沉默RND3表达对氧糖缺失/复氧复糖损伤海马神经细胞炎症反应和细胞凋亡的影响

目的 探讨沉默Rho家族GTP酶3(RND3)表达对氧糖缺失/复氧复糖(OGD/R)损伤海马神经细胞炎症反应和细胞凋亡的影响.方法 使用包有沉默RND3表达的短发夹RNA(shRND3)及其阴性对照(shRND3-NC)序列的慢病毒载体分别对海马神经细胞进行转染.转染成功后对细胞进行2 h的缺氧缺糖培养再行复氧复糖建立OGD/R模型.CCK-8法检测细胞活力,RT-qPCR检测RND3及炎症和凋亡相关分子的mRNA表达,Elisa检测细胞上清液中炎症因子的浓度,Western Blot检测RND3和凋亡蛋白以及胞核内NF-κB的蛋白表达,Annexin V-FITC/PI染色和流式细胞仪检测细胞的凋亡率.结果 与正常细胞相比,OGD/R损伤后细胞活力降低(P＜0.001),炎症因子(TNF-α、IL-6和 IL-1β)和 NF-κB 表达升高(P＜0.001),促凋亡蛋白(Caspase-3和Bax)表达升高(P＜0.001),抗凋亡蛋白(Bcl-2)表达降低(P＜0.001),细胞的凋亡率升高(P＜0.001).与沉默RND3阴性组相比,沉默RND3后,细胞活力增加(P＜0.01),炎症因子(TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1 β)和NF-κB表达降低(P＜0.001),促凋亡蛋白(Caspase-3和Bax)表达降低(P＜0.001),抗凋亡蛋白(Bcl-2)表达升高(P＜0.001),细胞的凋亡率下降(P＜0.001).结论 沉默RND3表达通过抑制炎症反应和细胞凋亡减轻海马神经细胞的OGD/R损伤,沉默RND3抑制炎症反应的机制可能与抑制NF-κB通路有关.     

沉默RND3表达对氧糖缺失/复氧复糖损伤海马神经细胞炎症反应和细胞凋亡的影响

目的 探讨沉默Rho家族GTP酶3(RND3)表达对氧糖缺失/复氧复糖(OGD/R)损伤海马神经细胞炎症反应和细胞凋亡的影响.方法 使用包有沉默RND3表达的短发夹RNA(shRND3)及其阴性对照(shRND3-NC)序列的慢病毒载体分别对海马神经细胞进行转染.转染成功后对细胞进行2 h的缺氧缺糖培养再行复氧复糖建立OGD/R模型.CCK-8法检测细胞活力,RT-qPCR检测RND3及炎症和凋亡相关分子的mRNA表达,Elisa检测细胞上清液中炎症因子的浓度,Western Blot检测RND3和凋亡蛋白以及胞核内NF-κB的蛋白表达,Annexin V-FITC/PI染色和流式细胞仪检测细胞的凋亡率.结果 与正常细胞相比,OGD/R损伤后细胞活力降低(P＜0.001),炎症因子(TNF-α、IL-6和 IL-1β)和 NF-κB 表达升高(P＜0.001),促凋亡蛋白(Caspase-3和Bax)表达升高(P＜0.001),抗凋亡蛋白(Bcl-2)表达降低(P＜0.001),细胞的凋亡率升高(P＜0.001).与沉默RND3阴性组相比,沉默RND3后,细胞活力增加(P＜0.01),炎症因子(TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1 β)和NF-κB表达降低(P＜0.001),促凋亡蛋白(Caspase-3和Bax)表达降低(P＜0.001),抗凋亡蛋白(Bcl-2)表达升高(P＜0.001),细胞的凋亡率下降(P＜0.001).结论 沉默RND3表达通过抑制炎症反应和细胞凋亡减轻海马神经细胞的OGD/R损伤,沉默RND3抑制炎症反应的机制可能与抑制NF-κB通路有关.     

大鼠大脑皮质神经元氧糖剥夺/复氧后NF-κB P50/c-Rel对Bcl-xL表达的影响

目的探讨脂质体(TransfastFastTM Transfection Reagent)介导转录因子NF-κB圈套物(decoy)寡聚脱氧核苷酸(oligodeoxynucleotide,ODNs)对Wistar大鼠大脑皮质神经元氧糖剥夺/复氧(OGD/R)后受NF-κB P50、c-Rel调控的抗凋亡因子Bcl-xL表达的影响。方法原代大脑皮质神经元体外培养,建立OGD/R模型,分为OGD 4 h/R 6 h组、NF-κB decoy ODNs组、无关decoy ODNs组、脂质体组;同时设立正常对照组。采用蛋白质印迹分析检测NF-κB P50、c-Rel蛋白表达;采用反转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测大鼠皮质神经元内Bcl-xL mRNA表达。结果蛋白质印迹分析显示OGD 4 h/R6 h组P50、c-Rel蛋白表达较正常组升高(P<0.01);转染NF-κB decoy ODNs后P50、c-Rel蛋白表达低于OGD 4 h/R 6 h组、脂质体组、无关decoy ODNs组(P<0.05);RT-PCR显示OGD 4 h/R 6 h组Bcl-xL mRNA表达较正常组升高(P<0.05);NF-κB decoy ODNs组Bcl-xL mRNA表达低于OGD 4 h/R 6 h组、脂质体组、无关decoy组(P<0.05)。结论 NF-κB decoy ODNs可有效抑制大脑皮质神经元OGD/R后受NF-κB亚基P50、c-Rel调控的抗凋亡因子Bcl-xL mRNA表达,这可能是NF-κB神经保护作用的部分机制。     

NF-κB靶向性哑铃形"圈套"ODNs抑制大脑皮质神经元氧糖剥夺/复氧后TNF-α的表达

目的 设计合成靶向哑铃形寡核苷酸(oligodeoxynucleotides,ODNs)圈套,检测其对大鼠大脑皮质神经元氧糖剥夺/复氧(OGD/R)后TNF-α表达的抑制效应.方法 原代大脑皮质神经元体外培养,建立氧糖剥夺/复氧模型,以正常组、OGD4 h/R6 h组、NF-κB decoy ODNs组、无关decoy ODNs组、脂质体组为实验组,采用Western blot检测NF-κB p65蛋白表达,分别采用免疫细胞化学和逆转录-聚合酶链反廊法(RT-PCR)检测FNF-α蛋白和mRNA表达.结果 Westernblot检测显示NF-κB decoy ODNs组NF-κB P65蛋白表达明显低于OGD4 h/R6 h组、脂质体组、无关decoy ODNs组(P<0.05),与OGD4 h/R6 h组、脂质体组、无关decoy组相比NF-κB decoy ODNs组TNF-α蛋白和mRNA表达明显降低(P<0.05);而脂质体组、无火decoy ODNs组对NF-κB P65蛋白、TNF-α蛋白和mRNA表达未见抑制(P>0.05).结论 靶向性NF-κB的哑铃形圈套ODNs可有效抑制大脑皮质神经元OGD/R后炎症因子TNF-α mRNA及蛋白的表达.     

地氟醚预处理对缺氧/复氧损伤ECV304细胞NF-κB活性的影响

目的探讨地氟醚预处理对缺氧/复氧(A/R)损伤ECV304细胞NF-κB活性的影响。方法选用ECV304细胞株.实验分为两部分:(1)将细胞分为空白对照组及TNF-α不同持续时间刺激组共6组,用West-ernblot法分析NF-κB的抑制因子IκB蛋白的降解和磷酸化。(2)将细胞分为5组,即空白对照组(Ⅰ组)、A/R组(Ⅱ组)、A/R TNF-α10ng/mL刺激组(Ⅲ组)、地氟醚1.0MAC预处理 A/R组(Ⅳ组)和地氟醚1.0MAC预处理 A/R TNF-α10ng/mL刺激组(Ⅴ组)。用间接免疫荧光法检测各组细胞NF-κB/p65亚基的定位。结果TNF-α刺激ECV304细胞后,IκB-α蛋白降解的时间高峰为30min,而IκB-α磷酸化的时间高峰为1h。A/R损伤可激活ECV304细胞中NF-κB的活性,而经1.0MAC地氟醚预处理后,由TNF-α激活的上述变化可受到抑制。免疫荧光分析显示,TNF-α刺激可使NF-κB/p65荧光标记由胞浆区转入胞核区,而经地氟醚预处理后,NF-κB/p65入核明显减少。结论抑制NF-κB的激活可能是地氟醚预处理减少ECV304细胞缺氧/复氧损伤的机制之一。     

七氟烷后处理对原代海马神经元氧糖剥夺/复氧损伤及自噬的影响

目的 探讨七氟烷后处理对原代海马神经元氧糖剥夺/复氧(OGD/R)损伤、氧化应激及自噬的影响。方法 取(18±0.5)d孕鼠子宫内胎鼠海马组织,收集海马神经元进行培养,7d后培养的海马神经元随机分为3组：正常对照组(CON组)、氧糖剥夺/复氧组(OGD/R组)、七氟烷后处理组(OGD/R+SEVO组)。CON组正常培养;OGD/R组：氧糖剥夺1.5 h,复氧复糖24 h,建立OGD/R损伤模型;OGD/R+SEVO组经氧糖剥夺后即刻予2.4%七氟烷后处理1 h,复氧复糖23 h。处理结束后,比色法检测各组乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的活性,原位末端标记法(TUNEL)检测各组神经元凋亡变化,免疫荧光法检测各组神经元线粒体活性氧和微管相关蛋白1轻链3B(LC3B)的表达,Western blot检测丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶(PINK1)、E3泛素连接酶(Parkin)的表达。结果 与CON组比较,OGD/R组LDH释放增加(P<0.01),神经元凋亡增加,线粒体活性氧和自噬标志性蛋白LC3B表达增加(P<0.01), PINK1蛋白和Parkin蛋白表达上调(P<0.001,P<...     

大脑皮质神经元氧糖剥夺/复氧后NF-κB P50及c-Rel蛋白的表达

目的:探讨Wistar大鼠大脑皮质神经元氧糖剥夺/复氧(OGD/R)后不同时间点NF-κB亚基P50及c-Rel蛋白表达情况.方法:体外培养原代大脑皮质神经元,采用免疫细胞化学鉴定神经元,建立氧糖剥夺/复氧模型,以正常组、OGD 4 h组、OGD 4 h/R 2 h组、OGD 4 h/R 6 h组、OGD 4 h/R 12 h组、OGD 4 h/R 24 h组为实验组,采用免疫细胞化学、Western印迹检测NF-κB亚基P50及c-Rel蛋白表达.结果:(1)免疫细胞化学(神经元烯醇化酶相关抗原及β-tubulin 3)鉴定所培养的细胞为神经元;(2)免疫细胞化学、Western印迹结果显示OGD 4 h组NF-κB P50蛋白表达开始增加明显高于正常组(P<0.05),0GD 4 h/R 2 h组、OGD 4 h/R 6 h组NF-κB P50蛋白表达持续性升高,并在复氧后6 h达高峰(P<0.01),此后逐渐下降,至OGD 4 h/R 12 h时与正常组有显著差异(P<0.05),OGD 4 h/R 24 h NF-κB P50蛋白表达降低与正常组比较无统计学差异(P<0.05);(3)NF-κB c-Rel蛋白表达OGD 4 h组与正常组无差异(P>0.05),OGD 4 h/R 2 h至OGD 4 h/R 12 h表达持续增加,并在复氧后12 h达高峰(P<0.01),OGD 4 h/R 24 h仍未恢复到正常水平(P<0.05).结论:大鼠大脑皮质神经元氧糖剥夺/复氧后激活了NF-κB P50及c-Rel蛋白的表达,并具有时间相关性.     

西洋参茎叶总皂苷抑制氧糖剥夺/复氧引起的BV-2小胶质细胞炎性活化作用及其机制研究

目的：研究西洋参茎叶总皂苷（PQS）对氧糖剥夺/复氧（OGD/R）引起的小鼠BV-2小胶质细胞炎性活化的抑制作用，并初步阐明其作用机制。方法：BV-2细胞分为对照组、OGD/R组、PQS各剂量+OGD/R组。对照组细胞在常规条件下培养；OGD/R组细胞在OGD/R条件下培养；PQS各剂量+OGD/R组细胞给予PQS(30、60、90μg/mL)预处理后，转入OGD/R条件培养。通过酶联免疫法检测上清液中炎性因子肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素-1β(IL-1β)和白介素-6(IL-6)的含量，通过CCK-8法检测PQS对OGD/R条件下细胞增殖活性的影响，流式细胞术检测胶质细胞活化标志蛋白离子钙结合适配器分子1(Iba-1)和酸性溶霉菌糖蛋白（CD68）的表达，Western blot检测核因子-κB(NF-κB)p65磷酸化及其抑制因子NF-κB抑制蛋白α(IκB-α)和NF-κB抑制因子（NKRF）蛋白的表达。结果：OGD/R诱导能够明显增加BV-2细胞上清液中炎性因子TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6含量（P<0.01），增强BV-2细胞对数期增殖活性（P<0.0...     

莱菔硫烷对神经元氧糖剥夺/复氧损伤的保护作用

目的 探讨莱菔硫烷(SFN)对体外培养皮质神经元氧糖剥夺(OGD)/复氧(R)损伤的保护作用。方法出生O～1d的SD乳大鼠皮质神经元原代培养5～6d后,随机分为正常对照组、OGD组及SFN组。建立皮质神经元的OGD模型,1h后复氧,模拟再灌注模型,OGD/R期间给予0.1、0.5、1、2.5μmol/L SFN,复氧2...     

苦碟子注射液对氧糖剥夺损伤脑微血管内皮细胞NF-κB表达的影响

目的研究苦碟子注射液对氧糖剥夺/复氧损伤大鼠脑微血管内皮细胞(Rat Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells,RBMEC)中核因子κB(nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB)表达的影响,探究其治疗急性脑梗死可能的炎性作用机制。方法采用氧糖剥夺/复氧(oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation,OGD/R)的方法建立RBMEC缺血再灌注损伤模型。分为正常组、OGD/R组、苦碟子注射液组。氧糖剥夺6 h后,分别复氧0 h、3 h、6 h、12 h、24 h、48 h,并予模型细胞2%、4%、8%浓度的苦碟子注射液(KDZ),采用MTS法测定细胞活性,分别筛选造模最佳时效点及药物最佳量效。采用免疫荧光染色法观察3组NF-κB表达,Western Blot方法检测3组NF-κB分别在总蛋白、胞浆蛋白、核蛋白中的表达量。结果免疫荧光染色观察NF-κB的表达:与正常组相比,OGD 6 h/R 3 h组NF-κB表达显著增加(P0.01);与OGD 6 h/R 3 h组相比,KDZ 4%组NF-κB表达显著降低(P0.01)。Western Blot法检测NF-κB蛋白表达量:在总蛋白、核蛋白中,与正常组相比,OGD 6 h/R 3 h组NF-κB蛋白表达增加(P0.05,P0.01);与OGD 6 h/R 3 h组相比,KDZ 4%组NF-κB蛋白表达降低(P0.05,P0.01)。而在胞浆蛋白中,三组的NF-κB蛋白表达差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论苦碟子注射液可以下调缺血再灌注损伤RBMEC中NF-κB蛋白的异常高表达,并可以一定程度上抑制NF-κB的活化,减少NF-κB的核内转移。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.