静脉复合麻醉,所用药物为硫贲妥钠、三碘服胺酚、氯胺酮、安定、异丙酚等。插入支气管镜后接高频喷射通气,驱动压为０．６ｋｇ／ｃｍ＾２,通气频率为６０次／ｍｉｎ,有２９例先用１０３型麻醉机供氧,后因发生呼吸停止而改用高频喷射通气供氧。术中行血氧饱和度监测。结果：１８１例异物全部顺利取出,术中氧饱和度在正常范围。结论：高频喷射通气在小儿气管异     

联合通气在小儿气管异物取出术中的应用

目的探讨联合通气在小儿气管异物取出术中的可行性及安全性。方法 56例气管异物患儿,采用肌松全麻下经手控喷射及支气管镜侧孔联合通气完成手术。结果 56例气管异物取出术均顺利完成,术中患儿氧饱和均在95%以上,无呛咳、屏气,术后无发生喉水肿、喉痉挛、舌后坠等并发症。结论联合通气用于小儿气管异物取出术为术者创造良好的操作条件,使手术过程中更加安全。     

咪达唑仑、异丙酚复合琥珀胆碱用于小儿气管异物麻醉37例

目的 观察咪达唑仑、异丙酚复合琥珀胆碱静脉全麻行小儿气管异物取出术的效果。方法 37例气管异物患儿，入室后肌注阿托品或东莨菪碱0．01mg／kg、咪达唑仑0．2mg／kg，静注哌替啶1mg／kg、异丙酚1～1．5mg／kg、琥珀胆碱1～1．5mg／kg。待肌松作用完善后置入STORT小儿支气管镜，经其侧孔行高频通气(HFJV)，频率60次／分。术中根据需要追加琥珀胆碱或少量异丙酚，持续监测SpO2、RR及ECG。结果 全组37例均顺利完成手术。高频通气效果好，无屏气、呛咳、紫绀，SpO2维持在94％～98％。术后清醒快，无麻醉及手术并发症。结论 小儿气管异物取出术中应用咪达唑仑、异丙酚复合琥珀胆碱静脉全麻可减少麻醉并发症，提高手术安全性。     

小剂量顺式阿曲库铵复合依托咪酯或丙泊酚用于小儿气管异物取出术的比较

丙泊酚或依托咪酯脂肪乳剂联合舒芬太尼静脉全麻结合高频喷射通气行小儿支气管镜检查及异物取出术,临床效果满意。但呛咳、屏气等情况仍常发生,增加进镜及取异物难度,且易发生缺氧、气道损伤。本研究以小剂量顺式阿曲库铵复合依托咪酯脂肪乳剂或丙泊酚用于小儿气管异物取出术,并比较两者的麻醉效果,现报道如下。     

Interaction of estrone and estradiol with DNA and protein of liver and kidney in rat and hamster in vivo and in vitro

[6,7-³H] Estrone (E) and [6,7-³H]estradiol-17 (E₂) have been synthesized by reduction of 6-dehydroestrone and 6-dehydroestradiol with tritium gas. Tritiated E and E₂ were administered by oral gavage to female rats and to male and female hamsters on a dose level of about 300 g/kg (54 mCi/kg). After 8 h, the liver was excised from the rats; liver and kidneys were taken from the hamsters. DNA was purified either directly from an organ homogenate or via chromatin. The radioactivity in the DNA was expressed in the units of the Covalent Binding Index, CBI = (mol chemical bound per mol DNA-P)/(mmol chemical administered per kg b.w.). Rat liver DNA isolated via chromatin exhibited the very low values of 0.08 and 0.09 for E and E₂, respectively. The respective figures in hamster liver were 0.08 and 0.11 in females and 0.21 and 0.18 in the males. DNA isolated from the kidney revealed a detectable radioactivity only in the female, with values of 0.03 and 0.05 for E and E₂, respectively. The values for male hamster kidney were < 0.01 for both hormones. The minute radioactivity detectable in the DNA samples does not represent covalent binding to DNA, however, as indicated by two sets of control experiments. (A) Analysis by HPLC of the nucleosides prepared by enzyme digest of liver DNA isolated directly or via chromatin did not reveal any consistent peak which could have been attributed to a nucleoside-steroid adduct. (B) All DNA radioactivity could be due to protein contaminations, because the specific activity of chromatin protein was determined to be more than 3,000 times higher than of DNA. The high affinity of the hormone to protein was also demonstrated by in vitro incubations, where it could be shown that the specific activity of DNA and protein was essentially proportional to the concentration of radiolabelled hormone in the organ homogenate, regardless of whether the animal was treated or whether the hormone was added in vitro to the homogenate.Carcinogens acting by covalent DNA binding can be classified according to potency on the basis of the Covalent Binding Index. Values of 10³–10⁴ have been found for potent, 10² for moderate, and 1–10 for weak carcinogens. Since estrone is moderately carcinogenic for the kidney of the male hamster, a CBI of about 100 would be expected. The actually measured limit of detection of 0.01 places covalent DNA binding among the highly unlikely mechanisms of action. Similar considerations can be made for the liver where any true covalent DNA binding must be below a level of 0.01. It is concluded that an observable tumor induction by estrone or estradiol is unlikely to be due to DNA binding.Paper presented at the Satellite Symposium of the European Society of Toxicology, Rome, March 29, 1983     

Arsenic induced changes in growth development and apoptosis in neonatal and adult brain cells in vivo and in tissue culture

Arsenic at a nonlethal level in drinking water consumed over a period of time has been reported to produce chronic toxicity and various types of health problems ranging from skin cancer to disturbance in memory. Neurotoxic effects have been reported in clinical cases with chronic exposure to arsenic. Physiological detoxication of arsenic occurs partially through methylation. Arsenic and its methylated derivatives are distributed in different organs and systems. The present study examined the possible interference in the neuronal development and differentiation due to the exposure to arsenic during gestation. The experiments were carried out to examine short and long term effects of arsenic on brain explants and cells grown and maintained in tissue culture system. The effects of arsenic exposure showed changes in brain cell membrane function indicated by generation and release of reactive oxygen-nitrogen intermediates. On the morphological aspect the explants' growth was reduced, ground matrix was lost and neural networking was inhibited. Cells showed signs of apoptotic changes. Arsenic toxicity may induce damage to brain cells prior to more visible clinical conditions. The deleterious effects also pass from the maternal to fetal tissue across the transplacental barrier.     

Nicotine metabolism and urinary elimination in mouse: in vitro and in vivo

This study aimed at elucidating the in vivo metabolism of nicotine both with and without inhibitors of nicotine metabolism. Second, the role of mouse CYP2A5 in nicotine oxidation in vitro was studied as such information is needed to assess whether the mouse is a suitable model for studying chemical inhibitors of the human CYP2A6. The oxidation of nicotine to cotinine was measured and the ability of various inhibitors to modify this reaction was determined. Nicotine and various inhibitors were co-administered to CD2F1 mice, and nicotine and urinary levels of nicotine and four metabolites were determined. In mouse liver microsomes anti-CYP2A5 antibody and known chemical inhibitors of the CYP2A5 enzyme blocked cotinine formation by 85–100%, depending on the pre-treatment of the mice. The amount of trans-3-hydroxycotine was five times higher than cotinine N-oxide, and ten times higher than nicotine N-1-oxide and cotinine. Methoxsalen, an irreversible inhibitor of CYP2A5, significantly reduced the metabolic elimination of nicotine in vivo, but the reversible inhibitors had no effect. It is concluded that the metabolism of nicotine in mouse is very similar to that in man and, therefore, that the mouse is a suitable model for testing novel chemical inhibitors of human CYP2A6.     

Circulating nucleic acids in plasma and serum: roles in diagnosis and prognosis in diabetes and cancer

The presence of DNA and RNA circulating in human plasma and serum is described. The possible sources of the DNA/RNA in blood, their ability to enter other cells and to express in the recipient cells are discussed and the relationship with metastases considered. The possible role(s) of the DNA/RNA in clinical diagnosis, in monitoring treatment and in prognosis are considered for diabetes and oncology.     

SalB stimulates neurogenesis and angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo

Aims： Previous studies suggested that Salvianolic acid B （SalB） has strong protective effect against cerebral ischemia. Recently, Sal B has been reported to enhance angiogenesis in vitro. Based on the information above, in this study we are interested in the effect of SalB on neurogenesis and angiogenesis. Methods：In vitro study, we used embryonic mouse （El6） primary cortical neural cultures. Neuron was recognized by anti-MAP2 with immunocytochemistry. Neurogenesis was tested with BrdU incorporation by ELSA method. SalB（ 10 -6 -10 -8M） or vehicle was added to the culture medium 24 hrs before BrdU addition. In vivo, middle cerebral artery occlusion （MCAO） rats were used as focal cerebral ischemia model.     

Pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenetic determinants and considerations in chemotherapy selection and dosing in infants

INTRODUCTION: There is a lack of high-quality data regarding optimal chemotherapy dosage regimens among infants. Dosing regimens for chemotherapy during the first year of life are commonly based on empiric recommendations extrapolated from older children; however, balancing efficacy and toxicity is critical as severe adverse drug reactions may lead to treatment failure or reduced adherence to needed medications. AREAS COVERED: This review describes pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenetic considerations when administering chemotherapeutic agents to infants. Examples of commonly used agents are provided with practical recommendations for dosing adjustments. EXPERT OPINION: Optimal chemotherapy for children and infants in particular has lagged behind the remarkable progress in cancer treatment and it is clear that far more basic and clinical research are needed with respect to the mechanistic basis of age-dependent differences in pharmacokinetic parameters. More recent studies which have combined pharmacokinetic data with clinical toxicity and outcome data have resulted in a number of more evidence-based guidelines at least for the initial chemotherapy dosing; however, at present, the dosing of chemotherapy drugs in neonates and infants remains largely empiric.     

Consistency in catecholamine and cortisol excretion in males and females

Data from a series of experiments performed on 24 female and 24 male subjects were used to evaluate the consistency in urinary catecholamine and cortisol excretion. Data were available from 8 laboratory situations of varying activity level and content, spaced at intervals of maximum 3 months. Correlational analyses showed that for cortisol, interindividual consistency was higher for measures obtained on the same day than for measures obtained on different days. Interindividual consistency was generally high in catecholamine and cortisol excretion during non-stressful situations in both sexes. During experimental stress, however, consistency was as high as during nonstress for males, while it was lower for females. Analysis of variance components confirmed these results and showed that in males variation due to interindividual differences was high during both baseline and experimental-stress situations, while in females it was high during baseline situations only. During experimental stress, variation for females was due primarily to interaction. It is suggested that the males showed a more generalized stress response over situations than the females.     

Metabolic interaction between imipramine and carbamazepine in vivo and in vitro in rats

Summary The pharmacokinetic consequences of the combination of carbamazepine with imipramine in male Wistar rats have been investigated. It was found that a 2-week treatment with the combination resulted in the increase of the concentrations of the parent compounds and a simultaneous decrease in their metabolites in blood plasma i.e. carbamazepine inhibited imipramine demethylation in the side chain while imipramine inhibited carbamazepine 10,11-epoxidation. The velocity of imipramine 2-hydroxylation and 10,11-epoxy-carbamazepine hydration did not seem to be changed by the combination. On the basis of studies in vitro it is concluded that the observed metabolic interaction between carbamazepine and imipramine is due to the competition of the drugs for the active centre of cytochrome P 450 and to a certain qualitative alteration of the enzyme by imipramine as can be deducted from the decrease of carbamazepine binding to the cytochrome. Send offprint requests to K. J. Netter     

Nicotine metabolism and urinary elimination in mouse: in vitro and in vivo

This study aimed at elucidating the in vivo metabolism of nicotine both with and without inhibitors of nicotine metabolism. Second, the role of mouse CYP2A5 in nicotine oxidation in vitro was studied as such information is needed to assess whether the mouse is a suitable model for studying chemical inhibitors of the human CYP2A6. The oxidation of nicotine to cotinine was measured and the ability of various inhibitors to modify this reaction was determined. Nicotine and various inhibitors were co-administered to CD2F1 mice, and nicotine and urinary levels of nicotine and four metabolites were determined. In mouse liver microsomes anti-CYP2A5 antibody and known chemical inhibitors of the CYP2A5 enzyme blocked cotinine formation by 85-100%, depending on the pre-treatment of the mice. The amount of trans-3-hydroxycotine was five times higher than cotinine N-oxide, and ten times higher than nicotine N-1-oxide and cotinine. Methoxsalen, an irreversible inhibitor of CYP2A5, significantly reduced the metabolic elimination of nicotine in vivo, but the reversible inhibitors had no effect. It is concluded that the metabolism of nicotine in mouse is very similar to that in man and, therefore, that the mouse is a suitable model for testing novel chemical inhibitors of human CYP2A6.