Growth performance of selected taxa as candidate species for productive tree plantations in Borneo

ABSTRACT

The establishment of commercial tree plantations in Malaysian Borneo began with a progression of various species, including Pinus caribea, Acacia mangium, Gmelina arborea, Falcataria moluccana (formerly Albizia falcataria) and Eucalyptus deglupta. Ultimately, A. mangium, intended for the production of pulplogs, dominated the plantation landscape. However, recent widespread devastation of A. mangium by the Ceratocystis pathogen in Sabah has led to a shift in plantation species, which has also necessitated a review of downstream end products. This paper analyses growth data and estimates productivity for species in a taxa trial as well as a F. moluccana progeny trial in a single trial area in Sabah. A eucalyptus hybrid (Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis (UG)), Eucalyptus pellita, F. moluccana, Acacia crassicarpa and A. mangium exhibited high productivity after three years, with an average mean annual increment of approximately 35 m³ ha^?1 y^?1 or better. Mean annual increment curves show that productivity declined slightly for the eucalypts and F. moluccana after three years. Acacia species experienced a sharper decline associated with disease-caused mortality, with A. mangium the most seriously affected. The mean basic density of the UG hybrid and F. moluccana was 560 kg m^?3 and 252 kg m^?3 at six and five years of age, respectively, and E. pellita had a mean basic density of 629 kg m^?3 at six years of age. The importance of growth and wood properties in the selection of species suitable for planted forest development in the wet tropics is discussed.     

Growth of Eucalyptus pellita and E. urophylla and effects on pasture production on the coastal lowlands of tropical northern Australia

Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell. and E. urophylla S. T. Blake are important timber species which have potential for wood production in plantation and agroforestry systems in humid northern Queensland. This study was established to examine two provenances of each species on a coastal lowland site, using randomised complete block design. Survival, height, diameter at breast height (DBH), bole length and tree form were measured at ages 12, 24 and 39 months. The height and biomass of the pasture underneath each provenance plot were also measured at 39 months. Significant differences occurred in most of the tree characteristics at 39 months. Differences in pasture growth, on the other hand, were not significant. Compared with the two E. pellita provenances, the provenances of E. urophylla had superior height and DBH growth but had worse form. Overall, however, both species had high survival, fast growth, satisfactory form, and minimal effects on pasture growth. Although all four taxa appear to be suitable for silvopastoral systems, further trials involving more provenances on a wider range of sites are recommended to establish the environmental and economic limits for the use of these species.     

Wildlife conservation and softwood forestry in Australia: some considerations

Conversion of large areas of native eucalypt forest to exotic conifer plantations in south-eastern Australia has met with considerable criticism from people and organizations outside the forestry industry. The effect on wildlife has been a particularly contentious issue.

Recent research has shown that conifer plantations are not so-called biological deserts, but rather, simplified ecosystems designed to maximize wood production, which lack certain of the species of mammals, birds and plants present in mature native forest communities. Species numbers and population densities vary with stand age and the structural complexity of the vegetation, and particularly with the presence or absence of areas of native forest within or alongside the plantation.

Consideration is given to the formulation of management policies for conifer plantations, commensurate with wildlife conservation. The application of the equilibrium theory of island biogeography for the design of retained areas of native forest within a plantation is discussed. It is concluded that for optimizing wildlife conservation plantation management should be directed towards the establishment of pine stands with interconnecting areas of retained native forest throughout and alongside the plantation. Such plantation complexes would need to be managed on a compartmentalized basis if wildlife conservation and softwood forestry are to be reconciled.     

POST-WAR POLICY IN GREAT BRITAIN

In 1989 and 1991 abstracts of postgraduate theses relating to forest science and undertaken in Australia and by Australians in overseas institutions were published in Australian Forestry. The Institute of Foresters of Australia (IFA) subsequently commissioned a more complete compilation for publication on the IFA website for access by the forestry community. The details (full name, year, institution, doctorate or masters degree, field of study, genus and species, rainforest or native forest or plantation) and abstract of each thesis recording research into forestry, forest products or forestry-related topics in Australian universities or by Australians in overseas institutions were collated through direct contact with university libraries or individuals. Records of a total of 964 theses are now on the website of the IFA (www.forestry.org.au/publications/forestry/abstracts). These records are from a total of 35 institutions, of which four provided 67% of all the records; the annual number of theses completed at the latter increased sharply after the mid-1960s. The topics studied were diverse; wildlife and ecology became prominent in later years. Fifty-four percent of studies pertained to native forest (excluding rainforest), 38% to plantations and 8% to rainforest.     

REPORT OF FIRST BIENNIAL GENERAL MEETING HELD AT GLEDDEN BUILDING,HAY STREET,PERTH, ON FRIDAY, 15th DECEMBER, 1939, at 6 p.m

The Tall Open and Open Eucalyptus forests of southeastern and southwestern Australia and of Tasmania sustain 57 species of indigenous mammals. Between 10 and 20 of the species are wholly dependent on these forests for their survival and have evolved adaptations to suit a stable environment. The rest are less dependent and use the forests mainly as shelter. Compared to southeastern Australia the mammal faunas of the other two regions are depauperate, and the missing species are generally those considered to be wholly dependent. It is suggested that their dependence on the forests prevented them crossing non-forested barriers during the Pleistocene.

The effects of forestry practices on the mammal species is directly related to the degree of dependence of the species on forest and for some it is suggested that reserves larger than 6,000 ha are the only means to ensure their long-term survival.     

Nutrient management of contrasting Acacia mangium genotypes and weed management strategies in South Sumatra,Indonesia

ABSTRACT

Tropical plantations are an important source of forest products both to meet the growing demand for wood, and to facilitate the transition from native forests to more sustainably produced forest resources. Management of these plantations for optimal productivity and resource-use efficiency is vitally important, and nutrient management is a critical component of sustainable plantation production. In this study, we explored the response of Acacia mangium plantations in South Sumatra, Indonesia, to fertiliser and their requirement for fertiliser, focusing on phosphorus (P) at establishment. Almost all plantations across a series of 11 sites were highly responsive to P fertiliser, with nine of the 11 sites having more than double the productivity in P-fertilised treatments at age 1 year compared with control treatments. However, the quantity of P required for 90% of maximum growth was generally low by age 2 or 3 years, and 10 kg P ha^–1 at establishment was sufficient to ensure that at least 90% of maximum growth was captured across all the experimental sites. At a 12^th site, we explored the interactions between genotype and weed control, and found that both effects were additive in the response of the plantations to P, and thus there was no substitutability between management types: weed control, genotype and P needed to be managed in combination to achieve maximum productivity.     

An index combining volume and Pilodyn penetration to study stability and adaptability of Eucalyptus multi-species hybrids in Rio Grande do Sul,Brazil

This paper presents results from a study into the stability and adaptability of Eucalyptus multi-species hybrids in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, using an index that includes volume growth and Pilodyn penetration. Clonal tests were established with 146 Eucalyptus clones from 34 different species and/or hybrids, in a randomised block design with 30 replications, and one plant per plot in four different sites. Diameter at breast height (dbh), tree total height (th), and Pilodyn penetration for indirect estimate of basic density were measured in trees at three years of age. An index (MAI_weight) combining mean annual volume increment and Pilodyn penetration was calculated. In the analysis of MAI_weight for each site, the best clones were from pure species (E. urophylla, E. grandis and E. saligna). In contrast, the evaluation of adaptability and stability between the four environments simultaneously showed that three-way cross and single cross hybrids ranked more highly: E. urophylla × (E. camaldulensis × E. grandis), E. grandis × (E. urophylla × E. grandis) and E. grandis × E. urophylla. This study demonstrates the importance of heterosis (hybrid vigour) to improving adaptability and stability. Genetic complementarity from crosses between different species was the principal process that produced the observed heterosis. While the pure species performed well in specific environments, the hybrids presented better broad adaptation to a range of environments. Breeding efforts should therefore account for these features when planning crosses and choosing sites for establishing trials.     

A form diagram to optimise pruning schedules for eucalypt clear-wood production

Branch pruning is necessary to produce high-value wood products from eucalypt plantations. Four requirements of an effective and efficient pruning regime for clear-wood production are to (a) restrict the pruned-stem diameter to a specified maximum, (b) ensure only green branches are pruned, (c) remove a proportion of the green crown that allows for continued competitiveness of the pruned trees and (d) minimise the number of pruning interventions. In this paper, we present a pruning decision support tool that diagrammatically combines results from growing stands and crown reduction trials. Elements depicting the pruning schedule, target maximum pruned diameter (PD_max), lower height of the green crown (GC_LH) and target retained proportion of the green crown (GC_RP) are overlaid onto a set of stem-taper curves. The form diagram was demonstrated using data from two adjacent commercial plantations of Eucalyptus pellita (‘Caravan Hill’ and ‘Fishtail’), established in the same planting season, for solid-wood production in northern Queensland, Australia. We fitted a cubic tree taper model that described 89% of the variation in stem diameter at a given height. PD_max was set at 12 cm and GC_RP was set at 50%. Pruned height was set at 6 m assuming two lifts.

Site differences in E. pellita growth, slenderness and green-crown height resulted in different optimum pruning schedules even on adjacent holdings. Within-stand heterogeneity in slenderness and green-crown height contributed further to the complexity of pruning scheduling. Our results suggest that it would have been necessary to complete the Fishtail site pruning program at the commencement of the second dry season after planting to ensure that the pruned height was always greater than GC_LH. On the other hand, the first pruning lift could be conducted at the Caravan Hill site at the same time that the second lift was being completed at Fishtail. Management options that increase the height growth in the first year, promote live crown retention and increase within-stand homogeneity will improve the effectiveness of fixed-lift pruning for eucalypt clear-wood production.     

Managing wood production from small grower acacia hybrid plantations on eroded soils in central Vietnam

An experiment in a second rotation acacia hybrid (Acacia mangium × A. auriculiformis) clonal plantation in central Vietnam examined factors determining total wood production and its apportionment to sawlog and pulpwood. Growth and stand characteristics were compared with those in nearby plantations owned by small growers. The experimental site was on sloping land damaged and eroded by war and previous land use. The soil was shallow, with 20–30% laterised stones by volume and had lost part of the A horizon. Mean annual increment (MAI, in standing merchantable volume over bark) of the first rotation at age 8.8 years was 17 m³ ha^?1 y^?1. In the second rotation at age 7.6 years it was 20 m³ ha^?1 y^?1. Application of P fertiliser at three rates ranging from 14 to 86 kg ha^?1 increased stem diameter over the second rotation although stand volume response to P was not significant by rotation end. Potassium (14 kg ha^?1) gave no growth response. Growth rate was similar under weed control by herbicide and manual means. MAI increased progressively from 16.5 m³ ha^?1 y^?1 at the hilltop to 25.0 m³ ha^?1 y^?1 at the lowest part of the experiment; slope position influenced growth more than management practices. Key soil properties, pH, N, Bray-1 P and organic C were maintained from the first to the second rotation. With simple management practices including conservation of site organic matter and early stand management, appropriate for local small growers, the second rotation yielded 46% of harvested volume as sawlogs and the balance as pulpwood. Although small growers achieved similar growth rates, their current management regime does not yield sawlogs. They can influence the log categories produced and stand value through changes to stocking rate, stand management and rotation age.     

Identifying the evidence-base for art-based practices and their potential benefit for mental health recovery: A critical review

Purpose: Art-based practices show promise as a beneficial solution for mental health services because they are in line with the whole person recovery framework currently being adopted, and have high acceptability with consumers. Nevertheless, incorporation of art-based approaches into mental health services has been impeded by claims of an insufficient evidence-base and ongoing debates about the most suitable research practices. This article addresses this gap in the literature by critically reviewing current research on the benefits of art-based practices in mental health rehabilitation settings. Method: A critical review of previous research was conducted identifying all quantitative, qualitative and mixed method studies that addressed art making and adult mental illness. Then a deductive/theoretical thematic analysis was conducted using Lal’s framework for conceptualising mental health recovery. Results: The identified areas where art-based practices were of key benefit included psychological and social recovery, particularly in the areas of self-discovery, self-expression, relationships and social identity. These findings in conjunction with the identified benefits to clinical, occupational and contextual recovery indicate that art-based practices play a substantial role in mental health recovery. To add weight to these claims, future research endeavours need to integrate the suggested recommendations detailed in this review. Conclusion: Recommendations are made to improve the quality of future research, including the need for well-designed mixed-method studies that integrate qualitative and quantitative research, whilst keeping in mind the values of mental heath recovery, would further validate this current evidence-base.

Implications for Rehabilitation

• The review indicated that art-based practices are of high benefit to psychological and social recovery particularly in the areas of self-discovery, self-expression, relationships and social identity.

• These findings in conjunction with the identified benefits to clinical, occupational and contextual recovery indicate that art-based practices play a substantial role to mental health recovery.

• Mixed-method studies that integrate qualitative and quantitative research, whilst keeping in mind the values of mental heath recovery, would further validate this current evidence-base.

     

Pinus plantation establishment in Queensland: II Site preparation classes

The silviculture of Pinus plantation establishment in Queensland is site-based. Knowledge of both Pinus growth requirements and site capability are used to define site preparation classes (SPCs), the basic planning units used in plantation development. A specific silvicultural system, which incorporates measures for soil conservation and environmental protection, is prescribed for each SPC. The object is to optimise Pinus productivity within the constraints of minimising soil loss and not exceeding a prescribed tolerable soil loss limit.     

The threat to Eucalyptus plantations from an emerging Tasmanian leaf beetle pest: Paropsisterna selmani (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

A newly described eucalypt leaf beetle, Paropsisterna selmani Reid and de Little, endemic to Tasmania, Australia, required management in Tasmania for the first time in 2011 to protect Eucalyptus nitens plantations from severe defoliation. This species was discovered following its incursion and subsequent establishment in southern Ireland in 2007.

Field monitoring using sticky traps in eight E. nitens plantations around Tasmania was performed to compare the spatial and temporal population distributions of adult P. selmani with adult P. bimaculata and P. agricola over two summer seasons, 2009–2010 and 2010–2011. Populations of all three species were extremely variable between sites and between and within the two seasons. While P. bimaculata dominated at six of the eight sites throughout Tasmania, P. agricola had high populations at the three most northerly sites. Adult P. selmani were trapped at all sites but were the dominant leaf beetles at one site and were relatively common at two other northerly sites.

During the longer trapping period in the second season, all three species showed two population peaks: one in spring (November–December) following emergence of adults from overwintering, and a second in late January–February of a second generation of adults. Heavy egg-laying followed the first but not the second adult population peak. At the two sites with the largest P. selmani populations, the peak spring flight of P. selmani adults occurred at least two weeks earlier than that of P. bimaculata and P. agricola, and the second flight peak was at least two weeks later than that of these species.

A new pest with a population phenology that differs from that of existing plantation pests could have important implications for the success of an Integrated Pest Management program designed to protect plantations from defoliation. Field records of P. selmani since it was first recorded in 1979 suggest that this species is increasing in abundance in Tasmania. Management of this species has been required since 2011 to prevent economic damage to plantations. This newly emerging plantation pest feeds on a range of Eucalyptus hosts, including the adult-phase foliage of the plantation species E. nitens, and poses new problems for plantation management in Australia, as well as increasing the threat of invasion into overseas eucalypt plantations, as already demonstrated in Ireland.     

BIENNIAL GENERAL MEETING HELD IN GLEDDEN BUILDING,PERTH, ON SATURDAY,NOVEMBER 15, 1941, AT 4 P.M.

Potential sources of funds for the plantation investor in Tasmania are outlined in relation to the categories of forest ownership: farm forestry, entrepreneurial forestry, industrial forestry and investment forestry.

Assistance schemes developed by the recently created Private Forestry Division of the Tasmanian Forestry Commission are also outlined.

The desirability of private investment in plantations in Tasmania is emphasised, given current financial and advisory services and land availability.     

Application of the IML Resistograph to the infield assessment of basic density in plantation eucalypts

Average bark-to-bark resistance of the IML Resistograph PD400 (hereafter referred to as ‘Resi’) was found to provide strong linear correlations with the basic density of 12-mm-diameter increment cores taken from standing plantation eucalypt trees. Relationships between Resi values and approximately 2 000 cores (predominantly Eucalyptus globulus but some E. nitens) were examined across seven studies (representing samples from nine distinct sites) in Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia. Custom-written software was developed to process the Resi traces to automatically perform a linear baseline correction of the trace, and extract:

• over-bark and under-bark diameter

• bark thickness

• average resistance of the bark-to-bark (under-bark) trace

• average resistance of the outer 50 mm on the entry and exit side of the traces.

Baseline correction was needed to counter the variable effects among trees of needle drag across the diameter, largely a function of tree diameter and wood density.

Individual traces were collected in less than 20 s tree^?1. The sampling conditions of 150 cm min^?1 speed of forward movement (feed speed) and 3 500 revolutions per minute (rpm) were identified as optimal for the plantation eucalypts studied. The relationship between different feed speeds and rpm were linear and coefficients determined to allow average Resi resistance to be converted to a common set of sampling conditions. A simple linear regression was identified in each study to define a slope and intercept to convert the Resi values to basic density and determine the variance between them. Resi traces from different studies were not always collected using the same instrument and this is believed to explain most of the between-study variance in slope and intercept.

Trace processing software was built into a web-based package that is available to make trace processing easy, with defined variables downloadable for use in routine plantation assessment. Users can change the default slope and intercept values to suit their individual instruments or species as required. Further work is required to fully define the effects of instrument, site and species on these relationships.

The IML Resistograph PD400 was found to be an accurate and quick (40–70 trees hour^?1 person^?1) infield tool for estimating diameter and wood density in standing trees. When combined with automated, web-based processing software the methodology is among the lowest cost options conceivable for wood density assessment of plantation eucalypts.     

Expenditure on forestry and forest products research in Australia 2007–2008

Total expenditure on forestry research and forest products research in 2007–2008 in Australia was $87.8 million. This comprised $61.0 million on forestry research and $26.8 million on forest products research and was estimated using the same methods as in the several previous assessments (Quick and Booth 1987; Lambert and Turner 1992; Turner and Lambert 1997,2005). When some peripheral expenditure such as support, administration and surveys were included, the total expenditure increased to about $105.8 million. The total expenditure represents an annual average increase of about 3% since 1982 but a slow decline (0.45% per annum) in adjusted terms (1982 dollars). About 50 organisations reported undertaking forestry and or forest products research, while other organisations provided funding for research. The expenditure was attributed to four broad sectors undertaking research—Commonwealth, state, university and private—and also to broad research areas (native forests, exotic species plantations, native species plantations and environment). Research on native forests and exotic species plantations generally declined, whereas that on surveys in native forests and native species in plantations increased from 2001–2002 to 2007–2008. Similarly, research capacity declined in traditionally strong research areas such as pests and diseases and fire behaviour, and increased in energy areas such as carbon and forest bio-energy. About 600 full-time-effective researchers and technicians were involved in research in 2007–2008, plus support and management staff. The staffing numbers of individual organisations ranged from single individuals to more than fifty.

In 2007–2008, about 52% of the research funds were provided directly or indirectly by the Commonwealth Government, 28% by state governments and 20% by private companies. Total expenditure on forestry and forest products research ($87.8 million) averaged $5.78 ha^?1 of managed forest. The forestry research expenditure according to forest type comprised $14.80 ha^?1 on exotic species plantations, $36.90 ha^?1 on native species plantations and Total expenditure on forestry research and forest products research in 2007–2008 in Australia was $87.8 million. This comprised $61.0 million on forestry research and $26.8 million on forest products research and was estimated using the same methods as in the several previous assessments (Quick and Booth 1987; Lambert and Turner 1992; Turner and Lambert 1997,2005). When some peripheral expenditure such as support, administration and surveys were included, the total expenditure increased to about $105.8 million. The total expenditure represents an annual average increase of about 3% since 1982 but a slow decline (0.45% per annum) in adjusted terms (1982 dollars). About 50 organisations reported undertaking forestry and or forest products research, while other organisations provided funding for research. The expenditure was attributed to four broad sectors undertaking research—Commonwealth, state, university and private—and also to broad research areas (native forests, exotic species plantations, native species plantations and environment). Research on native forests and exotic species plantations generally declined, whereas that on surveys in native forests and native species in plantations increased from 2001–2002 to 2007–2008. Similarly, research capacity declined in traditionally strong research areas such as pests and diseases and fire behaviour, and increased in energy areas such as carbon and forest bio-energy. About 600 full-time-effective researchers and technicians were involved in research in 2007–2008, plus support and management staff. The staffing numbers of individual organisations ranged from single individuals to more than fifty.

In 2007–2008, about 52% of the research funds were provided directly or indirectly by the Commonwealth Government, 28% by state governments and 20% by private companies. Total expenditure on forestry and forest products research ($87.8 million) averaged $5.78 ha^?1 of managed forest. The forestry research expenditure according to forest type comprised $14.80 ha^?1 on exotic species plantations, $36.90 ha^?1 on native species plantations and $0.99 ha^?1 on native forests (including ecological and environmental research, and hydrological studies and fauna-flora research). Additionally, there was expenditure of about $0.45 ha^?1 on land-based surveys (mainly biodiversity), primarily in native forests. Total expenditure on forestry and forest products research equated to an average of $3.90 m^?3 of harvested timber. This comprised $1.02 m ³ on timber removals from exotic species plantations, $7.38 m^?3 from native species plantations and $1.90 m^?3 from native forests.     

Interactions between herbivores,vegetation and eucalypt tree seedlings in a plantation forestry environment

Non-lethal management methods for reducing mammal browsing damage to Eucalyptus seedlings during plantation establishment are currently being investigated in Tasmania, Australia. One method is use of selective retention of non-seedling vegetation in plantations. To assess its potential, information is needed on how herbivores use such vegetation and whether it has positive or negative effects on browsing and growth of commercial tree seedlings. We quantified the populations of five mammalian herbivore species in and around a spot-herbicided E. nitens plantation during its establishment. We also investigated several aspects of the interactions between those mammalian herbivores, insect herbivores, tree seedlings and non-seedling vegetation. We found that overall population densities were high for red-bellied pademelons (Thylogale billardierii) and red-necked wallabies (Macropus rufogriseus rufogriseus), but very low for common brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula), common wombats (Vombatus ursinus) and the introduced European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Population densities of the five mammalian species did not change in response to planting E. nitens seedlings. Dominant vegetation in the plantation was grass, then forbs and non-grass monocots. Herbivores ate a large proportion of available plantation vegetation in unfenced plots. Mammal browsing had little effect on survival of E. nitens seedlings 15 weeks after planting, but significantly reduced their growth. In unfenced plots, insects, mainly Heteronyx spp., caused twice as much damage to seedlings as browsing mammals. The absence of mammalian browsing in fenced plots, which resulted in high grass cover, was associated with reduced insect damage to seedlings.     

Vitamin D deficiency in Pakistani premenopausal women living in Norway is not associated with evidence of reduced skeletal strength

Objective: To describe and evaluate organizational issues and handling of feedback reports in the Norwegian external quality assessment scheme (EQAS) for general practice laboratories.Methods: Postal questionnaire survey including three EQAS feedback reports (one with acceptable analytical quality, one indicating a problem with precision and one indicating bias of the measurement method) to 535 randomly selected general practices.Results: The response rate was 80%. Two-thirds of practices were group practices, and 16% of practices employed a medical technologist. Nearly all practices found the manual for analysing quality control material easy to understand, and samples seemed to be handled as part of routine laboratory work. Feedback reports were primarily studied by those responsible for laboratory work in the practice, and only in 60% of practices by doctors. Practice routines for follow-up of deviant results in the EQAS seemed to have been established. Internal quality control was performed in 90% of group practices and in 71% of solo practices. Concerning responses to feedback reports, there seemed to be a substantial need for assistance even for less deviant results, although most actions suggested by the practices were adequate. On the other hand, assistance was not always sought for "critical" problems.Conclusions: EQAS is feasible in primary care, but instructions must be clear and conclusions in the feedback reports made very explicit. Easy-to-reach assistance from medical technologists with expertise in general practice laboratory instruments and routines seems paramount.     

Biomass and nutrient distribution in relation Pine in relation to previous land use I. Biomass

Above-ground biomass data are compared for 21-year-old radiata pine stands on three sites which had different types of land use prior to plantation establishment. The three sites, previously under native forest, grazed pasture and a pasture site subsequently used for crop production (cultivated) formed a continuous section of plantation in the 1968 age class. Biomass equations were developed for each tree component in relation to stem diameter for each site. There were no significant differences between sites in the coefficients for stemwood and bark, but different coefficients were required to relate stem diameter to the biomass of branches in the dead crown and foliage in the lower live crown. Stands on previously cultivated pasture (pasture followed by crops) accumulated 362,745 kg ha^?1 in the above-ground biomass; 40% and 13% more than the ex-native forest (259,183 kg ha^?1) and ex-pasture (320,055 kg ha^?1) sites, respectively. Trees on the previously cultivated pasture allocated a larger proportion of the total biomass to branches (17.4%) compared with the ex-native forest and ex-pasture trees (11.1%). This is attributed to reduced stocking and enriched soil resulting from different previous land use practices. The high frequency of multi-leadered trees in the ex-cultivated pasture increased the non-merchantable components to 26.7% of the total biomass.